基于知识的直升机座舱工效设计系统研究

本文基于知识工程的理论,对直升机座舱布局设计系统进行了研究.介绍了系统的结构和功能.依据座舱人机工效学的设计原则,运用框架表示法创建了座舱仪表板的知识和准则,设计了基于"对象-关系"数据库的推理机模型,以实现座舱布局人机工效设计的智能化.     

战斗机座舱人机工效评价方法研究

提出了一种基于灰色系统理论多属性群决策方法的战斗机座舱人机工效评价方法,通过建立战斗机驾驶座舱人机工效评价体系,研究了人的因素和机的因素,在对战斗机座舱人机工效分析的基础上,确定了评价因素,建立合适的评价指标体系,结合上述方法确定了合理的评价步骤,并进行了推理和验证。     

基于JACK的驾驶舱仿真及人机工效分析

在驾驶舱的设计中应用人机工效学原理,利用JACK软件对舱内布局设计进行仿真及舒适性、可达域、可视域等工效进行评价,并提出修改意见。首先将基于人机工效学设计的驾驶舱的CATIA模型导入JACK软件中创建分析对象;然后基于JACK软件建立用于仿真工效分析的数字人模型(Digital Human Model),将数字人模型调整成驾驶员工作时的最优姿势,仿真驾驶员位于驾驶舱的虚拟环境。最后应用JACK软件的人机工效分析工具对驾驶舱内部进行分析并提出改进意见,这样既缩短了设计周期,又减少了设计制造费用。     

产品设计中的计算机辅助人机工效学研究

为解决产品设计中人机工效学分析的不足,提出了计算机辅助人机工效的基本思路,研究了在虚拟环境下进行人机工效学分析的方法,实现了面向产品设计中人机工效学要求的计算机辅助分析。     

仿真飞行仪表的人机工效评价*

应用软件仿真技术,研究如何对仿真的飞行仪表进行人机工效评价。通过搭建仿真飞行平台对几种飞行姿态仪进行仿真,采集模拟飞行数据和操作数据后比对,并进行人机工效学的实验和评价。最后得出了两种姿态仪的优劣度。实验结果与实物姿态仪的人机工效评价结果类似,由此表明对仿真飞行仪表进行人机工效评价是一种有效的研究途径。     

基于动力学模型的飞行员舒适操作域研究

依据中国成年男性的人体测量数据和拉格朗日方程建立飞行员上肢操作的动力学模型。利用NASA最大关节力矩计算公式和飞机座舱操纵杆的实际安装尺寸，对驾驶员的操作活动进行模拟仿真。针对具体的操作过程，通过计算上肢各关节的实际受力情况，确定上肢的三维舒适操作域，并与正向运动学结合经验关节舒适活动范围计算的方法进行了比较，结果说明该方法是可行的。该方法可以用于座舱操纵装置布局的工效分析，为飞行员驾驶工效的评估提供了一种新的思路和方法，对座舱布局优化设计有一定的参考价值。     

人机工效学在化工联合中央控制室设计中的应用

联合中央控制室是化工联合装置控制系统的枢纽，中央控制室设计在整个项目设计中起着重要作用。从人机工效学设计原则出发，对联合中央控制室中人员的主要活动进行分析，提出相关的功能设计需求，针对相关需求提供了设计思路及解决方法，并通过具体设计案例进行说明，最后对人机工效学在中央控制室的综合设计进行了展望。     

基于JACK的民机维修任务仿真及人机工效评估

在民用飞机产品的设计阶段考虑产品的可维修性,利用JACK软件对机务维修任务进行虚拟仿真以及对维修的舒适性、可达性、可视性进行人机工效评估,验证产品的可维修性并提出改进性的维修意见。首先将基于人机工效学设计的发动机UG模型导入JACK软件中创建分析对象;然后基于JACK建立虚拟人体模型,将虚拟人、维修对象导入三维虚拟环境中,并在任务仿真模块中完成维修任务的仿真;最后利用JACK软件的人机工效评估工具对维修任务仿真结果进行评估验证产品的可维修性及提出改进性的维修意见,这样既降低了飞机的维修成本,又验证了产品的可维修性。     

基于Delphi排序改进的AHP-Fuzzy人机布局虚拟评价

基于Delphi专家排序,对传统AHP-Fuzzy算法从问卷数据处理和比较矩阵建立两个方向进行了改进,使该算法更适合Jack虚拟环境下的人机布局评价。侧重于工作空间中操纵器的人机布局虚拟评价。为解决目前人因工程分析工具几乎不考虑人在特定环境下的心理与生理感知的不足问题,将Jack人因分析工具分析出的客观数据与Delphi法相结合。在数据处理过程中,鉴于传统AHP-Fuzzy对评价指标两两对比时的整数赋值,不能很好地反映人类判断的模糊性,基于Delphi排序对AHP-Fuzzy进行了改进,可节约专家时间,并避免对判断矩阵进行一系列一致性检验与调整,减少部分计算量。使用飞机驾驶舱操纵器的人机布局虚拟评价进行了实例分析与验证。     

作战飞机智能座舱研究

传统机载座舱使得机组成员的生理、心理和智力限制成为立体作战环境人机回路中的薄弱环节,智能座舱的研究应运而生.详细阐述了作战飞机座舱的发展情况、适应战场环境的智能座舱内涵,提出智能座舱应成为机组人员的"智能助手",以支撑安全、高效地完成飞行和作战任务.分析了智能座舱急需研究的关键技术,即支持沉浸感知的四维大态势显示技术、支持武器即插即用的人机交互界面技术、多通道人机控制技术和顺应未来机组习惯的"APP+"人机交互界面技术,提出解决这些关键技术的具体研究方法.分析表明:基于"APP+"的机载座舱显示技术是未来智能座舱的发展趋势.     

改进PSO的飞机驾驶舱组合排序人机布局优化

飞机驾驶舱在人机布局优化过程中具有显著的特殊性和较高的复杂性,因而有必要采取合适的优化程序和优化方法以提高优化效率。利用组合排序方法,结合多目标优化问题的求解思路,建立了高度非线性的目标函数,为避免陷入局部最优,将粒子群算法首次引入飞机驾驶舱的三维布局分析中,并引用改进粒子群算法,提出了适合我国飞行员标准的人机布局优化新方法。由于待布物数量较多,基于Kendall’s W确定了待布物的大致组合排序;利用改进粒子群算法依次求得待布物的最优解,彼此协调后,获得了优化布局新方案,并与基本粒子群算法等现有典型优化算法的优化效果进行了对比;对布局方案进行了计算机仿真,利用JACK对优化方案和原方案进行了对比分析,验证了该优化方法在解决飞机驾驶舱人机布局优化问题的可行性和有效性。     

A comfort evaluation method based on an intelligent car cockpit

With the rapid development of automobiles, car cockpits are becoming more and more intelligent and advanced, and the intelligent requirements of automobile cockpits are gradually increasing. However, the real value of intelligence can only be realized when it makes passengers in a cockpit feel comfortable. In this study, seven factors that affect passenger comfort in intelligent cockpits are defined. Under these factors, a total of 33 evaluation indicators were developed. The core of the method was to determine the dissatisfaction indicators and degree of dissatisfaction in the intelligent cockpit by analyzing the relationship between people's perceived performance and their expectations. This method was used to evaluate the Tesla Model 3, and it was found in the results that the higher the degree of dissatisfaction with the indicator, the more subjective feedback it had, which in turn proved the effectiveness of the model. According to the degree of dissatisfaction, the indicators affecting comfort were also divided into three levels. This hierarchical division helps clarify which indicators should be prioritized for improvement. Generally, this method has a certain feasibility, which is helpful for the development and redesign of an intelligent car cockpit, and provides some reference strategies for other transportation fields.     

A CSP technique-based interactive control panel layout

An interactive and iterative control panel layout method based on the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) technique was developed to generate an ergonomically sound panel design. This control panel layout method attempts to incorporate a variety of relevant ergonomic principles and design constraints, and generate an optimal or, at least, a ‘satisfactory’ solution through an efficient search algorithm. The problem of seeking an ergonomically sound panel design should be viewed as a multi-criteria problem, and most of the design objectives should be understood as constraints. Hence, a CSP technique was employed in this study for dealing with the multi-constraints layout problem. The efficient search algorithm using ‘preprocess’ and ‘look_ahead’ procedures was developed to handle the vast amount of computational effort. In order to apply the CSP technique to the panel layout procedure, the ergonomic principles such as spatial compatibility, frequency-of-use, importance, functional grouping, and sequence-of-use were formalized as CSP terms. The effectiveness of the proposed panel layout method was evaluated by example problems, and the results clearly showed that the generated layouts properly considered various ergonomic design principles.     

Does size matter? Spacious car cockpits may increase the probability of parking violations

Abstract

Cockpit design is a core area of human factors and ergonomics (HF/E). Ideally, good design compensates for human capacity limitations by distributing task requirements over human and interface to improve safety and performance. Recent empirical findings suggest that the mere spatial layout of car cockpits may influence driver behaviour, expanding current views on HF/E in cockpit design. To assess the reliability of findings showing that an expansive driver seat space predicts parking violations, we replicated an original field study in a geographically and socio-culturally different location and included an additional covariate. After controlling for car length, brand status, and car price, driver seat space remained a positive predictor of illegal parking. This suggests that the spatial design of vehicle cockpits may indeed have an influence on driver behaviour and may therefore be a relevant dimension to be included in research and applications of HF/E in cockpit design.

Practitioner summary: In car cockpit design, ergonomists typically focus on optimising human–machine interfaces to improve traffic safety. We replicate evidence showing that increasing physical space surrounding the driver relates to an increased probability of parking violations. This suggests that spatial design should be added to the ergonomist's toolbox for reducing traffic violations.     

Helicopter pilot suits for offshore application. A survey of thermal comfort and ergonomic design

The objective of this study was to determine the existing problems associated with helicopter pilot survival suits currently in use. A survey was conducted of helicopter pilots from both Canadian commercial and military disciplines. Pilots commented on eight different types of survival suits. Reduced thermal comfort as well as lack of ventilation were the two most common criticisms of the pilot suits. The 'greenhouse' effect, common to helicopter cockpits, results in hot working ambients both in summer and winter. The air cooling mechanisms employed in summer may cause a 'chilling' effect following an on-ground stand-by where cockpit temperatures may reach 40 degrees C. Thermal stress may also be induced with high cockpit temperatures caused by the sun's radiation in winter and summer. Suit design was another area considered. 72% and 86% of military and commercial pilots respectively felt their freedom of movement was hindered by their survival suits. Certain designs were considered more hazardous than others with regard to clips and hooks catching switches on the control panel. Difficulty in donning suits appeared to be a universal problem irrespective of type of suit used. Lack of comfort and movement in addition to thermal stress may lead to reduced time to fatigue and, thus, occurrence of errors and accidents. The results of this survey reflect the inadequacies of the helicopter pilot survival suits presently in use. It is suggested that evaluation of these suits be made on the basis of their ventilation capabilities, ergonomic design and thermal properties in a variety of ambient environments.     

Man,machine and configuration: human factors versus hardware in avionic display design

The reasons for the appearance of a new generation of aircraft cockpits with multifunction displays are briefly explained. The increasing importance of human factors for the optimization of this ‘intelligent’ cockpit is stressed. Multifunction displays will be the most prominent components components of the new cockpit configuration, and some important features of the different types of display are discussed. Special attention is paid to head-down displays and the question of whether colour is required. It is concluded that advances in display hardware are needed and that more efficient man-machine models for performance evaluation could permit the adaptation of the cockpit to the individual pilot not only in seat height but also in control logic and information display.     

A psychophysical and questionnaire investigation on the spatial disorientation triggered by cockpit layout and design

This study assessed Taiwanese air force combat jet pilots' ability to cope with spatial disorientation (SD) triggered by cockpit layout and design. The measurement items of psychophysical questionnaire were ranked by 325 air force combat jet pilots. This study prioritized the causes of SD perceived by combat jet pilots resulted from the unfamiliarity with instruments on aircraft undergoing flight training, the aircraft's cockpit canopy and the layout of instruments in the cockpit. A significant difference was found between with-SD experience and without-SD experience subjects' responses from adapting to the size of instruments in the cockpit, and from the helmet-mounted display (HMD). Considerable association was discernible between the position of instruments in the cockpit and combat jet models accrued; as well as between the helmet-mounted display (HMD) and combat jet models accrued. The study identify main cockpit layout and design causing SD of Taiwanese pilots based on combat jet models to eliminate the risk of SD, intensify SD training on preventing SD and provide pilots with skills to anticipate and assess the risk of SD during mission planning, and provide references to the military for future procurement of new aircraft models.Relevance to industryThese results provide important information to the defense manufacturers for designing the cockpit layout of combat jets to prevent SD of specific pilots. Finally, the results show the contribution of ergonomics to support military operational commanders in the design of training and prevention of SD.     

Modeling and solving assembly line design problems by considering human factors with a real‐life application

Ergonomics has been playing an important role in assembly system design (ASD) that contains not only the main assembly line balancing problem but also the subassembly line balancing and assembly layout problem. The ergonomics in ASD has an impact both on productivity and on workers’ health, especially when frequent changes in the product mix occur. In this study, we propose a systematic approach in order to handle ASD, which consists of three subproblems, while considering ergonomic risk factors. The first two subproblems are solved simultaneously using the proposed rule‐based constructive search algorithm, where ergonomic risks are evaluated by OCRA method. Later, layout problem is solved under transportation constraints using local search methods with various neighborhood structures. To provide the applicability and evaluate the performance of the proposed systematic approach, a real‐life case study in a harness manufacturing company is solved and prototype productions are performed.     

Development of an ergonomic evaluation facility for Indian tractors

The design of tractors manufactured in low-income countries like India has not changed much in the past two decades, especially from an ergonomic point of view. Moreover, in these countries tractors are used for transportation purposes in addition to farming operations. Therefore, the design criteria for these tractors need to be different from those in high-income countries. This paper describes the development of an ergonomic facility for improvement of tractor design. An ergonomic evaluation facility has been developed consisting of a work place envelope for the Indian population, a layout measuring device and an ergonomic rig. This facility can be used for comparative evaluation of the display and control layouts of different tractors in order to develop an optimum layout. The ergonomic rig has the facility to simulate the improved layout for subjective evaluation.