PCB上微带线间的串扰分析

用传输线理论知识对PCB板上平行走线之间的串扰作了分析推导,为PCB板上的布线设计提供了参考,证明了避免串扰的设计技术和原则。     

基于时域特征的角位移传感器信号线间串扰方法研究

传统串扰方法计算得到的数据时域特征较弱,难以应用到不同的信号线间串扰问题分析中,为此提出基于时域特征的角位移传感器信号线间串扰方法.根据串扰基本原理,提取角位移传感器参数特性,通过相敏检波计算信号频率差异值,得到角位移传感器信号的时域特征,构建基于时域特征的串扰模型.设置单线、绞线以及屏蔽线三组不同的信号线,利用本文提出的方法和传统方法获取串扰数据.实验结果表明,两组方法可以获得角位移传感器与单线间的串扰;当端接电阻值增大到100Ω时,本文方法能够获得角位移传感器与绞线间的串扰;当测试角位移传感器与屏蔽线间的串扰时,本文方法可以获得具有对称性质的近端与远端串扰波形.     

经验模态分解算法在角位移传感器信号去噪中的应用

当多个角位移传感器工作在多个电平时,线路间的串扰会导致内部噪声,影响传感器信号输入和输出。设计了角位移传感器线间串扰信号的多层分解去噪方法。在计算角位移传感器信号线间的串扰电压后,分别计算电容耦合和电感耦合的总串扰电压。利用经验模态分解算法对传感器信号进行逐层分解后,得到一定量的残差项和信号分量（IMF）,并将其相加生成新的信号。重复分解计算产生新的信号,然后计算信号分量（IMF）中包含的串扰信号,并根据硬/软阈值消除串扰噪声。仿真结果表明,所设计的方法可以有效地消除角位移传感器线间串扰信号噪声的影响,使传感器采集的角位移测量电路的电压信号更接近无串扰的电压信号,从而保证角位移传感器信号的有效性。     

PCB传输线间串扰抑制方法分析

研究数字电子技术设备中,串扰是印刷电路板(PCB)上电磁兼容的重要内容之一.为了抑制PCB传输线间串扰,提高系统信号准确性,消除噪音,通常在传输线间插入一列用金属填充的、顶端用微带连接的接地柱线(简称保护带).由于加有保护带的传输线系统结构复杂,理论分析比较困难,利用网络级联的方法对加有保护带的传输线建模进行分析.计算分析结果表明,加入保护带能有效地抑制线间串扰,保护带参数(接地柱间距、半径)的变化对串扰抑制有明显影响.研究对工程中正确设置保护带以降低串扰提供了必要的参考.     

卫星多通道遥测选通电路抗串扰设计

卫星多通道遥测选通电路抗串扰设计方案优化了级联方式多路开关电路,可以解决第一级多路开关同时选通多路遥测造成的线间串扰问题。卫星多通道遥测选通电路抗串扰设计方案同时优化了模拟量遥测运放输出接口电路,可以通过匹配电阻减小模拟量遥测传输线间串扰电压。     

基于SI的数字电路PCB高速设计

随着集成电路输出开关速度的提高以及PCB板密度增加,如何在PCB板的设计过程中充分考虑信号完整性(SI)问题,已经成为当今PCB设计业界中一个新的热门课题.文中从SI的主要影响入手,结合实例,分类分析高速数字电路设计中可能出现的延迟、反射、串扰、SSN和EMI等SI问题,并提出相应的解决方案.     

DDR4并行互连传输串扰特性仿真与分析

为满足高带宽存储应用需求,访存速率和互连密度越来越高。DDR4作为主存领域应用广泛且速率较快的并行存储互连技术,上升/下降沿时间或低至百ps量级,信号间串扰不容忽视。以某DDR4驱动模型和板级嵌入式应用为研究对象,建立多线打扰模型,从时域角度仿真分析布线间距、打扰源相位、数据速率、耦合传输线长对带状线传输串扰的影响。结果显示：5倍介质厚度布线间距条件下串扰接近于0 mV,不同相位关系打扰源形成的总串扰具有成倍双向差异。对于特定访存速率,耦合传输线长度与串扰极值存在周期性对应关系,据此合理设计DDR数据组线长,可以有效规避串扰极大值。     

基于链路参数的屏蔽双绞线串扰预测模型

针对机载屏蔽双绞线与相邻线缆之间存在串扰的问题,提出基于链路参数的屏蔽双绞线串扰预测模型.在考虑屏蔽层转移阻抗的基础上推导出屏蔽双平行线的多导体传输线方程;将非均匀的屏蔽双绞线等效为多个扭绞级联,每个扭绞进一步简化为多段均匀传输线级联;使用级联传输线理论求得总的链路参数矩阵,进而得到单根线缆对屏蔽双绞线串扰模型.该模型求解结果与CST仿真结果对比表明,两者串扰随频率变化趋势一致,对串扰最大值的预测一致.实验结果表明,模型能有效预测串扰最大值.     

基于传递函数的高速互连线串扰分析

针对互连线系统在高速信号激励下产生的串扰问题,导出高速互连线的时域分布参数系统模型,建立从激励电压到攻击线末端和受害线两端电压相应的传递函数,从系统的角度研究串扰噪声问题。仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性,与数值方法相比更具有一般性。     

多根贯通导线对屏蔽体内电路电磁干扰影响的仿真研究

仿真研究了两根贯通导线对屏蔽体内印制电路板终端负载的影响。研究表明,贯通导线与屏蔽体外的电磁脉冲波耦合,可使传入屏蔽体内印制电路板终端负载上的电压增大很多;当双线连接时,不仅存在着空间辐射干扰波通过导线吸收传导进入电路而产生的干扰电压,而且还存在着两线间串扰电压。实验结果可知,随着频率的增加,线间串扰增大,在终端负载产生的总干扰电压,比只有通过线吸收传导进入电路产生的电压要大。这些工作对电子系统的设计和安装具有指导意义。     

A parameter choice strategy for the regularized approximation of Fredholm integral equations of the first kind

Recently, Rajan [A Modified convergence analyis for solving Fredholm integral equations of the first kind, Integral Equ. Oper. Theory, 49 (2004), pp. 511–516.] suggested a modified convergence analysis for solving Fredholm integral equations of the first kind and also considered an a priori parameter choice strategy of choosing the regularization parameter. In this article, as an a posteriori parameter choice strategy for choosing the regularization parameter, a class of discrepancy principle is proposed under the Hilbert space setting and is illustrated numerically.     

Convergence and accuracy of the path integral approach for elastostatics

This paper addresses convergence rate and accuracy of a numerical technique for linear elastostatics based on a path integral formulation [Int. J. Numer. Math. Eng. 47 (2000) 1463]. The computational implementation combines a simple polynomial approximation of the displacement field with an approximate statement of the exact evolution equations, which is designated as functional integral method. A convergence analysis is performed for some simple nodal arrays. This is followed by two different estimations of the optimum parameter ζ: one is based on statistical arguments and the other on inspection of third order residuals. When the eight closest neighbors to a node are used for polynomial approximation the optimum parameter is found to depend on Poisson's ratio and lie in the range 0.5<ζ<1.5. Two well established numerical methods are then recovered as specific instances of the FIM. The strong formulation––point collocation––corresponds to the limit ζ=0 while bilinear finite elements corresponds exactly to the choice ζ=0.5. The use of the optimum parameter provides better precision than the other two methods with similar computational cost. Other nodal arrays are also studied both in two and three dimensions and the performance of the FIM compared with the corresponding finite element and collocation schemes. Finally, the implementation of FIM on unstructured meshes is discussed, and a numerical example solving Laplace equation is analyzed. It is shown that FIM compares favorably with FEM and offers a number of advantages.     

A new analytical method for solving systems of Volterra integral equations

In this paper, a new modified homotopy perturbation method (NHPM) is introduced for solving systems of Volterra integral equations of the second kind. Theorems of existence and uniqueness of the solutions to these equations are presented. Comparison of the results of applying the NHPM with those of the homotopy perturbation method and Adomian's decomposition method leads to significant consequences. Several examples, including the system of linear and nonlinear Volterra integral equations, are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the new method.     

基于线性判别分析的Choquet积分的符号模糊测度提取

在解决分类问题时,建立在Choquet积分上的分类器以其非线性和不可加性的特点,扮演着越来越重要的角色。由于Choquet积分中的符号模糊测度可以描述各特征对结果的影响,因此Choquet积分在解决数据分类及融合 问题方面具有显著的优势。但是,关于Choquet积分符号模糊测度值的求解,学术界一直缺乏有效的方法。目前最常用的方法是遗传算法,但是遗传算法在解决符号模糊测度值的优化问题时存在算法较为复杂、耗时较长等缺陷。由于符号模糊测度值在Choquet积分分类器中是决定性的重要参数,因此设计出一种有效的符号模糊测度提取方法十分必要。文中提出基于线性判别分析的Choquet积分符号模糊测度的提取方法,推导出在分类问题下Choquet积分的符号模糊测度值的解析式表达,其能够有效、快速地得出关键性参数。分别在人工数据集及基准实际数据集上进行测试与验证,实验结果表明所提方法能有效解决Choquet积分分类器中符号模糊测度的优化问题。     

On a Galerkin boundary node method for potential problems

A Galerkin boundary node method (GBNM), for boundary only analysis of partial differential equations, is discussed in this paper. The GBNM combines an equivalent variational form of a boundary integral equation with the moving least-squares (MLS) approximations for generating the trial and test functions of the variational formulation. In this approach, only a nodal data structure on the boundary of a domain is required, and boundary conditions can be implemented directly and easily despite of the fact that the MLS shape functions lack the delta function property. Formulations of the GBNM using boundary singular integral equations of the second kind for potential problems are developed. The theoretical analysis and numerical results indicate that it is an efficient and accurate numerical method.     

The determination of optimum accelerating factors for successive overrelaxation on an equidistant and non-equidistant rectangular net

A modification to the successive overrelaxation iterative procedure for solving elliptic partial differential equations is presented. The modified method is based on an extension of Brazier's nodal overrelaxation method in one dimension, characterised by the use of a different overrelaxation factor for each point in the net. The extension to several dimensions make use of the separability of the variables for the error distribution. Thus the optimum one dimensional results are directly used in the several dimensional problem.The present method has been examined in one and two dimensions, for equidistant and non-equidistant nets. The computational time required to obtain a given accuracy for a solution was found for all two dimensional cases to be half (or less) of that required by conventional methods.     

Extrapolation for solving a system of weakly singular nonlinear Volterra integral equations of the second kind

This article discusses an extrapolation method for solving a system of weakly singular nonlinear Volterra integral equations of the second kind. Based on a generalization of the discrete Gronwall inequality and Navot's quadrature rule, the modified trapeziform quadrature algorithm is presented. The iterative algorithm for solving the discrete system possesses a high accuracy order O(h ^2+α). After the asymptotic expansion of errors is proved, we can obtain an approximation with a higher accuracy order using extrapolation. An a posteriori error estimation is provided. Some numerical results are presented to illustrate the efficiency of our methods.     

Wheel/rail contact dynamics in turnout negotiations with combined nodal and non-conformal contact approach

In railroad turnouts, geometries of tongue and crossing rails are very complex and their shapes are changing along the track. Therefore, wheels are subjected to not only tread and flange contacts, but also the back-of-flange and top-of-flange contacts in the case of spring switches of tram vehicles. For this reason, one needs to deal with significant jumps in contact points for solving wheel/rail contact problems in turnout, and an accurate prediction of jumps in contact points is one of the most important issues that need to be carefully handled in the dynamic simulation of vehicle/turnout interactions. In this investigation, a numerical procedure that can be used for solving such a complex wheel/rail contact problem in turnout is proposed. In particular, a combined nodal and non-conformal contact approach is developed such that significant jumps in contact points are detected using the nodal search, while the exact location of contact point is then determined with continuous surface parameterizations using non-conformal contact equations. With this combined nodal and non-conformal contact approach for the contact geometry analysis of vehicle/turnout interactions, multiple look-up contact tables can be generated in an efficient way without losing accuracy. Since detailed contact search is performed off-line to obtain look-up contact tables, significant changes in contact points in turnout can be efficiently predicted on-line with tabular data to be interpolated in a standard way. Several numerical examples are presented in order to demonstrate the use of the numerical procedure developed in this investigation.     

Abundant travelling wave solutions for nonlinear Kawahara partial differential equation using extended trial equation method

In this paper, we use the extended trial equation method (ETEM) to construct the exact solutions in many different functions such as the trigonometric function, elliptic integral function, rational function, hyperbolic function and Jacobi elliptic functions for nonlinear evolution equation in mathematical physics via the fifth-order modified nonlinear Kawahara equation. In this method, the balance number is not constant as we have shown in other methods, but it is changed by changing the trial equation derivative definition. This method is powerful, reliable, effective and simple for solving more complicated nonlinear partial differential equations in mathematical physics.     

冲击下悬臂梁断裂可靠性的节点分析法

随着微系统高密度和高集成度化趋势的发展,人们开始关注解决系统全局可靠性问题的设计和模拟方案。本文将传统电路领域的节点分析法移植到微系统的可靠性分析领域。通过对冲击下悬臂梁断裂可靠性问题的分析,演示了节点法分析系统全局可靠性问题的流程和可行性。利用冲击实验测量了不同方向和大小加速度冲击下的悬臂梁的断裂可靠度,基于节点模型结果和Weibull理论分析,指出工艺缺陷引起的早期失效是导致实验中较细悬臂梁约10%断裂失效几率的主要成因。