两级供应链减排与促销的合作策略

首先假设在由零售商主导的供应链中,制造商的低碳声誉和零售商的促销都能增加产品的需求,减排对制造商的低碳声誉有正面影响;然后运用微分博弈理论,比较了不合作、成本分担契约以及合作3个契约对供应链成员的影响.研究发现,制造商和零售商的促销及减排水平在合作契约下最高,但供应链的总价值在合作契约下最大是有条件的.当存在合作价值时,为了使制造商和零售商获得更多的价值设计了利润共享契约.     

三级低碳供应链联合减排及宣传促销微分博弈研究

低碳环境下,研究供应商、制造商与零售商组成的三级供应链联合减排及宣传促销微分博弈问题.首先,通过两次成本加成,考虑产品需求受产品减排量、零售商宣传促销努力及产品零售价格的综合影响,得到供应链分散决策与集中决策情形下的动态均衡策略及减排量的最优轨迹.然后,通过数值算例及灵敏度分析比较两种情形下的结果,研究发现:无论分散决策还是集中决策,减排量,产品批发价,供应商、制造商、零售商的努力水平都随时间逐渐增加至某一稳定值,但集中决策的稳定值大于分散决策相应的稳定值;随着供应商、制造商各自的减排努力对产品减排率的影响系数及零售商的宣传促销努力对产品需求的影响系数的增大,减排量、产品批发价、供应链成员努力水平、供应链成员利润、供应链总利润都会增加;集中决策的供应链总利润总是大于分散决策的供应链总利润.最后,对集中决策总利润用多人联盟博弈的多目标决策合作博弈方法进行分配,实现了供应链系统整体绩效的提升.     

政府补贴下考虑持股合作战略的供应链减排动态协调方法

在政府补贴政策下,将持股合作战略引入供应链减排决策中,运用微分博弈理论研究供应链的最优决策和动态协调问题.构建集中式决策模型和持股合作前后的分散式决策模型,并分析持股比例和消费者低碳偏好对供应链最优决策、利润和政府补贴政策的影响.研究结果表明:持股合作战略会替代一部分政府补贴政策的作用,且供应链成员合作越密切,政府补贴效果越好.随着持股比例的增加,供应链总利润呈现“U”型变化,只有当持股比例满足一定条件时,供应链成员才愿意选择持股合作,且持股合作战略的实施能够实现供应链协调.消费者低碳偏好的提高会对企业减排产生激励作用,而政府作为政策的制定者不受消费者低碳偏好的影响.     

基于微分博弈的供应链合作减排和政府补贴策略

低碳背景下,将产品的减排量作为状态变量,借助微分博弈研究由供应商和制造商组成的两级供应 链长期动态合作减排和政府补贴策略问题.分别构建集中式和无成本分担的分散式微分博弈模型,并通过引入成本分担契约实现供应链系统利润的Pareto改善,得出并比较了3种决策情形下供应商和制造商各自相应的最优反馈均衡策略,以及产品减排量随时间变化的最优轨迹;然后,讨论政府补贴行为与企业选择合作减排行为之间的互动博弈,发现政府减排补贴的引入改变了3种决策情形下供应链成员的最优减排努力水平和利润的大小;最后,通过算例对相关参数进行灵敏度分析,验证了结论的有效性,为供应链上下游企业长期开展合作减排以及政府制定补贴政策提供了科学依据.     

低碳供应链纵向合作减排的动态优化

基于微分博弈, 研究由一个供应商与一个制造商组成的低碳供应链中纵向合作减排的动态优化问题. 构建了以制造商占主导、供应商跟随的Stackelberg 微分博弈模型, 分别得到了制造商和供应商的最优反馈均衡策略及各自的利润最优值函数, 推导出产品碳排放量随时间变化的最优轨迹. 通过数值算例分析了制造商和供应商的长期合作减排策略对产品碳排放量的影响, 为供应链上下游企业开展长期减排合作提供了理论依据.

     

考虑电商平台信用支付促销的供应链协调研究

考虑到我国越来越多的电商平台为消费者提供基于互联网的信用支付策略作为重要的促销手段,构建了二级供应链中促销努力水平影响消费者需求的函数,研究其定价和促销努力水平协调问题。利用Stackelberg博弈分析供应链主体间的最优决策,并与集中模式下进行对比分析,为了促使电商平台提高促销努力水平,构建了“成本共担-收益共享”契约达到供应链协调的目的。通过数值分析证明：“成本共担-收益共享”契约对电商平台的促销努力水平具有显著的提升作用;促销努力水平弹性系数对于促销努力水平具有一定的影响,在一定区间内,增加促销努力水平弹性系数将使供应链各企业的利润增加,一旦促销努力弹性系数超过一个临界值就会使得供应链各主体的利益受损。     

基于制造商促销的供应链战略库存协调模型

考虑由单个制造商和单个零售商组成的两周期供应链系统,在第一周期结束后零售商储存战略库存控制第二周期制造商批发价格的活动条件下,分别建立了集中式决策、分散式决策以及制造商促销的契约决策的供应链模型,并对三种情况下的决策变量进行了比较分析。研究结果表明：在零售商主导的情境下,零售商没有必要储存战略库存;在制造商主导的情境下,制造商通过简单的批发价格契约无法促进渠道的协调,而在制造商进行促销决策条件下,零售商的战略库存量减少,且制造商和零售商的最优利润均大于分散式决策时的最优利润。最后通过算例验证该模型的有效性。     

制造商竞争与合作下双渠道供应链联合减排的微分博弈分析

以两个制造商与一个零售商组成的双渠道供应链为研究对象,分析制造商竞争与合作模型下供应链的最优均衡策略,并探讨系统关键参数对供应链各成员利润的影响.研究发现,只有当减排效率差异水平满足一定条件时,两制造商才会同时选择合作,且合作模型下制造商的利润总和增大,而减排努力、广告分担率、广告努力和零售商的利润减小.随着传统渠道市场占有率、减排竞争和广告竞争的增大,竞争模型下零售商的利润增大,而合作模型下的利润与广告竞争无关;制造商的利润变化取决于减排效率、网络渠道和传统渠道的边际利润.     

不同权力结构下供应链减排策略随机微分博弈

在由单个制造商和单个零售商构成的低碳供应链中,制造商与零售商之间不同的权力结构决定着他们的减排策略与博弈方式.同时,低碳产品商誉与需求受到制造商与零售商减排策略及随机因素的长期动态影响.在不同的权力结构下,对制造商减排努力策略与零售商宣传努力策略进行随机微分博弈分析;在集中式决策基础上,分别构建制造商主导与零售商主导的Stackelberg博弈、无主导Nash博弈模型,求解模型并对结果进行理论分析与数值实验.研究发现:相较于自己作为主导者,对方作为主导者会促使制造商或零售商做出更大的减排努力或宣传努力;与有主导者的供应链相比,无主导者的供应链可能实现更大的低碳产品商誉;制造商作为主导者能够提升低碳产品商誉与需求以及供应链总利润.随机因素促使制造商和零售商分别提高了减排努力和宣传努力以及低碳产品商誉.     

低碳供应链生态研发、合作促销与定价的微分博弈分析

针对低碳供应链研发、促销与定价问题, 构建微分博弈模型. 将产品低碳度和商誉作为状态变量, 综合考虑价格和非价格因素对市场需求的多重影响, 考察并比较不同决策下供应链的反馈均衡策略, 结合数值模拟, 对相关参数进行敏感性分析. 研究发现: 集中式决策可促使供应链实现经济绩效和环境绩效双赢; 产品批发价对分散式决策下供应链均衡策略及利润产生重要且不同影响; 两种决策下产品低碳度随时间单调变化, 而商誉的变化却呈现多样性.

     

不同竞争结构下闭环供应链碳减排和低碳推广决策

为了研究闭环供应链的竞争减排和竞争低碳推广问题,分别构建了两个制造商和一个零售商分散决策结构(模型HR)、一个制造商和两个零售商分散决策结构(模型MH),两个制造商和两个零售商分散决策结构(模型HH)和两个制造商和两个零售商纵向合作结构(模型CC),通过对比前三种结构(模型HR、MH和HH)的决策结果,研究制造商竞争和零售商竞争对不同供应链结构决策的影响。通过对比后两种结构(模型HH和CC)的决策结果,研究供应链企业纵向合作对供应链竞争决策的影响。研究表明：零售商之间的横向竞争能够提高制造商的废旧产品回收水平。两个制造商和两个零售商纵向合作结构的回收水平和低碳推广努力程度最高以及市场需求最大,该结构的减排水平高低受到制造商的竞争强度和零售商的竞争强度影响。最后,结合算例分析,进一步对比四种不同供应链结构的决策结果和利润。     

需求依赖减排水平和价格的供应链决策与协调机制

针对由一个低碳产品制造商与一个零售商组成的供应链, 考虑需求同时受减排水平和销售价格的影响, 分别研究寄售契约、收益共享契约以及收益共享与减排成本共担3 种契约下供应链企业的优化决策, 并进一步探讨当需求的确定部分为和式、随机部分服从均匀分布时的供应链系统的最优决策. 从理论上证明了制造商与零售商之间的合作利于促进减排水平的提升, 也利于供应链系统期望总利润的增加. 最后, 探讨了不同参数对协调供应链绩效的影响.

     

基于促销投资的供应链应急协调研究

研究了由单制造商和单零售商组成的供应链中,零售阶段需求依赖于零售商的促销投资水平,当制造商的生产成本和零售商的存货投资成本同时出现扰动时的应急协调问题。通过对生产成本和存货投资成本的扰动程度进行情形分析,提出了不同程度扰动时的最优应对策略和协调机制。该机制为集中供应链系统中的决策者和制造商在面临生产成本和存货投资成本同时扰动时提供了理论决策依据。     

线性时变需求的二级供应链协调模型

考虑由一个供应商和一个零售商构成的二级供应链系统,在线性时变需求、产品的零售价格与其存储时间有关、货栈容量有限且不允许缺货的情形下,研究了供应商如何利用全数量折扣计划来激励零售商合作从而实现自身利润最大化和供应链系统完美协调的问题。从理论上证明和分析了模型最优解的存在性,同时提供了求解最优解的简单方法,并通过算例对上述结论进行佐证。     

基于成本共担策略的服务供应链协调研究

研究由服务提供商和支持服务供应商组成的两级服务供应链.其中市场需求与支持服务供应商的努力水平相关,服务容量与服务提供商的努力水平相关.建立了基于成本共担策略的服务供应链模型,分析得到了供应链成员同时决策与序贯决策情况下供应链的Nash均衡解.研究表明,成本共担策略能提高供应链的总利润,实现供应链协调.通过大量算例分析了最优协调参数解与供应链中重要参数的关系,同时指出了供应链协调的效果.     

Optimal inventory control policy and supply chain coordination problem with carbon footprint constraints

Carbon footprint constraints exert pressure on supply chains to reexamine decisions. In this paper, we consider carbon transfer cost and carbon holding cost in a supply chain. A multiperiod dynamic programming model with carbon footprint constraints is presented to investigate the impact of carbon transfer cost and carbon holding cost on inventory control policy as well as the supply chain coordination problem. A two‐control limit inventory control policy is proved to be optimal and a contract with wholesale price, subsidy, and fixed setup cost is verified analytically to coordinate the supply chain. Finally, a numerical study is conducted to reveal managerial insights. We find that when the supply chain is coordinated, the chain's profit is more sensitive to carbon transfer cost while inventory level is more sensitive to carbon holding cost. Additionally, because of the complexity of the coordinated contract, when it is not easy to coordinate the supply chain, it is better to keep the values of wholesale price, subsidy, and fixed setup cost below the corresponding values for the coordinated supply chain.     

Contract analysis: A performance measures and profit evaluation within two-echelon supply chains

Coordination is regarded as key in managing dependencies between distinctive members of a supply chain through the benefits of coordination mechanisms. Such coordination mechanisms are contracts, implemented to increase total supply chain profit, reduce costs and share risk among supply chain members. However, by contract implementation the retailer is constrained in his purchase by bearing the entire risk of holding the inventory (wholesale price contract) or by limited risk allocated to the supplier (buyback, revenue sharing and quantity flexibility contracts). By implementing an advanced purchase system the risk of inventory is fairly divided between the supplier and the retailer. In order to observe inventory implications on the supply chain bottom line, this article is directed towards the evaluation of performance measures and supply chain profit behavior under buyback, revenue sharing, quantity flexibility and advanced purchase discount contracts versus no coordination and wholesale price systems.     

Inventory management in a two-echelon closed-loop supply chain with correlated demands and returns

Reverse logistics or closed-loop supply chains where product returns are integrated with traditional forward supply chains have been one of the major topics of research since about the last one and a half decades. In this paper, we address the inventory management issue in closed-loop supply chains, and develop deterministic and stochastic models for a two-echelon system with correlated demands and returns under generalized cost structures. In particular, we address the following questions – Do closed-loop supply chains cost more than traditional forward supply chains? Does a higher rate of return always translate into lower demand variability and hence lower expected costs? What is the relationship between expected costs and correlations between demands and returns? Models developed and numerical examples shown in the paper reveal that although a higher rate of return and a higher correlation between demand and return reduce the variability of net demand, it may not necessarily lead to cost savings; rather the movement of costs will depend on the values of system parameters. We also quantify the cost savings in case the actual demand and return information is available at the time of decision-making. We conclude the paper by providing managerial implications and directions for future research.     

A cooperation model based on CVaR measure for a two-stage supply chain

In this paper, we introduce a cooperation model (CM) for the two-stage supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer. In this model, it is supposed that the objective of the manufacturer is to maximise his/her profit while the objective of the retailer is to minimise his/her CVaR while controlling the risk originating from fluctuation in market demand. In reality, the manufacturer and the retailer would like to choose their own decisions as to wholesale price and order quantity to optimise their own objectives, resulting the fact that the expected decision of the manufacturer and that of the retailer may conflict with each other. Then, to achieve cooperation, the manufacturer and the retailer both need to give some concessions. The proposed model aims to coordinate the decisions of the manufacturer and the retailer, and balance the concessions of the two in their cooperation. We introduce an s* ? optimal equilibrium solution in this model, which can decide the minimum concession that the manufacturer and the retailer need to give for their cooperation, and prove that the s* ? optimal equilibrium solution can be obtained by solving a goal programming problem. Further, the case of different concessions made by the manufacturer and the retailer is also discussed. Numerical results show that the CM is efficient in dealing with the cooperations between the supplier and the retailer.