基于逻辑单粒子的多方量子密钥协商协议

集体噪声对量子密码协议的影响不可忽视,然而可抵抗集体噪声的多方量子密钥协商（MQKA）协议还很少。为了抵抗集体噪声的影响,分别针对可抗集体退相位噪声的逻辑单粒子和可抗集体旋转噪声的逻辑单粒子提出了两组逻辑酉算符,使得将其作用在逻辑单粒子上后,其中两个酉算符不改变测量基,而另外两个会改变测量基。基于此性质提出一个MQKA协议。首先,每个参与者传输逻辑单粒子给下一位;然后,该逻辑单粒子经过其他所有参与者的加密重新回到这个参与者,形成一个“环形”;最后,通过测量来获取共享密钥。安全性分析证明,该协议能够抵抗截取重发攻击、纠缠测量攻击以及参与者攻击;效率分析表明,该协议具有较高的量子比特效率。     

基于Cluster态的可验证多方量子密钥协商方案

基于四量子比特Cluster态,提出一种可验证多方量子密钥协商方案.方案允许每次由两个参与者利用自己的子密钥分别在每个四量子比特Cluster态的两个粒子上执行X运算,并对转换后的Cluster态执行延迟测量,这保证了每个参与者对协商密钥的贡献相等.提出的方案使用相互无偏基粒子作为诱饵粒子,并且利用对称二元多项式的一对函数值对这些诱饵粒子执行酉运算,不仅可以进行窃听检验,而且还能进行参与者之间的身份验证.本方案适用于任意大于2的参与者人数.安全性分析表明,提出的方案能够抵抗外部攻击及参与者攻击.与现有的多方密钥协商方案相比,该方案不仅在诱饵粒子的使用上有优势,同时具有较高的量子比特效率.     

一种基于[7,1]CSS纠错码的量子密钥分配协议

量子密钥分配协议具有可证明的绝对安全性,但是由于量子信道噪声的作用,量子比特在传输过程中容易产生错误,从而降低量子密钥分配的效率。对此,根据量子纠错理论,利用Hamming码构造一种[7,1]CSS纠错码,并结合BB84协议,提出一种改进的量子密钥分配协议。通过理论分析与数值计算,对比改进协议与BB84协议在含噪声量子信道中的传输错误率,结果表明改进的量子密钥分配协议相比于BB84协议提高了对信道噪声的抵抗能力。     

基于QCircuit的BB84窃听仿真与分析

该文研究量子线路模型仿真量子密钥分配协议.基于QCircuit软件运用量子线路模型设计不同攻击模型下的BB84量子密钥分配协议仿真模型,并引入rsec和I(α,E)两个指标,设计指标分析线路模型,仿真分析了不同噪声信道模型下BB84密钥分配协议在P/P、B/P和B/B三种不同截取/重发策略下的有效性及安全性.仿真结果表...     

特洛依木马攻击下的量子密码安全性

研究了特洛伊木马对量子密码算法的攻击.首先分析了以EPR纠缠量子比特为密钥的量子密码算法在特洛伊木马攻击下的脆弱性.在此基础上,基于非正交纠缠量子比特提出了一个改进方案.该方案能有效地防止特洛伊木马的攻击.     

连续变量量子密钥分发协商过程的优化实现

连续变量量子密钥分发中的协商效率一直是限制安全密钥分发速率的主要因素,而协商效率的高低取决于所用算法的计算复杂度.文中分别对连续变量协商过程的两个主要方面区间划分方法和比特判断函数进行优化,采用Gauss近似明显提高了最优区间划分迭代算法的收敛速度,设计了高效的判断函数作为主流比特判断算法-SEC(sliced error correction)算法的估计器,明显降低了计算复杂度,极大地简化了协商算法的核心问题,提高了连续变量协商过程的效率,进而提高了连续变量安全密钥分发速率.     

量子LDPC码在BB84协议中的应用研究

针对BB84量子密钥分配协议中量子信道存在噪声,设计一种带有量子纠错码的改进的BB84协议模型,在模型中用量子低密度奇偶校验码（量子LDPC）作为纠错码对发送量子态进行编码。通过数值仿真,从密钥传输效率的角度分析量子纠错编码对BB84协议的影响。结果表明量子LDPC码能克服噪声,提高了密钥传输效率,验证了在含噪量子信道中改进的BB84协议模型的有效性。     

BB84量子密钥分配协议在专网中的应用

依据专用网络的特点,对BB84量子密钥分配协议做了改进,提出一种适用于专用网络的BB84-PN协议。该协议通过身份认证和量子物理特性,提高了安全性。同时,在通信过程中通过协商传输量子密钥规则,有效地提高了传输效率。     

基于自对偶量子低密度校验码的量子对话协议

在量子信道中,粒子在传输过程中通常会受到噪声的影响,提出基于自对偶量子低密度校验码的量子对话协议来抵抗噪声攻击,使用B构造法和U构造法相结合的方法来构造自对偶量子低密度奇偶校验矩阵。所提量子对话协议能够抵抗常见的外部攻击,且不存在信息泄露,提高了编码和译码的效率。从纠错的角度研究所提量子对话协议的安全性,安全分析表明,该协议具有足够的安全性,能够有效抵御常见的恶意攻击。     

基于量子委托计算模式的半量子密钥协商

为降低量子设备的成本,更好地执行量子计算,提出基于量子委托计算模式的多方半量子密钥协商协议。引入量子委托计算模式,将酉操作、Bell测量等复杂量子操作委托到量子中心进行,而参与者仅需具备访问量子信道与制备单光子的简单能力。为防止密钥信息被量子中心以及外部窃听者窃取,采用在目标量子态中插入混淆单光子的混淆策略来保证目标量子态的隐私性。分析结果表明,与其他量子密钥协商协议相比,参与者所需的量子能力显著降低,从而提升了协议的实际可行性。     

Two-party quantum key agreement protocols under collective noise channel

Recently, quantum communication has become a very popular research field. The quantum key agreement (QKA) plays an important role in the field of quantum communication, based on its unconditional security in terms of theory. Among all kinds of QKA protocols, QKA protocols resisting collective noise are widely being studied. In this paper, we propose improved two-party QKA protocols resisting collective noise and present a feasible plan for information reconciliation. Our protocols’ qubit efficiency has achieved 26.67%, which is the best among all the two-party QKA protocols against collective noise, thus showing that our protocol can improve the transmission efficiency of quantum key agreement.     

Two-party quantum key agreement against collective noise

In this paper, two two-party quantum key agreement protocols are proposed with logical \(\chi \)-states and logical Bell states. These two protocols can be immune to the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, respectively. They make full use of the measurement correlation property of multi-particle entangled states and the delayed measurement technique. This ensures that two participants can exchange the secret keys of each other and fairly establishes a shared key. There is no information leakage problem when establishing a shared key. The use of the delayed measurement technique and the decoy state technology makes the two protocols resist against both participant and outsider attacks. Furthermore, the two protocols are congenitally free from the Trojan horse attacks and have high qubit efficiency.     

Fault tolerant quantum key distributions using entanglement swapping of GHZ states over collective-noise channels

This work proposes two fault tolerant quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. Each of which is robust under one kind of collective noises: collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, respectively. Due to the use of the entanglement swapping of Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state as well as the decoy logical qubits, the new protocols provide the best qubit efficiency among the existing fault tolerant QKD protocols over the same collective-noise channel. The receiver simply performs two Bell measurements to obtain the raw key. Moreover, the proposed protocols are free from several well-known attacks and can also be secure over a lossy channel.     

Quantum key agreement protocols with single photon in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom

In this paper, we propose a three-party and a multi-party quantum key agreement protocols with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. Based on the defined collective unitary operations, the participants can agree on a secure shared key through encoding their sub-secret keys on the particles. Moreover, the security of our protocols is discussed comprehensively. It is showed that the presented protocols can defend both the outside attacks and participant attacks. The efficiency analysis also shows that our two protocols can achieve high qubit efficiency. Besides, our protocols are feasible since the preparation and the measurement of single-photon state in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom are available with current quantum techniques.     

Multiparty Quantum Key Agreement With Strong Fairness Property

Multiparty Key Agreement (MKA) is the backbone for secure multiparty communication. Although numerous efficient MKA-cryptosystems are available in the classical field, their security relies on the assumption that some computational issues are infeasible. To overcome this dependency, a new area, quantum cryptography, evolves to support key agreement among two or more participants securely. In this paper, first, we present a two-part quantum key agreement with Strong Fairness Property (SFP) and extends it to a Multiparty Quantum Key Agreement (MQKA) protocol. In the first round of proposed MQKA, a participant will act as a group controller (GC) and establishes two-party groups with each of the residual participants and agreed on a quantum two-party-style shared key per each of the two-party. In the second round, the GC computes public keys for each of the respective parties by combining these two-party keys using XOR-operation, excluding that party’s two-party key. Next, the GC sends separate public keys to the individual participants. After receiving the respective public-key, each of the respective participants computes the multiparty key by joining their public-key with their two-party key using XOR. Finally, GC computes the multiparty key, as the GC knows all the two-party keys, it combines them with XOR and acts as a usual group participant. The proposed protocol has compared with other renowned MQKA protocols in terms of four standards parameters, namely transmission number (TN), qubit measurement number (QM), qubit for channel checking (QCC), and the qubit efficiency (QE) and acceptable results achieved. The security of the proposed MQKA relies on the absolute security of a two-part quantum key agreement with Strong Fairness Property (SFP). Moreover, it is secure against both internal and external attacks.     

Quantum key agreement with EPR pairs and single-particle measurements

In this paper, we present a QKA protocol with the block transmission of EPR pairs. There are several advantages in this protocol. First, this protocol can guarantee both the fairness and security of the shared key. Second, this protocol has a high qubit efficiency since there is no need to consume any quantum state except the ones used for establishing the shared key and detecting eavesdropping. In addition, this protocol uses EPR pairs as the quantum information carriers and further utilizes single-particle measurements as the main operations. Therefore, it is more feasible than the protocols that need to perform Bell measurements. Especially, we also introduce a method for sharing EPR pairs between two participants over collective-dephasing channel and collective-rotation channel, respectively. This method is meaningful since sharing EPR pairs between two participants is an important work in many quantum cryptographic protocols, especially in the protocols over non-ideal channels. By utilizing this method, the QKA protocols, which are based on EPR pairs, can be immune to these kinds of collective noise.     

Fault-tolerant high-capacity quantum key distribution over a collective-noise channel using extended unitary operations

We propose two fault-tolerant high-capacity quantum key distribution schemes, in which an entangled pair over a collective-noise channel consisting of one logical qubit and one physical qubit can carry four bits of key information. The basic idea is to use 2-extended unitary operations from collective noises together with quantum dense coding. The key messages are encoded on logical qubits of two physical qubits with sixteen 2-extended unitary operations based on collective noises. The key can be recovered using Bell-state analysis on the logical qubit and a single-photon measurement on the physical qubit rather than three-qubit GHZ joint measurements. The proposed protocols require a collation table to be shared between Alice and Bob in advance. Consequently, the key messages carried by an entangled state, in our protocol, have doubled at the price of sharing the collation table between Alice and Bob. However, the efficiency of qubits is enhanced because a quantum bit is more expensive to prepare than a classical bit.     

Fault tolerant deterministic quantum communications using GHZ states over collective-noise channels

This study proposes two new coding functions for a GHZ state and a GHZ-like state, respectively. Based on these coding functions, two fault tolerant deterministic quantum communication (DQC) protocols are proposed. Each of the new DQC’s is robust under one kind of collective noises: collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, respectively. The sender can use the proposed coding functions to encode his/her message, and the receiver can perform the Bell measurement to obtain the sender’s message. In comparison to the existing fault tolerant DQC protocols over collective-noise channels, the proposed protocols provide the best qubit efficiency. Moreover, the proposed protocols are also free from the ordinary eavesdropping and the information leakage.     

Quantum dialogue protocols over collective noise using entanglement of GHZ state

In this paper, two quantum dialogue (QD) protocols based on the entanglement of GHZ states are proposed to resist the collective noise. Besides, two new coding functions are designed for each of the proposed protocols, which can resist two types of collective noise: collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, respectively. Furthermore, it is also argued that these QD protocols are also free from the Trojan horse attacks and the information leakage problem.