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1.
GPP问题的骨架分析与启发式算法设计   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
图的划分问题(GPP)是具有广泛应用背景的典型NP-难解问题,高效启发式算法一直是该领域的研究热点.作为设计启发式算法的有力工具,GPP的骨架分析存在理论分析结果匮乏、骨架规模过小等缺陷.文中采用构造偏移GPP实例的技巧,不仅在理论卜证明了获取GPP的骨架是NP-难解的,并且利用一般GPP实例与偏移实例的关系,实现了骨架规模的提高.在此基础上,文中对于目前求解GPP问题最好的算法之一的IBS进行了改进,提出了基于偏移实例的IBS算法(BI-IBS).算法BI-IBS首先构造偏移GPP实例,然后再利用局部最优解交集对它进行归约,最后再求解归约后的规模更小的新实例.实验结果表明,BI-IBS比现有算法在解的质量上有了较显著的提高.文中的工作较完善地解决了GPP的骨架研究存在的问题,所采用的构造偏移实例的技巧对于其它NP-难解问题的骨架理论分析及启发式算法设计亦具有较高的参考价值.  相似文献   

2.
为了解决当前通信顺序进程(CSP)模型检测不支持在验证工具的一次运行中验证多个性质的问题,建立了基于ASP的CSP并发模型验证框架。主要研究在该框架下当待验证的系统性质不满足时生成相应性质反例的技术。把ASP程序调试中的ASP程序支撑原因分析技术应用于该问题的研究,提出了相应的反例生成算法,实例表明了该算法的正确性。  相似文献   

3.
一种基于变量熵求解约束满足问题的置信传播算法   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在置信传播(belief propagation,BP)算法中,提出一种基于变量熵来挑选变量从而固定变量赋值的策略,用于求解一类具有增长定义域的随机约束满足问题.RB模型是一个具有增长定义域的随机约束满足问题的典型代表,已经严格证明它不仅存在精确的可满足性相变现象,而且可以生成难解实例.在RB模型上选取两组不同的参数进行数值实验.结果表明:在接近可满足性相变点时,BP引导的消去算法仍然可以非常有效地找到随机实例的解;不断增加问题的规模,算法的运行时间呈指数级增长;并且当控制参数(约束紧度)增加时,变量的平均自由度逐渐降低.  相似文献   

4.
针对梯形模糊数,定义了一种梯形模糊结构元.研究了边权值为梯形模糊数的模糊权值网络,建立了其最小生成树问题的数学模型,并利用梯形模糊结构元加权排序思想和Kruskal算法,设计了一种该问题的求解算法,给出了算法的复杂度分析和应用实例.文中的模型和算法对于边权值为其他类型模糊数的模糊权值网络同样有效.  相似文献   

5.
由Shor等人构造的量子算法可以在多项式时间内解决传统三大难解问题而利用辫群构造的很多数学困难问题,在量子计算机条件下均无有效的解法,辫群是一种适合构造抵抗量子密码分析的计算平台。利用左右子群元素的可交换性,基于CSP问题、SCSP问题和p次方根问题的难解性,提出了一个新的代理盲签名方案,并通过方案分析验证了该方案的有效性和可行性。  相似文献   

6.
王晓峰  许道云 《软件学报》2016,27(12):3003-3013
信息传播算法求解可满足问题时有惊人的效果,难解区域变窄.然而,因子图带有环的实例,信息传播算法不总有效,常表现为不收敛.对于这种现象,至今缺少系统的理论解释.警示传播(warning propagation,简称WP)算法是一种基础的信息传播算法,对WP算法的收敛性研究是其他信息传播算法收敛性研究的重要基础.在WP算法中,将警示信息的取值从{0,1}松弛为[0,1],利用压缩函数的性质,给出了WP算法收敛的一个充分条件.选取了两组不同规模的随机3-SAT实例进行实验模拟,结果表明:当子句与变元的比值α<1.8时,该判定条件有效.  相似文献   

7.
随机约束满足问题的相变现象及求解算法是NP-完全问题的研究热点。RB模型(Revised B)是一个非平凡的随机约束满足问题,它具有精确的可满足性相变现象和极易产生难解实例这两个重要特征。针对RB模型这一类具有大值域的随机约束满足问题,提出了两种基于模拟退火的改进算法即RSA(Revised Simulated Annealing Algorithm)和GSA(Genetic-simulated Annealing Algorithm)。将这两种算法用于求解RB模型的随机实例,数值实验结果表明:在进入相变区域时,RSA和GSA算法依然可以有效地找到随机实例的解,并且在求解效率上明显优于随机游走算法。在接近相变阈值点时,由这两种算法得到的最优解仅使得极少数的约束无法满足。  相似文献   

8.
黑白二次分配问题   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
二次分配问题QAP(quadratic assignment problem)的变种问题是当前的研究热点.实际应用中存在一类不能用QAP及其现有变种描述的问题,该类问题在QAP问题的基础上增加了额外的约束条件:将设备分为黑白两色,其中白色设备要求与至少一个黑色设备的距离不超过预定阈值.文章将之定义为黑白二次分配问题BWQAP(Black and White QAP).文章首先分析了它的计算复杂性,指出该问题是NP-难解问题,不存在ε-近似度的多项式时间近似算法(ε>O).同时证明了其可行解的存在性与黑白图上的支配集问题等价,也属于NP-难解问题.为了能在可接受的时间内得到大规模实例质量可接受的近似解,提出了一种求解BWQAP的启发式算法GFO.该算法利用QAP现有算法得到初始解,然后利用局部搜索策略完成解的可行化和优化.大量实验表明,该启发式算法能够有效地求解BWQAP问题的实例.  相似文献   

9.
信息传播算法求解随机3-SAT问题时非常有效,能使难解区域变窄.然而,对于因子图带有环的实例,信息传播算法并不总有效,常表现为不收敛.对于这种现象,至今缺少系统的理论解释.警示传播(Warning Propagation,WP)算法是一种基础的信息传播算法,对WP算法的收敛性研究是其它信息传播算法收敛性研究的重要基础.将一个3-SAT问题转换为具有规则结构的(3,4)-SAT问题,(3,4)-SAT问题是NP-完全的.基于(3,4)-SAT问题的规则结构性质,分析WP算法的收敛性.选取了3组不同规模的实例进行实验模拟,结果表明:在这种规则结构的可满足性实例集上,WP算法的收敛性有较大提高.  相似文献   

10.
随机算法重启策略的构造及其在TSP中的应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
陈国良  谢幸  徐云  顾钧 《计算机学报》2002,25(5):514-519
NP难解问题是计算机算法和理论界长期研究的课题。在求实NP难解问题时,随机算法的性能往往很不稳定。在以往的实验中,人们发现基于重启的优化方法可以提高Las Vegas算法的性能和稳定性。尽管它的思想比较直观,但对它的性能进行理论分析却并不容易,这在很大程度上限制了其应用。该文使用连续概率分布对算法性能分布建模,针对Las Vegas算法提出了一种高效的重启策略构造方法。该文从平均性能和稳定性两个角度分析了该方法的效率,同时通过将其应用于求解大规模旅行商问题(TSP)显示了其应用价值。  相似文献   

11.
In this paper we propose a random CSP model, called Model GB, which is a natural generalization of standard Model B. This paper considers Model GB in the case where each constraint is easy to satisfy. In this case Model GB exhibits non-trivial behaviour (not trivially satisfiable or unsatisfiable) as the number of variables approaches infinity. A detailed analysis to obtain an asymptotic estimate (good to 1+o(1)) of the average number of nodes in a search tree used by the backtracking algorithm on Model GB is also presented. It is shown that the average number of nodes required for finding all solutions or proving that no solution exists grows exponentially with the number of variables. So this model might be an interesting distribution for studying the nature of hard instances and evaluating the performance of CSP algorithms. In addition, we further investigate the behaviour of the average number of nodes as r (the ratio of constraints to variables) varies. The results indicate that as r increases, random CSP instances get easier and easier to solve, and the base for the average number of nodes that is exponential in n tends to 1 as r approaches infinity. Therefore, although the average number of nodes used by the backtracking algorithm on random CSP is exponential, many CSP instances will be very easy to solve when r is sufficiently large.  相似文献   

12.
Many hard examples in exact phase transitions   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This paper analyzes the resolution complexity of two random constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) models (i.e. Model RB/RD) for which we can establish the existence of phase transitions and identify the threshold points exactly. By encoding CSPs into CNF formulas, it is proved that almost all instances of Model RB/RD have no tree-like resolution proofs of less than exponential size. Thus, we not only introduce new families of CSPs and CNF formulas hard to solve, which can be useful in the experimental evaluation of CSP and SAT algorithms, but also propose models with both many hard instances and exact phase transitions. Finally, conclusions are presented, as well as a detailed comparison of Model RB/RD with the Hamiltonian cycle problem and random 3-SAT, which, respectively, exhibit three different kinds of phase transition behavior in NP-complete problems.  相似文献   

13.
《Artificial Intelligence》2007,171(8-9):514-534
In this paper, we show that the models of random CSP instances proposed by Xu and Li [K. Xu, W. Li, Exact phase transitions in random constraint satisfaction problems, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 12 (2000) 93–103; K. Xu, W. Li, Many hard examples in exact phase transitions with application to generating hard satisfiable instances, Technical report, CoRR Report cs.CC/0302001, Revised version in Theoretical Computer Science 355 (2006) 291–302] are of theoretical and practical interest. Indeed, these models, called RB and RD, present several nice features. First, it is quite easy to generate random instances of any arity since no particular structure has to be integrated, or property enforced, in such instances. Then, the existence of an asymptotic phase transition can be guaranteed while applying a limited restriction on domain size and on constraint tightness. In that case, a threshold point can be precisely located and all instances have the guarantee to be hard at the threshold, i.e., to have an exponential tree-resolution complexity. Next, a formal analysis shows that it is possible to generate forced satisfiable instances whose hardness is similar to unforced satisfiable ones. This analysis is supported by some representative results taken from an intensive experimentation that we have carried out, using complete and incomplete search methods.  相似文献   

14.
A wide range of problems can be modelled as constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs), that is, a set of constraints that must be satisfied simultaneously. Constraints can either be represented extensionally, by explicitly listing allowed combinations of values, or implicitly, by special-purpose algorithms provided by a solver. Such implicitly represented constraints, known as global constraints, are widely used; indeed, they are one of the key reasons for the success of constraint programming in solving real-world problems. In recent years, a variety of restrictions on the structure of CSP instances have been shown to yield tractable classes of CSPs. However, most such restrictions fail to guarantee tractability for CSPs with global constraints. We therefore study the applicability of structural restrictions to instances with such constraints. We show that when the number of solutions to a CSP instance is bounded in key parts of the problem, structural restrictions can be used to derive new tractable classes. Furthermore, we show that this result extends to combinations of instances drawn from known tractable classes, as well as to CSP instances where constraints assign costs to satisfying assignments.  相似文献   

15.
GRB模型是一种随机约束满足问题模型,此模型具有精确的可满足相变现象。针对实验中出现的GRB模型在相变区域产生的可满足实例都是难解的现象,利用子句宽度和归结复杂度的关系证明了GRB模型在相变点附近产生的可满足实例对于树型归结证明具有指数下界。因此从理论上证明了在相变区域产生的可满足实例对基于归结的算法是难解的。  相似文献   

16.
Constraint satisfaction has received increasing attention over the years. Intense research has focused on solving all kinds of constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs). In this paper, first we propose a random CSP model, named k-CSP, that guarantees the existence of phase transitions under certain circumstances. The exact location of the phase transition is quantified and experimental results are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed model. Second, we revise the model k-CSP to a random linear CSP by incorporating certain linear structure to constraint relations. We also prove the existence of the phase transition and exhibit its exact location for this random linear CSP model.  相似文献   

17.
约束满足问题是人工智能领域的一个重要问题。针对一个具有精确相变现象和能产生大量难解实例的随机约束满足问题,提出了置信传播和模拟退火相结合的求解算法。这种算法先通过置信传播方程收敛后得到变量取值的边际概率分布,分别采用最大概率和最小分量熵的策略产生一组启发式的初始赋值,再用模拟退火对这组赋值进行修正。实验结果表明:该算法大大提高了初始赋值向最优解收敛的速度,表现出了显著优越于模拟退火算法的求解性能。  相似文献   

18.
Model RB is a model of random constraint satisfaction problems, which exhibits exact satisfiability phase transition and many hard instances, both experimentally and theoretically. Benchmarks based on Model RB have been successfully used by various international algorithm competitions and many research papers. In a previous work, Xu and Li defined two notions called i-constraint assignment tuple and flawed i-constraint assignment tuple to show an exponential resolution complexity of Model RB. These two notions are similar to some kind of consistency in constraint satisfaction problems, but seem different from all kinds of consistency so far known in literatures. In this paper, we explicitly define this kind of consistency, called variable-centered consistency, and show an upper bound on a parameter in Model RB, such that up to this bound the typical instances of Model RB are variable-centered consistent.  相似文献   

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