滚动接触疲劳载荷对铁轨表面接触疲劳裂纹应力强度因子的影响

为研究轮轨滚动接触疲劳（Rolling Contact Fatigue,RCF）载荷对铁轨表面裂纹应力强度因子的影响,以UIC60铁轨轮廓尺寸为依据建立轮轨接触的三维有限元模型,通过改变RCF载荷大小、轮轨表面摩擦因数和接触中心位置等轮轨接触的输入参数,计算铁轨表面接触裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,分析RCF载荷对铁轨表面接触疲劳裂纹的影响. 结果表明RCF载荷作为控制铁轨表面接触裂纹的重要因素,其变化直接导致裂纹尖端应力强度因子的变化,从而改变裂纹的扩展状况;为减缓铁轨表面裂纹的扩展,可以针对载荷采取均匀分布载重量、使用润滑剂降低轮轨摩擦因数等相应措施.     

滚动接触疲劳的机器视觉检测系统设计

针对目前采用的滚动接触疲劳检测法对试样失效判断不准确的问题,研发了一种基于机器视觉的滚动接触疲劳失效面积量化检测及失效判断的在线检测系统.对比了通过人工标记金相显微镜拍摄疲劳点边缘获得的疲劳点面积和该系统所检测的疲劳点面积,确定系统的检测精度.对比结果表明:对单个疲劳点的最大相对检测误差为5.56％,平均误差为3.21...     

滚动接触疲劳缺陷检测的改进Otsu算法

针对滚动接触疲劳试验机高精度和高效率的检测要求,提出一种基于自动加权阈值的改进 Otsu 算法,将背景发生的概率作为 Otsu 分割阈值的权重,使分割阈值靠近直方图的左下缘.首先对试件图像进行区域定位,获得试件接触表面图像;然后比较不同滤波器的检测准确率、召回率、调和平均以及运行时间,选择运行时间短、调和平均大的快速导向滤波器对图像进行滤波;最后计算图像的错误分类误差来验证检测算法的有效性.实验结果表明,该算法对测试图像的错误分类误差接近于 0,与 Otsu、加权目标方差、谷值强调和邻域谷值强调阈值分割法相比,在滚动接触疲劳缺陷检测中有更好的分割结果.     

基于改进YOLACT的金属滚动接触疲劳缺陷检测模型

滚动接触疲劳试验是获取金属材料力学性能的重要手段,针对在高速、光照变化的实验环境下,无法在线、准确地评估金属滚子试件表面失效状态的问题,提出了一种基于改进YOLACT的金属滚动接触疲劳缺陷检测模型。首先,针对疲劳缺陷误识别和分割掩码精度低的问题,引入基于自注意力机制的特征提取网络,增强疲劳缺陷特征的内部相关性和长距离学习能力;然后,设计了一种基于增强局部连接的信息传播链路AtRFP进行双向特征融合,平衡深层特征与浅层特征之间的信息差,对疲劳缺陷进行特征细化。实验结果表明,采用改进的YOLACT模型,试件表面疲劳缺陷的平均精度（AP）、dice系数和分割相对误差分别为74.5%、91.2%和3.98%,较原始YOLACT提升了6.0%、2.5%和降低了33.9%。两阶段模型Mask R-CNN的AP和dice系数为73.1%和91.5%,虽然所提模型的dice系数略有下降,但检测速度达到23.6帧/秒,比Mask R-CNN提升了247%,能够更好地满足金属滚动接触疲劳在线检测要求,为金属材料力学性能的精确获取提供技术支撑。     

半椭圆表面裂纹前缘应力强度因子的计算

在断裂力学中,如何求取应力强度因子一直是一个重要的课题.该文通过MSC.Marc提供的断裂力学模块,采用三维J积分法计算含有半椭圆表面裂纹前缘应力强度因子.首先通过MSC.Marc.Mentat建立特定裂纹体有限元模型,假设裂纹前缘处在平面应变状态下.由MSC.Marc计算出裂纹前沿的J积分,再由J积分计算出裂纹前缘的应力强度因子值.最后将计算结果与经验公式得到的结果进行了比较.仿真结果表明,通过MSC.Marc采用三维J积分法计算的应力强度因子具有较高的准确性和可靠性.     

圆柱形部件表面疲劳裂纹扩展仿真及分析

给出了一种利用有限元技术模拟周期性张力载荷作用下圆柱形部件内裂纹扩展过程的方法。首先利用一系列点定义裂纹前沿，据此形成包含奇异单元的二维有限元网格，再扩展为三维网格，然后利用有限元法进行应力应变分析，最后使用Paris定律计算局部扩展增量，以此来更新裂纹的形状和尺寸。该方法还能够自动地重复执行扩展仿真。文中还对具有不同半径比的椭圆形和具有不规则形状的初始裂纹的扩展过程进行了仿真和分析比较，以此来取得裂纹在扩展过程中的形状变化特征。     

几何参数对螺栓连接载荷导入系数的影响研究

载荷导入系数与被连接件的几何尺寸和外载荷有关,当被连接件结合面上有效夹紧接触区域的接触状态不随外载荷的变化而变化时,系数仅与几何尺寸有关。为了研究螺栓连接的几何参数对载荷导入系数的影响,以四个无量纲化几何参数为研究对象,采用控制变量法进行仿真分析。研究结果表明,被连接件宽高比与外载荷作用相对高度对载荷导入系数有影响,不同几何尺寸的螺栓连接结构,可以由拟合公式或拟合曲线计算对应的载荷导入系数,为实际工程运用提供了一定的借鉴意义。     

工程结构多裂纹应力强度因子分析

工程中的构件和零部件如果存在裂纹和缺陷,会给该工程带来灾难性的后果。在工程设计和评定阶段,需要尽可能准确地评估构件中裂纹的应力强度因子,因为这一参数是预测含裂纹构件断裂的主要依据。以工程结构中常见的含孔平板为研究对象,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件计算孔边的裂纹尖端应力强度因子,分析得出对工程应用有重要参考价值的结论。     

具有滚动接触的多指手操作运动学及其算法

研究多指手滚动操作的运动学及其算法.简要介绍了滚动接触运动方程,根据接触的运动学约束,建立了描述物体与关节速度关系的关节--物体运动方程,并给出物体与手指表面间相对角速度的表达式.得到的关节--物体运动方程、相对角速度表达式和接触运动方程构成了形式简洁的滚动操作运动学方程.结合对方程的分析,进一步给出了多指手滚动操作物体跟踪期望的运动轨迹时,关节运动轨迹的生成算法.     

孔边角疲劳裂纹的扩展仿真及分析

给出了一种利用有限元技术模拟周期性张力载荷作用下孔边角裂纹扩展过程的方法。首先利用一系列点定义裂纹前沿,据此形成包含奇异单元的二维有限元网格,再扩展为三维网格．然后利用有限元法进行应力应变分析,最后使用Paris定律计算局部扩展增量．以此来更新裂纹的形状和尺寸。该方法还能够自动地重复执行扩展仿真。文中还对三个不同半径的四分之一椭圆形边角裂纹扩展过程进行了仿真和分析比较,以此来取得裂纹在扩展过程中的形状变化特征和不同方向上扩展的特征。     

Design study of hole positions and hole shapes for crack tip stress releasing

The method of hole drilling near or at the crack tip is often used in fatigue damage repair. From a design optimization point of view, two questions are posed: Where should the hole(s) be drilled? And is there a better shape of the hole than a circular one? For the first question, we extend earlier results for isotropic material and in general study the influence of having orthotropic material. Optimal shapes are by no means circular, and we focus on the shape of a single hole centered at (or in front of) the crack tip. It is shown that the stress field at the crack boundary can be significantly improved by noncircular shapes. As a byproduct, an alternative method for extracting the stress intensity factor from a finite element analysis is presented.     

Influence of fatigue time and level on increases in postural sway

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of fatigue time and fatigue level on the increases in postural sway during quiet standing. Centre of pressure-based measures of postural sway were collected both before and after fatiguing participants using three different fatigue levels and two different fatigue times. Results showed increasing fatigue time increased sway velocity and sway area, and increasing fatigue level increased sway velocity. Fatigue time effects are important to consider when applying laboratory-based findings to the field given that the fatigue time can differ substantially between the two. Fatigue level effects imply a dose – response relationship between localized muscle fatigue and risk of falling that can have important implications in work/rest cycle scheduling for occupations at risk of injurious falls.     

A research on the contact stress of roller bearing based on crowning analysis

According to elastic contact theory,contact model between roller and race is established.Compared with the Hertz results,the results are proved,based on which contact stress distribution of different crowning and initial contact length is given,then the appropriate value is derived.On the basis,inertia force and different radial force is given into consideration.Via analysis,it concludes that under balanced pure radial load condition the largest contact stress between roller and race increases along with crowning value increasing.With the same crowning value,the largest contact stress between roller and race decreases in the first and increases at the end along with initial contact length increasing.Contact stress between roller and outer race increases along with revolution speed increasing.     

基于光纤光栅的钢轨受力状态监测技术研究

钢轨状态监测对列车的安全运营具有重要意义.基于光纤光栅传感技术,采用钢轨三维梁模型对轴向应变、竖向和横向曲率进行测量.与传统一维测量模型相比,该方法可以同时测量钢轨竖、横向曲率和轴向力.通过实验室静态轴向加载试验对比了一维和三维模型,验证了三维模型的有效性与优势.     

Effects of lumbar extensor fatigue and surface inclination on postural control during quiet stance

A number of work environments require workers to perform tasks on inclined surfaces. Such tasks, along with muscle fatigue, can impair postural control and increase falling risks. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of surface inclination angle, standing direction, and lumbar extensor fatigue on postural control during quiet standing. A group of 16 young, healthy participants were tested while standing on inclined surfaces before and after lumbar extensor fatigue (induced by repetitive isotonic exercise). Three inclination angles (0°, 18° and 26°) and three standing directions (uphill, downhill, and lateral facing) were examined. Postural control was assessed using several measures derived from center-of-pressure time series and subjectively perceived stability. Significant main and interactive effects of inclination angle and standing direction were found for all dependent measures. The adverse effects of standing on inclined surfaces were found to differ between the three standing directions. In general, dose-response relationships with inclination angle were evident, particularly in the lateral-facing direction. Fatigue-related effects differed between conditions, suggesting that the adverse effect of lumbar extensor fatigue on postural control depend on inclination angle and standing direction. These findings may facilitate the development of fall prevention interventions for work involving inclined surfaces.     

Low mean level sustained and intermittent grip exertions: Influence of age on fatigue and recovery

The goal of this study was to quantify localised muscle fatigue resulting from low mean levels of exertion in younger (< 40 years) and older (>50 years) adults. Fatigue, elicited in the finger flexor muscles by intermittent (10% mean maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)) and sustained (8% MVC) handgrip exercises, was quantified by a muscle twitch force response before, immediately after and during 3 h following exercise. Despite greater mean loads, recovery time was shorter following intermittent than sustained contractions, which suggests that recovery from fatigue is more sensitive to rest within the work cycle than mean work. The more pronounced effects for younger than older individuals following the sustained exertion indicate that changes in muscle fibre type composition might predispose older individuals to be more resistant to fatigue resulting from sustained contractions of low level. Performing hand exertion tasks requiring low mean force levels contributes to similar long-lasting fatigue effects regardless of gender and age. Intermittent periods of complete rest reduce muscle fatigue. Since fatigue was not perceived during recovery from the tested sustained and intermittent contractions, subjective evaluations may not be a reliable indicator of localised muscle fatigue.     

The effect of piezoresistive microcantilever geometry on cantilever sensitivity during surface stress chemical sensing

We have designed, fabricated, and tested five piezoresistive cantilever configurations to investigate the effect of shape and piezoresistor placement on the sensitivity of microcantilevers under both point loading and surface stress loading. The experimental study reveals that: (1) high aspect ratio cantilevers that are much longer than they are wide are optimal for point-loading applications such as microscopy and force measurements; (2) low aspect ratio cantilevers that are short and wide are optimal for surface stress-loading scenarios such as those that occur in biological and chemical sensor applications. The sensitivity data for both point loads and surface stress are consistent with previously developed finite-element models.