Building Automated Trust Negotiation architecture in virtual computing environment

Automated Trust Negotiation (ATN) is an important method to establish trust relationship between two strangers by exchanging their access control policies and credentials. Unfortunately, ATN is not widely adopted because of the complexity and multiformity of negotiation policies, especially in virtual computing environment, where the situation becomes worse than in traditional computing environment, due to the fact that a host with multiple virtual machines needs to be deployed with multiple negotiation policies. Moreover, all of these policies for each virtual machine must be upgraded and checked. To ease the burden on the administrator when deploying ATN access control policies and credentials in virtual computing environment, we propose an automated trusted negotiation architecture called virtual automated trust negotiation (VATN) to centralize ATN policies and credentials for multiple virtual machines in a physical node into a privileged virtual machine. VATN puts policy compliance checker and credential verification control in each virtual machine to improve the execution efficiency of trust negotiation. We implement VATN in Xen virtualization platform. Finally, we discuss the correctness of policy consistency checking and make performance analysis of VATN implemented in Xen.     

自动信任协商及其发展趋势

属性证书交换是一种在不同安全域里共享资源或进行商业事务交易的陌生人之间建立双方信任关系的重要手段.自动信任协商则通过使用访问控制策略提供了一种方法来规范敏感证书的交换,从而保护了用户的敏感证书信息、敏感访问控制策略与个人隐私,以及提高协商效率和协商成功率.对自动信任协商的研究动态进行了调研,对该领域的相关技术进行了归类及介绍.在认真分析现有技术的基础上,总结了当前自动信任协商的不足,并指出了自动信任协商继续发展应遵守的原则以及自动信任协商的未来发展趋势.     

自动信任协商研究

在Internet日益孕育新技术和新应用的同时,交互主体间的生疏性以及共享资源的敏感性成为跨安全域信任建立的屏障.自动信任协商是通过协作主体间信任证、访问控制策略的交互披露,逐渐为各方建立信任关系的过程.系统介绍了这一崭新研究领域的理论研究和应用进展情况,并对信任协商中的协商模型、协商体系结构、访问控制策略规范、信任证描述及发现收集、协商策略及协商协议等多项关键技术的研究现状进行分析和点评,最后针对目前研究工作中存在的一些问题,对未来的研究方向及工作进行展望.通过对自动信任协商的研究及其进展的介绍,希望有助于在维护开放网络中主体自治性和隐私性的同时,研究更高效、实用的信任自动建立技术.     

An ontology-based approach to automated trust negotiation

We propose an ontology-based approach to automated trust negotiation (ATN) to establish a common vocabulary for ATN across heterogeneous domains and show how ontologies can be used to specify and implement ATN systems. The components of the ATN framework are expressed in terms of a shared ontology and ontology inference techniques are used to perform ATN policy compliance checking. On this basis, a semantically relevant negotiation strategy (SRNS) is proposed that ensures the success of a negotiation whenever it is semantically possible. We analyze the properties of SRNS and evaluate the performance of the ontology-based ATN.     

DFANS: A highly efficient strategy for automated trust negotiation

Automated trust negotiation (ATN) is an approach establishing mutual trust between strangers wishing to share resources or conduct business by gradually requesting and disclosing digitally signed credentials. The digital credentials themselves are usually sensitive, so they have corresponding access control policies to control their disclosure. Therefore, an ATN strategy must be adopted to determine the search for a successful negotiation based on the access control policies. Previously proposed negotiation strategies are either not complete, disclosing irrelevant credentials, or not efficient enough. In this paper, we propose a novel ATN strategy, that is, Deterministic Finite Automaton Negotiation Strategy (DFANS). DFANS is complete and ensures that no irrelevant credentials are disclosed during the negotiation. Furthermore, DFANS is highly efficient. In the worst case, its communication complexity is O(n), where n is the total number of credentials requested, and its computational complexity is O(m) when not involving the cyclic dependencies, where m is the total size of the both sides' policies looked up during the negotiation. When cyclic dependencies exist, a reasonable additional cost of running OSBE protocol that is a provably secure and quite efficient scheme will be added to the computational cost of DFANS to guarantee the negotiation success whenever possible.     

Resolving conflicts between negotiation success and sensitive information protection in automated trust negotiation

Automated trust negotiation (ATN) is an approach to establishing mutual trust between strangers wishing to share resources or conduct business by gradually requesting and disclosing digitally signed credentials. In ATN, there are conflicts between negotiation success and sensitive information protection, that is, these two needs cannot be given priority at the same time, which is a challenging problem to resolve. In this paper, a language independent ATN framework, which is dynamic, flexible and adaptive, is presented to address this problem, ensuring negotiation success without sensitive information leakage. This framework is independent of the policy language which is used. However, the language used should have the capability to specify all kinds of sensitive information appearing in credentials and policies, and support the separation of attribute disclosure from credential disclosure. Thus definitions of new language features, which can be incorporated into existing policy languages, are given, enabling the used language to support the capabilities mentioned above.     

一种基于模糊策略的自动信任协商方案

自动信任协商是一种在开放网络环境下陌生实体之间通过披露属性证书建立双方信任关系的重要手段。针对传统信任协商中协商规则描述较为严格、协商成功率和效率较低的问题,提出了一种基于模糊逻辑的自动信任协商方案,它通过将模糊逻辑引入信任协商,对信任协商规则进行模糊化处理,可以更简单而灵活地描述协商规则,并由此优化协商路径选择。分析表明,这种协商方案能够在一定程度上提高协商成功率和效率。     

一种基于隐藏证书的自动信任协商模型

自动信任协商是一种通过逐步暴露证书和访问控制策略以确立协商双方信任关系的安全方法。隐藏证书采用椭圆曲线加密的原理，具有极好的安全保密性与数据完整性。本文将隐藏证书引入到自动信任协商系统中，提出了一种基于隐藏证书的自动信任协商模型（简称为HCBATN）。该模型使用隐藏证书来携带并传递双方交换的证书、访问控制策略、资源等信息，充分保护了证书、策略的敏感信息以及用户个人隐私；同时具有单轮回证书交换、较小的网络开销、较低的证书保存、较高安全保密性等优点。     

带时间特性的自动信任协商*

自动信任协商是陌生实体通过交替地披露属性证书建立信任关系的一种方法。现有的研究仅仅考虑与时间特性无关的其他方面,没有合理的信任协商会话调度方案,存在着拒绝服务攻击。提出了自动信任协商的基本组件,使用状态变换系统形式化描述了一个自动信任协商抽象模型。讨论了自动信任协商的时间特性,对原有安全策略扩展了时间约束安全策略,构造了一个带时间特性的自动信任协商状态变化系统。同时分析了安全策略的可满足性判定问题。     

自动信任协商中的攻击与防范

自动信任协商主要解决跨安全域的信任建立问题,使陌生实体通过反复的、双向的访问控制策略和数字证书的相互披露而逐步建立信任关系.由于信任建立的方式独特和应用环境复杂,自动信任协商面临多方面的安全威胁,针对协商的攻击大多超出常规防范措施所保护的范围,因此有必要对自动信任协商中的攻击手段进行专门分析.按攻击特点对自动信任协商中存在的各种攻击方式进行分类,并介绍了相应的防御措施,总结了当前研究工作的不足,对未来的研究进行了展望.     

一种不依赖于协商策略的信任协商协议

自动信任协商为开放环境中希望进行资源共享或业务协作的陌生双方提供了一种灵活的信任建立方法。然而现有自动信任协商系统之间不具备可互相操作性,首要原因是缺少一个统一的信任协商协议。提出了一种不依赖于协商策略的信任协商协议,将协议消息划分为资源请求、信息披露和终止协商3种类型并定义了消息的格式,阐明了协商过程的3种状态及状态之间的转化关系,同时给出了协议实现算法。分析表明,该协议支持包括多种格式信任证在内的数字断言和不同策略语言描述的访问控制策略的披露,允许在一次协商过程中使用多种协商策略进行协商,以满足不同应用场景的协商需求,因而具有明显的通用性。     

An efficient trust negotiation strategy towards the resource-limited mobile commerce environment

Automated trust negotiation (ATN) offers an attractivemeans for trust establishments, which establishesmutual trust among strangers wishing to share resources or conduct business, but it comes at the cost of non-trivial computation and communication overheads. The deployment of ATN strategies on a resource-constrained mobile device may lead to user-obstructive latency for operations. In this paper, we propose a trust negotiation strategy called trust target Petri nets negotiation strategy (TPNNS). It highly reduces the negotiation latency in the mobile device compared with other negotiation strategies, since it considers all the alternative responses at each step and chooses the best one. TPNNS supports cycle avoidance and employs skipped TPN which is a new approach presented in this paper. What is more, it is complete and ensures no irrelevant credentials are disclosed during the trust negotiation.     

自动信任协商在P2P系统中的应用

由于P2P系统具有分布性、开放性等特点，传统的访问控制和认证的方法不能很好地在P2P系统中适用。一些专门解决P2P系统中的信任问题的声誉系统也存在着容易被虚伪的节点所攻击的缺陷。文章研究了自动信任协商机制如何通过互相出示证书的方法合理地解决了P2P系统中的访问控制和认证问题，针对自动信任协商中存在策略循环依赖的问题使用建立LTTP的方法加以解决，并通过模拟实验证明LTTP的确能够提高信任协商的成功率。     

一种基于树建模的自动信任协商策略

自动信任协商是跨多安全域的实体间建立信任关系的一种新方法,协商策略规定了协商过程中信任凭证和访问控制策略的披露方式。针对目前的研究中没有区分凭证的敏感度的问题,引入凭证权重的概念,设计了一种基于带权重的树的协商策略,采取局部取优的思想,每次在访问控制策略可选的情况下选取最小权重的凭证进行披露,直至协商成功或失败。经证明,该策略安全、完备且高效。     

一种基于规则的自动信任协商模型

自动信任协商中,访问控制策略规范了用户访问资源的行为从而保护敏感信息与资源,当策略本身就包含敏感信息时,则策略的暴露会泄露隐私信息;而对策略的敏感信息再次进行保护时,则增加了协商复杂性。针对策略保护的矛盾,提出一种基于规则的自动信任协商模型——RBAM。对策略进行分解,将非敏感策略与域约束归为一类,并使用Agent技术来协商双方的交互,从而达到降低协商复杂度、提高协商效率的目的。     

自动信任协商中一种策略一致性管理方法

自动信任协商（ATN)是指通过暴露信任凭证与访问控制策略进行匹配以达到建立信任关系的目的。在开放的分布式环境中,策略一致性管理便于网络用户发现资源,并及时了解访问资源所需具备的条件。当前,自动信任协商中的策略一致性管理由资源方进行维护,这不利于资源被发现,限制了资源的共享,浪费了资源方宝贵的计算资源。针对这些问题,提出了一种有效的策略一致性管理方法。该方法设立可信第三方,使用LDAP协议集中管理资源方的访问控制策略,使用通用语言XML对策略进行描述,可有效检测与避免策略更新、删除等所带来的策略不一致问题。     

Negotiating trust in the Web

Our system, TrustBuilder, supports automated trust negotiation between strangers on the Internet. TrustBuilder lets negotiating parties disclose relevant digital credentials and access control policies and establish the trust necessary to complete their interaction. TrustBuilder is intended for use in any situation where two entities from different security domains need to establish trust - business-to-business and retail interactions, cooperative work and joint ventures, medical records, mobile computing, and so on.     

自动信任协商中一种最小信任披露策略

自动信任协商是通过逐渐请求和披露数字证书在两个陌生实体间建立相互信任的方法。当前对自动信任协商协商策略的研究,往往存在很多问题。文章提出了一种基于期望因子的自动信任协商模型,该模型采用MCD策略,通过分析各信任证书的期望因子,当可能的协商存在时,它能披露和请求最小的信任证找到一条成功的协商路径,当协商不可能成功时,尽快的发现并终止它。它能保证在协商的过程中没有不相关的信任证被披露并且不需要暴露双方的访问控制策略,同时通过实验证了明MCD策略是完备的。     

信任协商在信息交换系统中的研究

随着电子政务的发展,跨域通信的需求越来越迫切,这种情况下为了保证安全需要陌生主体间能够建立信任连接,这在原有信息交换系统中是无法实现的.为此引入信任协商技术,它是一种在不同领域主体间建立信任连接的新技术,它通过信任证、访问控制策略的交互披露来自动建立信任关系.介绍了原有信息交换系统的缺陷、信任协商技术的基本概念,并对信任协商技术与信息交换系统的结合进行了研究,提出了一种可行的系统实现及其策略算法,从而满足在安全性和扩展性方面的要求.     

一种基于Bayesian的信任协商模型

信任协商是一种通过逐步暴露数字证书而在陌生人之间建立信任关系的方法。当一个用户在访问资源被拒绝时,系统提供适当的信息反馈可以提高系统的可用性,尤其对于访问控制策略依赖于上下文相关信息的系统。然而,不加选择地提供反馈可能会泄露一些有价值的商业信息或个人隐私。本文通过分析访问控制中存在的问题,将Bayesian条件概率 率测量方法引入到信任协商中,提出了一种基于Bayesian概率的信任协商模型。该模型通过实时概率计算来给予反馈信息,以提高访问成功的几率。该方法既保护了系统的敏感信息,又提高了系统的可用性。