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1.
In the light of the developing discourse on the relative merits of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ approaches to information systems development,
we present a case study application of a methodology which attempts to dissolve such dualities. Personal Construct Psychology
(PCP) offers, as a unity, the construing person who is both biology and culture. PCP argues that both the world and the person’s
construct system are phenomenologically real and that the viability of any particular construct system depends only on its
usefulness to the construing person. In this study, we used PCP to explore the organisational context of information use and
distribution in a large hospital. We used repertory grids, a PCP technique, to elicit from 16 members of staff their personal
construals of information from different sources in the hospital. The results highlight the relationship between meaningful
information and meaningfully active relationships, a theme which we discuss in terms of the development of the hospital information
system and in terms of the value of PCP in dissolving hard–soft dichotomies. 相似文献
2.
Christopher J. Atkinson 《Requirements Engineering》2000,5(2):67-73
The contributors to this special issue focus on socio-technical and soft approaches to information requirements elicitation
and systems development. They represent a growing body of research and practice in this field. This review presents an overview
and analysis of the salient themes within the papers encompassing their common underlying framework, the methodologies and
tools and techniques presented, the organisational situations in which they are deployed and the issues they seek to address.
It will be argued in the review that the contributions to this special edition exemplify the ‘post-methodological era’ and
the ‘contingency approaches’ from which it is formed. 相似文献
3.
Linguistic Problems with Requirements and Knowledge Elicitation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David C. Sutton 《Requirements Engineering》2000,5(2):114-124
Human and conversational aspects of requirements and knowledge identification are employed to show that requirements ‘engineering’
is not the same as civil engineering or scientific problem solving. Not only can requirements not be made fully explicit at
the start of a project, they cannot be made fully explicit at all. A need is identified to enhance computer-based information
systems (CBIS) development methods to accommodate: plurality of incommensurable perspectives, languages and agendas; dynamic
representations of system features that can be experienced rather than abstracted and forced into an abstract paper-based
representation; recognition that CBIS development is in general a continuous process where users changing their minds is a
natural and necessary indication or organisational vitality.
It is suggested that prototyping and rapid application development go some way to addressing these requirements but that
they require further development in the light of the theoretical light thrown on the nature of the problem. 相似文献
4.
The present paper proposes a methodological framework for the design and evaluation of information technology systems supporting
complex cognitive tasks. The aim of the methodological framework is to permit the design of systems which: (1) address the
cognitive difficulties met by potential users in performing complex problem-solving tasks; (2) improve their potential users’
problem-solving performance; and (3) achieve compatibility with potential users’ competences and working environment. After
a short review of the weaknesses of existing systems supposed to support complex cognitive tasks, the theoretical foundations
of the proposed methodology are presented. These are the ergonomic work analysis of French ergonomists, cognitive engineering, cognitive anthropology–ethnomethodology and activity theory. The third section of the paper describes the generic ergonomic model, which constitutes a frame of reference useful for the analyst of the work situation to which the information technology
system is addressed. In the fourth section, the proposed methodology is outlined, and in the fifth a case study demonstrating
an application of the methodology is summarised. In the epilogue, the differences between the proposed methodological framework
and other more conventional approaches are discussed. Finally, directions for future developments of the problem-driven approach
are proposed. 相似文献
5.
The elicitation or communication of user requirements comprises an early and critical but highly error-prone stage in system
development. Socially oriented methodologies provide more support for user involvement in design than the rigidity of more
traditional methods, facilitating the degree of user–designer communication and the ‘capture’ of requirements. A more emergent
and collaborative view of requirements elicitation and communication is required to encompass the user, contextual and organisational
factors. From this accompanying literature in communication issues in requirements elicitation, a four-dimensional framework
is outlined and used to appraise comparatively four different methodologies seeking to promote a closer working relationship
between users and designers. The facilitation of communication between users and designers is subject to discussion of the
ways in which communicative activities can be ‘optimised’ for successful requirements gathering, by making recommendations
based on the four dimensions to provide fruitful considerations for system designers. 相似文献
6.
Information systems are the glue between people and computers. Both the social and business environments are in a continual,
some might say chaotic, state of change while computer hardware continues to double its performance about every 18 months.
This presents a major challenge for information system developers. The term user-friendly is an old one, but one which has come to take on a multitude of meanings. However, in today’s context we might well take
a user-friendly system to be one where the technology fits the user’s cognitive models of the activity in hand. This article
looks at the relationship between information systems and the changing demands of their users as the underlying theme for
the current issue of Cognition, Technology and Work. People, both as individuals and organisations, change. The functionalist viewpoint, which attempts to freeze and inhibit
such change, has failed systems developers on numerous occasions. Responding to, and building on, change in the social environment
is still a significant research issue for information systems specialists who need to be able to create living information
systems. 相似文献
7.
C. Stary 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2001,1(1):16-30
This paper addresses user modelling for “Design for All” in a model-based approach to Human-Computer Interaction, paying particular
attention to placing user models within organisational role- and task-related contexts. After reviewing a variety of user
modelling approaches, and deriving requirements for user modelling related to Design for All, the paper proposes a role-driven
individualised approach. Such an approach is based on a model-based representation schema and a unifying notation that keeps
the user’s models and the contextual information transparent and consistent. Individualisation is achieved by coupling symbolic
model specifications with neural networking on synchronisation links between symbolic representation elements. As a result,
user modelling for Design for All is achieved not by stereotypical user properties and functional roles, but by accommodating
the actual users’ behaviour.
Published online: 18 May 2001 相似文献
8.
This article offers a research update on a 3-year programme initiated by the Kamloops Art Gallery and the University College
of the Cariboo in Kamloops, British Columbia. The programme is supported by a ‘Community–University Research Alliance’ grant
from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the collaboration focuses on the cultural future of
small cities – on how cultural and arts organisations work together (or fail to work together) in a small city setting. If
not by definition, then certainly by default, ‘culture’ is associated with big city life: big cities are equated commonly
with ‘big culture’; small cities with something less. The Cultural Future of Small Cities research group seeks to provide
a more nuanced view of what constitutes culture in a small Canadian city. In particular, the researchers are exploring notions
of social capital and community asset building: in this context, ‘visual and verbal representation’, ‘home’, ‘community’ and
the need to define a local ‘sense of place’ have emerged as important themes. As the Small Cities programme begins its second
year, a unique but key aspect has become the artist-as-researcher.
Correspondence and offprint requests to: L. Dubinsky, Kamloops Art Gallery, 101–465 Victoria Street, Kamloops, BC V2C 2A9 Canada. Tel.: 250-828-3543; Email: ldubinsky@museums.ca 相似文献
9.
A Representational Framework for Scenarios of System Use 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Scenarios are becoming widely used in three areas of system development: software engineering, human–computer interaction
(HCI), and organisational process design. There are many reasons to use scenarios during system design. The one usually advanced
in support of the practice is to aid the processes of validating the developers’ understanding of the customers’ or users’
work practices, organisational goals and structures, and system requirements. All three areas identified above deal with these
processes, and not surprisingly this has given rise to a profusion of scenario-based practices and representations. Yet there
has been little analysis of why scenarios should be useful, let alone whether they are. Only by having such a framework for
understanding what scenarios are, and what they are for, can we begin to evaluate different scenario approaches in specific
development contexts. This paper is a contribution toward such a framework. We lay out a space of representational possibilities
for scenarios and enumerate a set of values or criteria that are important for different uses of scenarios. We then summarise
several salient representations drawn from the software engineering, HCI, and organisational process design communities to
clarify how these representational choices contribute to or detract from the goals of the respective practices. Finally, we
discuss how scenario representations from one area of design may be useful in others, and we discuss the relationship between
these representations and other significant early-design and requirements engineering practices. 相似文献
10.
This paper investigates how organisations – as joint cognitive systems – deal with change. This is explored in a case study
into the use of web-based technology in an organisation and the ways in which its current and future use may be influenced
by the local concerns of the actors with it. The paper looks at some of the factors that need to be taken into account for
improving technology, and more specifically, in intranet development. In particular, the paper discusses the case experience
in the light of previous research in IT-enabled organisational transformation and contributes to our understanding of human
interaction with network technologies in an organisational context. 相似文献
11.
In this paper we argue that substitution-based function allocation methods (such as MABA-MABA, or Men-Are-Better-At/Machines-Are-Better-At
lists) cannot provide progress on human–automation co-ordination. Quantitative ‘who does what’ allocation does not work because
the real effects of automation are qualitative: it transforms human practice and forces people to adapt their skills and routines.
Rather than re-inventing or refining substitution-based methods, we propose that the more pressing question on human–automation
co-ordination is ‘How do we make them get along together?’
Correspondence and offprint requests to: S. W. A. Dekker, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IKP, Link?ping Institute of Technology, SE - 581 83 Link?ping, Sweden.
Tel.: +46 13 281646; fax +4613282579; email: sidde@ikp.liu.se 相似文献
12.
L. D. Introna 《Cognition, Technology & Work》2001,3(2):101-110
The need for information technology-mediated cooperation seems obvious. However, what is not obvious is what this means and
what social demands such cooperation may imply. To explore this is the intention of the paper. As a first step the paper performs
an etymological analysis of the words telecooperation and telecoordination. Such an analysis indicates that cooperation happens
when people engage in the production of a work as if ‘one mind or body’, where their activities fuse together in a way that
makes the suggestion of separation seem incomprehensible. In the work they do not merely aim to achieve an outcome, they also
‘insert’ themselves ‘in’ the work in a way that makes it a human achievement rather than a mere product – this is cooperation
as working-together. With this notion of cooperation in mind the paper then proceeds to analyse the social conditions for
cooperation as working-together. It shows, using the work of Wittgenstein, that language is fundamental to cooperation and
the sharing of knowledge – not language as a system for the exchange of information but language as a medium for the co-creation
of a local way of doing, a local language, to capture the local distinctions that make a particular local activity significant
and meaningful to the participants. The paper then proceeds to question this strong notion of cooperation. It argues that
most cooperative activities tend not to conform with such stringent demands. The paper suggests that a cooperative problem
is best viewed as a situation in which ambiguity is accepted as a structural element of the interaction. From this perspective
the paper suggests that hermeneutics may be a productive way to understand the creation of shared interpretative spaces that
makes mediated cooperation possible. The paper concludes with some implications for mediated cooperative work. 相似文献
13.
People wish to maintain a level of awareness of timely information, including presence of others in the workplace and other
social settings. We believe this provides better exchange, coordination and contact within a community, especially as people
work in asynchronous times and distributed locations. The challenge is to develop lightweight techniques for awareness, interaction
and communication using shared information appliances. In this paper, we describe the design of an exploratory responsive display projected within a shared workspace at the MIT
Media Lab. The system uses visual sensing to provide relevant information and constructs traces of people’s activity over
time. Such aware portals may be deployed in casual workplace domains, distributed workgroups, and everyday public spaces. 相似文献
14.
Adrian David Cheok Xubo Yang Zhou Zhi Ying Mark Billinghurst Hirokazu Kato 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2002,6(5-6):430-442
This paper presents a novel computer entertainment system which recaptures human touch and physical interaction with the
real-world environment as essential elements of the game play, whilst also maintaining the exciting fantasy features of traditional
computer entertainment. Our system called ‘Touch-Space’ is an embodied (ubiquitous, tangible, and social) computing based
Mixed Reality (MR) game space which regains the physical and social aspects of traditional game play. In this novel game space,
the real-world environment is an essential and intrinsic game element, and the human’s physical context influences the game
play. It also provides the full spectrum of game interaction experience ranging from the real physical environment (human
to human and human to physical world interaction), to augmented reality, to the virtual environment. It allows tangible interactions
between players and virtual objects, and collaborations between players in different levels of reality. Thus, the system re-invigorates
computer entertainment systems with social human-to-human and human-to-physical touch interactions.
Correspondence to: Professor A. Cheok, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260. Email: adriancheok@nus.edu.sg 相似文献
15.
This paper presents an ethnographically informed investigation into the use of an organisational memory, focusing in particular
on how information was used in the performance of work. We argue that understanding how people make use of distributed knowledge
is crucial to the design of an organisational memory. However, we take the perspective that an ‘organisational memory’ is
not technology dependent, but is an emergent property of group interaction. In this sense, the technology does not form the
organisational memory, but provides a novel means of augmenting the co-ordination of collaborative action. The study examines
the generation, development and maintenance of knowledge repositories and archives. The knowledge and information captured
in the organisational memory enabled the team members to establish a common understanding of the design and to gain an appreciation
of the issues and concerns of the other disciplines. The study demonstrates why technology should not be thought of in isolation
from its contexts of use, but also how designers can make use of the creative flexibility that people employ in their everyday
activities. The findings of the study are therefore of direct relevance to both the design of knowledge archives and to the
management of this information within organisations. 相似文献
16.
Information systems (IS) and technology are used extensively throughout the National Health Service (NHS), and the 1998 national
information strategy, ‘Information for Health’, sets out how the NHS will be developing and implementing IS to support patient
care within the next decade. This new IS initiative is set against a mixed record of success of IS projects in the NHS, with
a number of high-profile failures. This paper highlights the need to consider the ‘organisational issues’ involved in systems
implementation to avoid failures. It goes on to advocate the use of a process-oriented and organisation studies-based model
for risk analysis and management for use in NHS IS projects. Two famous NHS case studies are used to validate the model. It
is concluded that there is a real need in the NHS for tools to better control the inherent risks involved in IS development
and implementation. Ultimately, the success of IS projects in the NHS is crucial if they want to best utilise clinical and
patient information, with the overall aim of improving the efficiency and standard of the nation’s health care. 相似文献
17.
Enid Mumford 《Requirements Engineering》2000,5(2):125-133
This paper examines how the structure of organisations is changing as a result of the global market and new technology and
it discusses how these changes are affecting the nature of work. It identifies systems design as a problem-solving activity
that requires a multidisciplinary approach, examines the current and new problems of complex systems design and describes
how a socio- technical approach which takes account of technical, organisational, economic and social needs can assist the
creation of humanistic and effective systems for tomorrow’s world. 相似文献
18.
M. Piccini 《Cognition, Technology & Work》2002,4(4):256-271
The design of control systems and human–machine interfaces in the field of complex and safety-critical environments remains
today an open issue, in spite of the high technological evolution of the last decades. The increasing use of automation has
improved efficiency, safety and ease of operations but, at the same time, it has complicated operators’ situation awareness
and has changed the nature of their possible errors. The research activity described in this paper is an attempt to develop
a methodological framework to support designers of control systems and human–machine interfaces. In particular, it focuses
on the need for a deeply recursive approach related to the implementation of the systemic and human aspects of the design
process of a human–machine system, intended as a Joint Cognitive System. A validating case study has been performed, based on the full application of the framework on the control of the turbine/alternator
system of a thermoelectric power plant in northern Italy.
Correspondence and offprint requests to: M. Piccini, Politecnico di Torino Dipartimento di Energetica, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy. Tel.: +39
011 564 4413; Fax: +39 011 564 4499; Email: mipiccin@polito.it 相似文献
19.
Display Design of Process Systems Based on Functional Modelling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The prevalent way to present information in industrial computer displays is by using piping and instrumentation diagrams.
Such interfaces have sometimes resulted in difficulties for operators because they are not sufficient to fulfil their needs.
A systematic way that supports interface design therefore has to be considered. In the new design framework, two questions
must be answered. Firstly, a modelling method is required to describe a process system. Such a modelling method can define
the information content that must be displayed in interfaces. Secondly, how to communicate this information to operators efficiently
must be considered. This will provide a basis for determining the visual forms that the information should take. This study
discusses interface design of human–machine systems from these two points of view. Based on other scholars’ work, a comprehensive
set of functional primitives is summarised as a basis to build a functional model of process systems. A library of geometrical
presentations for these primitives is then developed. To support effective interface design, the concept of ‘functional macro’
is introduced and a way to map functional model to interface display is illustrated by applying several principles. To make
our ideas clear, a central heating system is taken as an example and its functional model is constructed. Based on the functional
model, the information to be displayed is determined. Several functional macros are then found in the model and their corresponding
displays are constructed. Finally, by using the library of geometrical presentations for functional primitives and functional
macros, the display hierarchy of the central heating system is developed. Reusability of functional primitives makes it possible
to use the methodology to support interface design of different process systems. 相似文献
20.
Rich Ling 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2001,5(2):123-136
This paper examines the social meaning behind the adoption of mobile telephones by teenagers in Norway. Through this adoption
process one can see the way in which youths are developing their adult identity as well as their gendered identity. The primary
database used in this analysis is from two telephone questionnaires of Norwegian youth aged 13–20 carried out in October and
December 1998. A total of 2007 interviews are included. The survey instrument covered teenagers’ ownership of mobile telephones,
payment forms and the use of mobile telephones to send and receive Short Message System (SMS) text messages. In addition,
the analysis draws on a survey of 1001 Norwegian parents and ethnographic interviews of 12 families. 相似文献