基于M/M/1模型的多用户分布式系统负载平衡

针对分布式系统负载平衡问题,对动态全局最优策略进行改进,结合静态全局最优策略,提出动静结合的负载平衡策略。策略克服在较高通信开销时动态负载平衡策略的缺点,有效提高分布式系统的综合性能。仿真结果表明,使用该策略在通信开销较高和系统负载率大于40%的情况下,能够获得比动态负载平衡更小的系统预期响应时间。     

一种可适应的分布式动态负载平衡策略及其仿真

工作在多用户方式下的大规模并行处理系统，如何保持其资源的有效利用率，缩短任务的响应时间，需要动态负载平衡技术的支持。本文提出并讨论了一种可适应的分布式动态负载平衡策略ＡＲＩＤ，描述了该方法的原理和负载平衡控制协议，分析了该方法的通信开销，以及对系统加速比、任务平均响应时间和系统稳定性的影响，最后，对该方法进行了仿真研究，并与其它动态负载平衡策略作了比较。     

分布式计算机系统负载平衡研究

负载平衡是分布式系统中的一个研究热点。为了实现和充分利用这种能力，需要优良的负载平衡分配方案。对负载问题进行了数学化描述，研究了分布计算机系统中基本负载平衡策略，在此基础上提出了一个基于人工智能的负载平衡方案。利用在线跟踪技术，获得作业的行为特征（资源需求和执行时间等），从而筛选出那些不值得转移的短作业。性能测试的结果表明，文中所提出的方法能够较好地缩短作业的平均响应时间和提高系统的资源利用率，实现了动态负载平衡的目的。     

分布式计算机系统负载平衡研究

负载平衡是分布式系统中的一个研究热点。为了实现和充分利用这种能力,需要优良的负载平衡分配方案。对负载问题进行了数学化描述,研究了分布计算机系统中基本负载平衡策略,在此基础上提出了一个基于人工智能的负载平衡方案。利用在线跟踪技术,获得作业的行为特征(资源需求和执行时间等),从而筛选出那些不值得转移的短作业。性能测试的结果表明,文中所提出的方法能够较好地缩短作业的平均响应时间和提高系统的资源利用率,实现了动态负载平衡的目的。     

集群系统中自适应负载反馈平衡策略的研究

当前在集群系统中，负载平衡策略虽然很多，但是为了减少反馈开销，一般策略为采用在前端估计后端负载，所以不能很好地完成负载平衡的任务。针对这一问题，提出了一种自适应负载反馈平衡策略，各个服务器根据自身负载的变化来决定负载反馈的时机，前端根据负载信息和请求率计算出各个服务器的负载权值，最后根据负载权值来调度服务器处理请求，以实现负载平衡。由于采用了自适应的反馈策略，在获得各个服务器负载信息的同时减少了负载反馈的开销，实现了系统的负载均衡。测试结果表明该策略表现出了一定的优势。     

P2P-Grid环境中基于流言传播的资源查找方法研究

对两层结构的 P2P-Crid 网格模型进行了改进,在超级节点层上增加了分类节点层,即选择超级节点中性能较高的节点存放分类信息.给出了基于流言传播机制的分布式资源查找算法,该算法利用流言传播机制具有传播流言的兴趣随着重复收到某个流言而减少的特点,避免某个节点处理查找信息的负载过大,实现负载平衡,并与传统的泛洪算法进行了比较.模拟实验证明该算法能够缩短资源请求的响应时间,并且减少网格通信开销.     

非集中调度模型下的网格资源调度研究*

针对当前网格资源调度系统扩展性差的问题,提出了基于非集中调度模型的以保守Backfilling算法为核心的网格资源调度算法.探讨了网格任务在站点处理器数目异构情况下,网格作业多站点协同调度问题.实验仿真证明,在跨网格站的资源调度中,运用资源预留策略和多站点作业分块可以改善作业的平均响应时间,并起到负载平衡的效果.     

CORBA环境下的动态负载平衡研究

详细分析已有的关于CORBA环境下的负载平衡策略存在的主要问题,在此基础上提出一个新的CORBA环境下的分布式动态负载平衡模型。详细讨论它的负载平衡策略,并且给出若干负载指标,实现了基于最短总体期望响应时间策略的负载平衡系统。     

一个有效的动态负载平衡方法

动态负载平衡问题是影响工作站网络并行计算性能的重要因素.首先分析出在负载平衡中产生额外开销的根本原因是负载的移动,进而定性地给出了每次移动负载的粒度公式.引入益处估计的方法,仅在有益的情况下进行负载平衡.另外还提出了一个动态负载平衡算法.最后,通过实验,将该算法的运行结果与其他人的负载平衡结果以及不作负载平衡的情况进行了对比.此负载平衡方法在工作站为空载以及不同的负载和应用问题的数据规模的情况下,都优于Siegell等人提出的方法.     

分布式数据库系统的动态负载平衡策略及算法设计

随着网络中数据库应用的发展，使得分布式数据库系统的负载平衡问题突显出来。目前大多数分布式数据库管理系统没有负责平衡功能，其负载平衡依赖于操作系统的负载平衡机制来解决，这样带来的问题是系统负载的评价粒度细小和负载转移的开销增加。讨论了动态负载平衡策略的要素，针对分布式数据库系统的负载平衡问题，提出了以事务队列长度作为负载评价标准，并给出了一个动态负载平衡策略及算法。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。