在单向FP-tree上挖掘频繁闭项集

频繁闭项集提供了频繁项集的一种完整的、最小表示。针对稠密数据集,提出一种基于单向FP-tree的频繁闭项集挖掘算法Unid_FP-FCI。该算法在挖掘过程中只生成被约束子树,而它是一种虚拟的树结构,在原有的单向FP-tree基础上用三个很小的数组来表示,因而避免了以往算法需递归构造条件FP-tree来计算频繁闭项集的弊端,极大地降低了内存空间和时间开销,提高了挖掘效率。     

An efficient approach for mining cross-level closed itemsets and minimal association rules using closed itemset lattices

Multilevel knowledge in transactional databases plays a significant role in our real-life market basket analysis. Many researchers have mined the hierarchical association rules and thus proposed various approaches. However, some of the existing approaches produce many multilevel and cross-level association rules that fail to convey quality information. From these large number of redundant association rules, it is extremely difficult to extract any meaningful information. There also exist some approaches that mine minimal association rules, but these have many shortcomings due to their naïve-based approaches. In this paper, we have focused on the need for generating hierarchical minimal rules that provide maximal information. An algorithm has been proposed to derive minimal multilevel association rules and cross-level association rules. Our work has made significant contributions in mining the minimal cross-level association rules, which express the mixed relationship between the generalized and specialized view of the transaction itemsets. We are the first to design an efficient algorithm using a closed itemset lattice-based approach, which can mine the most relevant minimal cross-level association rules. The parent–child relationship of the lattices has been exploited while mining cross-level closed itemset lattices. We have extensively evaluated our proposed algorithm’s efficiency using a variety of real-life datasets and performing a large number of experiments. The proposed algorithm has outperformed the existing related work significantly during the pervasive performance comparison.     

基于不确定性数据的频繁闭项集挖掘算法

对于不确定性数据,传统判断项集是否频繁的方法并不能准确表达项集的频繁性,同样对于大型数据,频繁项集显得庞大和冗余。针对上述不足,在水平挖掘算法Apriori的基础上,提出一种基于不确定性数据的频繁闭项集挖掘算法UFCIM。利用置信度概率表达项集频繁的准确性,置信度越高,项集为频繁的准确性也越高,且由于频繁闭项集是频繁项集的一种无损压缩表示,因此利用压缩形式的频繁闭项集替代庞大的频繁项集。实验结果表明,该算法能够快速地挖掘出不确定性数据中的频繁闭项集,在减少项集冗余的同时保证项集的准确性和完整性。     

基于FP-Tree的频繁闭合项目集挖掘算法的研究

目前频繁闭合项目集挖掘算法有很多,例如CLOSET[1]。CLOSET以FP-Growth为基础,采用FP-Tree来表示模式支持集,通过深度优先搜索来挖掘频繁闭合模式。其困难是,递归构造“条件FP-Tree”的CPU开销和存储开销很大。为解决上面的问题,论文提出一种基于FP-Tree和COFI-Tree的频繁闭合项目集挖掘算法,在该算法中引用了COFI-Tree结构,COFI-Tree无需递归地构造“条件FP-Tree”,并且某一时刻只有一个频繁项的COFI-Tree在内存,所以大大减少了内存消耗。通过实验证明:当挖掘大型数据库时,在执行时间方面,该算法比其它算法更有效。     

Pincer-search: an efficient algorithm for discovering the maximumfrequent set

Discovering frequent itemsets is a key problem in important data mining applications, such as the discovery of association rules, strong rules, episodes, and minimal keys. Typical algorithms for solving this problem operate in a bottom-up, breadth-first search direction. The computation starts from frequent 1-itemsets (the minimum length frequent itemsets) and continues until all maximal (length) frequent itemsets are found. During the execution, every frequent itemset is explicitly considered. Such algorithms perform well when all maximal frequent itemsets are short. However, performance drastically deteriorates when some of the maximal frequent itemsets are long. We present a new algorithm which combines both the bottom-up and the top-down searches. The primary search direction is still bottom-up, but a restricted search is also conducted in the top-down direction. This search is used only for maintaining and updating a new data structure, the maximum frequent candidate set. It is used to prune early candidates that would be normally encountered in the bottom-up search. A very important characteristic of the algorithm is that it does not require explicit examination of every frequent itemset. We evaluate the performance of the algorithm using well-known synthetic benchmark databases, real-life census, and stock market databases     

A new concise representation of frequent itemsets using generators and a positive border

A complete set of frequent itemsets can get undesirably large due to redundancy when the minimum support threshold is low or when the database is dense. Several concise representations have been previously proposed to eliminate the redundancy. Generator based representations rely on a negative border to make the representation lossless. However, the number of itemsets on a negative border sometimes even exceeds the total number of frequent itemsets. In this paper, we propose to use a positive border together with frequent generators to form a lossless representation. A positive border is usually orders of magnitude smaller than its corresponding negative border. A set of frequent generators plus its positive border is always no larger than the corresponding complete set of frequent itemsets, thus it is a true concise representation. The generalized form of this representation is also proposed. We develop an efficient algorithm, called GrGrowth, to mine generators and positive borders as well as their generalizations. The GrGrowth algorithm uses the depth-first-search strategy to explore the search space, which is much more efficient than the breadth-first-search strategy adopted by most of the existing generator mining algorithms. Our experiment results show that the GrGrowth algorithm is significantly faster than level-wise algorithms for mining generator based representations, and is comparable to the state-of-the-art algorithms for mining frequent closed itemsets.

一种基于ZBDD结构的Top—k挖掘算法

研究微阵列数据中挖掘Top—k频繁闭合项集问题,并设计挖掘算法ZDtoP。算法采用ZBDD结构压缩存储数据集,使用自顶向下深度优先搜索策略挖掘项集长度不小于给定值min_l的Top—k频繁闭合项集,并对搜索空间进行有效修剪。通过实例证明该算法是正确有效的。     

Generating a Condensed Representation for Association Rules

Association rule extraction from operational datasets often produces several tens of thousands, and even millions, of association rules. Moreover, many of these rules are redundant and thus useless. Using a semantic based on the closure of the Galois connection, we define a condensed representation for association rules. This representation is characterized by frequent closed itemsets and their generators. It contains the non-redundant association rules having minimal antecedent and maximal consequent, called min-max association rules. We think that these rules are the most relevant since they are the most general non-redundant association rules. Furthermore, this representation is a basis, i.e., a generating set for all association rules, their supports and their confidences, and all of them can be retrieved needless accessing the data. We introduce algorithms for extracting this basis and for reconstructing all association rules. Results of experiments carried out on real datasets show the usefulness of this approach. In order to generate this basis when an algorithm for extracting frequent itemsets—such as Apriori for instance—is used, we also present an algorithm for deriving frequent closed itemsets and their generators from frequent itemsets without using the dataset.     

Multi-objective genetic algorithms based automated clustering for fuzzy association rules mining

Researchers realized the importance of integrating fuzziness into association rules mining in databases with binary and quantitative attributes. However, most of the earlier algorithms proposed for fuzzy association rules mining either assume that fuzzy sets are given or employ a clustering algorithm, like CURE, to decide on fuzzy sets; for both cases the number of fuzzy sets is pre-specified. In this paper, we propose an automated method to decide on the number of fuzzy sets and for the autonomous mining of both fuzzy sets and fuzzy association rules. We achieve this by developing an automated clustering method based on multi-objective Genetic Algorithms (GA); the aim of the proposed approach is to automatically cluster values of a quantitative attribute in order to obtain large number of large itemsets in less time. We compare the proposed multi-objective GA based approach with two other approaches, namely: 1) CURE-based approach, which is known as one of the most efficient clustering algorithms; 2) Chien et al. clustering approach, which is an automatic interval partition method based on variation of density. Experimental results on 100 K transactions extracted from the adult data of USA census in year 2000 showed that the proposed automated clustering method exhibits good performance over both CURE-based approach and Chien et al.’s work in terms of runtime, number of large itemsets and number of association rules.     

一种基于位运算的频繁闭项集挖掘算法

针对相关算法在挖掘频繁闭项集时所存在的问题, 提出了一种基于位运算的频繁闭项集挖掘算法。该算法首先将数据集转换成布尔矩阵, 只需扫描数据集一次; 通过位运算计算支持度, 利用矩阵和数组存储辅助信息, 减少时间和空间消耗; 深度优先搜索产生频繁闭项集时利用剪枝策略进一步减少挖掘时间; 利用同生项集性质进行闭合性检测, 无须检查超集或子集。理论分析和实验结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

TFP: an efficient algorithm for mining top-k frequent closed itemsets

Frequent itemset mining has been studied extensively in literature. Most previous studies require the specification of a min/spl I.bar/support threshold and aim at mining a complete set of frequent itemsets satisfying min/spl I.bar/support. However, in practice, it is difficult for users to provide an appropriate min/spl I.bar/support threshold. In addition, a complete set of frequent itemsets is much less compact than a set of frequent closed itemsets. In this paper, we propose an alternative mining task: mining top-k frequent closed itemsets of length no less than min/spl I.bar/l, where k is the desired number of frequent closed itemsets to be mined, and min/spl I.bar/l is the minimal length of each itemset. An efficient algorithm, called TFP, is developed for mining such itemsets without mins/spl I.bar/support. Starting at min/spl I.bar/support = 0 and by making use of the length constraint and the properties of top-k frequent closed itemsets, min/spl I.bar/support can be raised effectively and FP-Tree can be pruned dynamically both during and after the construction of the tree using our two proposed methods: the closed node count and descendant/spl I.bar/sum. Moreover, mining is further speeded up by employing a top-down and bottom-up combined FP-Tree traversing strategy, a set of search space pruning methods, a fast 2-level hash-indexed result tree, and a novel closed itemset verification scheme. Our extensive performance study shows that TFP has high performance and linear scalability in terms of the database size.     

一种基于ZBDD结构的Top-k挖掘算法

研究微阵列数据中挖掘Top-k频繁闭合项集问题,并设计挖掘算法ZDtop。算法采用ZBDD结构压缩存储数据集,使用自顶向下深度优先搜索策略挖掘项集长度不小于给定值min_l的Top-k频繁闭合项集,并对搜索空间进行有效修剪。通过实例证明该算法是正确有效的。     

一种频繁核心项集的快速挖掘算法

传统的频繁核心项集挖掘需多次生成和反复扫描数据库,导致生成效率低下。为此,提出一种快速生成频繁核心项集算法FMEP。该算法使用Rymon枚举树作为搜索空间,并采用分而治之的策略选择特定的路径进行剪枝。利用频繁核心项集特有的反单调性质,可以快速地判断某一个候选项集是否为频繁核心项集,而无需和所有直接子集的析取支持度进行比较。通过上述方法,可以达到快速挖掘的目的。实验结果证明,该算法能够在挖掘出所有的频繁核心项集精简表示元素的同时,降低消耗时间,与MEP算法相比,在密集型数据集上的时间可缩短2倍以上,在稀疏型数据集上时间至少缩短30%。     

DBV-Miner: A Dynamic Bit-Vector approach for fast mining frequent closed itemsets

Frequent closed itemsets (FCI) play an important role in pruning redundant rules fast. Therefore, a lot of algorithms for mining FCI have been developed. Algorithms based on vertical data formats have some advantages in that they require scan databases once and compute the support of itemsets fast. Recent years, BitTable (Dong & Han, 2007) and IndexBitTable (Song, Yang, & Xu, 2008) approaches have been applied for mining frequent itemsets and results are significant. However, they always use a fixed size of Bit-Vector for each item (equal to number of transactions in a database). It leads to consume more memory for storage Bit-Vectors and the time for computing the intersection among Bit-Vectors. Besides, they only apply for mining frequent itemsets, algorithm for mining FCI based on BitTable is not proposed. This paper introduces a new method for mining FCI from transaction databases. Firstly, Dynamic Bit-Vector (DBV) approach will be presented and algorithms for fast computing the intersection between two DBVs are also proposed. Lookup table is used for fast computing the support (number of bits 1 in a DBV) of itemsets. Next, subsumption concept for memory and computing time saving will be discussed. Finally, an algorithm based on DBV and subsumption concept for mining frequent closed itemsets fast is proposed. We compare our method with CHARM, and recognize that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than CHARM in both the mining time and the memory usage.     

一种挖掘频繁闭项集的深度优先算法

频繁闭项集挖掘是许多数据挖掘应用中的重要问题。为减少候选项集数量和降低支持度计算的开销,提出一种新的深度优先搜索频繁闭项集(DFFCI)的算法。将改进的压缩频繁模式树(CFP-Tree)表示的数据集信息投影到划分矩阵,使用二进制向量逻辑运算计算支持度,简化了计算过程,减少了时间开销;采用基于支持度预计算技术的全局2-项剪枝和局部扩展剪枝,有效削减了搜索空间。实验结果表明该算法的性能优于其他主流深度优先算法。     

基于粒度计算的频繁闭项目集挖掘

针对现有频繁闭项目集挖掘算法存在的不足,提出了一种基于粒度计算的频繁闭项目集挖掘算法。通过混合进制数的变化来生成候选项目集,避免使用了复杂的数据结构,减少了内存和CPU的开销;利用粒度计算的分而治之思想来计算频繁闭项目集的支持度,避免了多次重复扫描数据库,减少了计算复杂度和I/O开销。实验结果表明该算法比经典的频繁闭项目集挖掘算法快速而有效。     

基于频繁闭情节及其生成子的无冗余情节规则抽取

情节规则挖掘旨在发现频繁情节之间的因果关联,已广泛应用于传感器数据处理、网络安全监控、金融证券管理、事务日志分析等众多领域.针对一个事件序列上的无冗余情节规则挖掘,提出了算法Extractor.该算法采用最小且非重叠发生的支持度定义和深度优先的搜索策略来发现频繁闭情节及其生成子,保证了频繁闭情节及其生成子的挖掘质量和挖掘效率;利用非生成子情节的Apriori性质,避免了冗余的情节生成子判断;直接由频繁闭情节及其生成子产生无冗余情节规则,提高了情节规则的生成质量和生成效率.所进行的实验证实了该情节规则抽取算法的有效性.     

基于生成子的频繁项集聚类算法

如何有效地约简频繁项集的数量是目前数据挖掘研究的热点。对频繁项集进行聚类是该问题的解决方法之一。由于生成子是全体频繁项集的无损精简表示,故对生成子进行聚类与对全体频繁项集进行聚类具有相同的效果。提出了一种基于生成子的频繁项集聚类算法。首先,利用最小描述长度原理,讨论了选择生成子进行聚类的合理性;其次,给出了生成子的剪枝策略及挖掘算法;最后,在一种新的项集相似性的度量标准的基础上,给生成子的聚类算法。实验结果表明,该方法可有效地减少项集的数量,并具有较高的挖掘效率。     

Efficient algorithms for mining closed itemsets and their lattice structure

The set of frequent closed itemsets uniquely determines the exact frequency of all itemsets, yet it can be orders of magnitude smaller than the set of all frequent itemsets. In this paper, we present CHARM, an efficient algorithm for mining all frequent closed itemsets. It enumerates closed sets using a dual itemset-tidset search tree, using an efficient hybrid search that skips many levels. It also uses a technique called diffsets to reduce the memory footprint of intermediate computations. Finally, it uses a fast hash-based approach to remove any "nonclosed" sets found during computation. We also present CHARM-L, an algorithm that outputs the closed itemset lattice, which is very useful for rule generation and visualization. An extensive experimental evaluation on a number of real and synthetic databases shows that CHARM is a state-of-the-art algorithm that outperforms previous methods. Further, CHARM-L explicitly generates the frequent closed itemset lattice.     

Interactive mining of top-K frequent closed itemsets from data streams

Mining closed frequent itemsets from data streams is of interest recently. However, it is not easy for users to determine a proper minimum support threshold. Hence, it is more reasonable to ask users to set a bound on the result size. Therefore, an interactive single-pass algorithm, called TKC-DS (top-K frequent closed itemsets of data streams), is proposed for mining top-K closed itemsets from data streams efficiently. A novel data structure, called CIL (closed itemset lattice), is developed for maintaining the essential information of closed itemsets generated so far. Experimental results show that the proposed TKC-DS algorithm is an efficient method for mining top-K frequent itemsets from data streams.