基于模型对比和组合的软件产品线领域需求建模

软件产品线作为系统化的软件复用方式,可以提高软件的开发效率和质量.软件产品线变化性建模是软件产品线的关键技术,通过建立变化性模型以记录软件产品线成员产品的共性和变化性.目前的软件产品线变化性建模方法大都通过领域专家进行分析建立,这种方法过度依赖于领域专家的分析能力,在系统规模较小的情况下,变化性分析比较容易,但是如果系统规模变大,则系统的规模对于变化性分析的影响会越来越大.文中提出一种半自动的软件产品线领域需求建模方法,基于关注点分离的思路,利用特征模型表示软件产品线中系列产品的不同方面的特征信息,通过特征模型的对比和组合实现领域需求模型的构建.为有效地实现特征模型对比与组合,文中提出一种基于标记和结构的特征模型对比方法,同时,文中实现了基于约束的特征模型组合.基于公开的特征模型,文中对提出的方法进行了验证,实验结果表明,文中提出的领域需求建模方法能够在一定准确率的情况下有效地实现领域需求模型的构建.     

基于aspect封装的需求级特征复用方法

可复用的软件资产的确定为软件复用活动提供了基础.特征模型通过特征以及特征之间的关系来有效地组织特定领域的软件需求,为领域需求的复用提供有力支持.面向方面系统设计着眼于减少软件开发中需求或代码的纠结,将识别出的横切关注点封装成aspect,有利于开发模块化良好的软件产品以及高效的软件维护和复用.为方便特征复用,提出了一种在系统需求分析级别对特征模型进行aspect化封装的方法,可提取出遗留系统中的可复用部分.首先,通过分析同一领域遗留系统的需求文档,识别出系统关注点,建立领域的关注点层次结构;其次,基于领域关注点层次结构,提取领域特征,并对相似特征进行aspect化封装,形成特征层次模型;最后,基于建立的特征模型以及封装的aspect开发新系统,达到软件复用目的.基于新方法进行了实例分析,通过复用两个不同的Web遗留系统得到一个新的Web系统.可以看出新方法对同一个领域中的多遗留系统地复用有较好的指导意义.     

业务流程模型中生成特征模型方法的研究

目前的软件产品系统中,由于现有的造型系统研究的只是单一系统的开发,因此使用现有的方法进行特征造型时就会导致最终开发出来的产品的质量和产量比较低。通过使用增加产品复用性的软件产品线,提出了从业务流程模型中生成特征模型的方法。该方法通过使用重叠操作算法,将业务流程中相似的功能编成一个用例组,清晰地显示了业务流程中的共性和差异性,从而为整个业务流程实现了软件化,提高了产品的质量和产量。     

面向特征的软件产品家族建模方法

结合面向对象领域建模和面向特征的领域分析方法,提出了一种面向特征的软件产品家族建模方案,通过特征模型和用例模型来描述家族内产品的共性和变化性,建立产品家族的领域分析模型,以实现需求的复用.结合高校设备预定管理,讨论了软件产品家族的领域建模过程.     

基于构件模型的应用框架扩展方法研究

框架是实现大粒度软件复用的重要途径，开发人员可通过对框架的扩展和实例化实现应用系统。但现有的框架扩展方法大都可操作性差，仅仅解决了局部扩展的问题。提出基于构件模型的应用框架扩展方法，借鉴面向领域的特征模型的思想，确定了构件模型中构件间的关系及组织方法，对扩展点进行了分类，并用UniCon形式化语言描述了应用框架的扩展方法。通过构件模型简述了应用框架的功能和技术特点，为扩展提供了良好的文档支持。     

特征模型融合研究

特征模型为特定领域内软件需求的组织和复用提供了有效的手段.为了构建特征模型,领域分析人员要对领域内尽可能多的应用软件进行系统化分析,识别共性和变化性需求,并根据需求之间的依赖关系抽象和组织需求.随着软件系统复杂性的不断提高,特征模型的规模有日益增加的趋势,特征模型的构建也随之成为了一件十分困难的工作,亟需自动化方法的支持.一种可行的方式是将领域内已有的多个特征模型自动融合为一个较大规模的特征模型,并由人工对融合结果进行微调.现有研究提出了6种特征模型的自动化融合方法.文中在现有研究的基础上,提出了一个特征模型融合的概念框架,并根据此框架对6种方法进行了比较和分析.文中还进一步指出了现有研究亟需解决的3个问题,并针对每个问题提出了可能的研究思路和设想.     

一种基于特征迁移系统的软件产品线测试方法

为了在软件产品线的应用工程阶段最大程度地复用领域工程的测试用例,领域测试用例需要覆盖领域模型中的变化性.针对此问题,提出了一种以特征模型为出发点的软件产品线测试方法,通过扩展特征迁移系统建立软件产品线的领域行为模型,对模型中的变化性迁移进行抽象,得到精简的测试模型;应用迁移覆盖准则,导出包含变化性的领域测试用例;在应用工程阶段,根据具体应用所包含的特征,绑定领域测试用例中的变化性,复用领域测试用例导出针对具体应用的测试用例.最后通过一个咖啡机产品线验证了该测试方法,导出了可复用的领域测试用例.     

两阶段过程模型下的产品线复用策略优化

考虑了软件产品线工程中各软件模块复用策略的选择问题. 在建立软件产品线开发两阶段过程模型的基础上, 归纳出6种典型的复用策略及其实现方式, 提出考虑开发成本、工时、故障率的情况下进行复用策略的选择优化模型, 解决在满足可获得预算、开发周期、系统可靠性需求的约束下产品线质量最优问题. 并基于贝叶斯理论构建易测试函数, 为产品线开发中领域测试强度的估算提供了方法. 最后, 以邮箱服务系统为实例说明该模型的有效 性.     

基于构件开发的BOSC的研究与应用

从基于构件的软件开发中所关注的应用领域和体系结构这两大软件特征出发，构造一种基于构件开发的软件产品结构成分表(BOSC)，提出面向特征BOSC的生成算法，为基于构件的软件开发提供软件构件复用管理方法。在整个软件生命周期中，BOSC完整地反映了软件产品组成成分的情况，支持软件产品维护和升级。实践表明BOSC能够有效提高开发效率和管理水平。     

特征模型定制的一种自动传播策略与选择性回退机制

面向特征的分析方法已被主流的软件复用方法接受.其基本思想是将软件的特征作为软件解决需求问题的基本要素,使用特征以及特征之间的关系(这两者的组合也被称为特征模型)来组织软件的需求.特征模型良好的可剪裁性和可扩展性,为领域需求的复用提供了有力的支持.在当前的面向特征的方法中,特征模型上的一个定制决策会影响其他相关特征的绑定状态.如何使用特征模型之间内在的关联关系来实现特征模型的定制的自动传播算法与选择性回退算法是一个值得进行深入研究的课题.作者给出了特征模型定制的一种自动传播策略与选择性回退机制,针对特征模型中存在的二元约束与组合约束进行分析,介绍该算法的实现细节.     

Key activities for product derivation in software product lines

More and more organizations adopt software product lines to leverage extensive reuse and deliver a multitude of benefits such as increased quality and productivity and a decrease in cost and time-to-market of their software development. When compared to the vast amount of research on developing product lines, relatively little work has been dedicated to the actual use of product lines to derive individual products, i.e., the process of product derivation. Existing approaches to product derivation have been developed independently for different aims and purposes. While the definition of a general approach applicable to every domain may not be possible, it would be interesting for researchers and practitioners to know which activities are common in existing approaches, i.e., what are the key activities in product derivation. In this paper we report on how we compared two product derivation approaches developed by the authors in two different, independent research projects. Both approaches independently sought to identify product derivation activities, one through a process reference model and the other through a tool-supported derivation approach. Both approaches have been developed and validated in research industry collaborations with different companies. Through the comparison of the approaches we identify key product derivation activities. We illustrate the activities’ importance with examples from industry collaborations. To further validate the activities, we analyze three existing product derivation approaches for their support for these activities. The validation provides evidence that the identified activities are relevant to product derivation and we thus conclude that they should be considered (e.g., as a checklist) when developing or evaluating a product derivation approach.     

基于Agent的软件重用

软件重用是目前提高软件质量和开发效率、降低软件开发成本的一种重要手段。本文分析了当前软件重用的特点,针对其不足以及目前软件开发的状况提出了动态软件重用的思想。这一思想的一个重要特征是由可重用软部件完成软件重用活动。为了实现动态软件重用的思想,我们进一步提出了基于Ａｇｅｎｔ的软件重用方法,分析了该方法在实
实现动态软件重用中的有效性和面临的问题以及解决问题的技术途径。     

Automating the product derivation process of multi-agent systems product lines

Agent-oriented software engineering and software product lines are two promising software engineering techniques. Recent research work has been exploring their integration, namely multi-agent systems product lines (MAS-PLs), to promote reuse and variability management in the context of complex software systems. However, current product derivation approaches do not provide specific mechanisms to deal with MAS-PLs. This is essential because they typically encompass several concerns (e.g., trust, coordination, transaction, state persistence) that are constructed on the basis of heterogeneous technologies (e.g., object-oriented frameworks and platforms). In this paper, we propose the use of multi-level models to support the configuration knowledge specification and automatic product derivation of MAS-PLs. Our approach provides an agent-specific architecture model that uses abstractions and instantiation rules that are relevant to this application domain. In order to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach, we have implemented it as an extension of an existing product derivation tool, called GenArch. The approach has also been evaluated through the automatic instantiation of two MAS-PLs, demonstrating its potential and benefits to product derivation and configuration knowledge specification.     

工程量清单计价软件的可重用开发技术及应用

以工程量清单计价领域产品的开发为例，研究了重用开发技术在软件各开发阶段的应用，讨论了软件的领域重用和层次重用等方面的问题,实现了软件产品领域横向重用和软件开发过程中的纵向层次重用,提高了软件产品的可重用性、开发效率和质量。     

Retrieving reusable components with variation points from software product lines

Reusing software through software product lines has been recognized as useful. To improve reuse efficiency, retrieving proper systems or subsystems from software product lines for reuse is an important issue. This paper proposes a technique to retrieve reusable software systems/subsystems from software product lines.     

C-Java自动程序转换系统的设计

程序设计语言的相互转换技术可以被广泛运用在软件维护、遗留系统的升级改造以及软件逆向工程等领域中。文中先对现有的几种移植方法进行了分析和研究,分析表明在将程序库移植到Java中和将它们与Java整合时,这些方法暴露出了各自的局限性和不足。借鉴语言转换经验,制定了转换的设计原则并探讨了将C语言转换到Java语言的过程中需要解决的一些问题,以及这个转换系统的设计思想和实现方法。文中所阐述的内容为实现异种程序设计语言的程序代码转换,提高程序代码的可移植性和重用性提供了有意义的思路和实现方法。     

Effective development of automation systems through domain-specific modeling in a small enterprise context

High development and maintenance costs and a high error rate are the major problems in the development of automation systems, which are mainly caused by bad communication and inefficient reuse methods. To overcome these problems, we propose a more systematic reuse approach. Though systematic reuse approaches such as software product lines are appealing, they tend to involve rather burdensome development and management processes. This paper focuses on small enterprises. Since such companies are often unable to perform a “big bang” adoption of the software product line, we suggest an incremental, more lightweight process to transition from single-system development to software product line development. Besides the components of the transition process, this paper discusses tool selection, DSL technology, stakeholder communication support, and business considerations. Although based on problems from the automation system domain, we believe the approach may be general enough to be applicable in other domains as well. The approach has proven successful in two case studies. First, we applied it to a research project for the automation of a logistics lab model, and in the second case (a real-life industry case), we investigated the approaches suitability for fish farm automation systems. Several metrics were collected throughout the evolution of each case, and this paper presents the data for single system development, clone&own and software product line development. The results and observable effects are compared, discussed, and finally summarized in a list of lessons learned.     

Variability extraction and modeling for product variants

Fast-changing hardware and software technologies in addition to larger and more specialized customer bases demand software tailored to meet very diverse requirements. Software development approaches that aim at capturing this diversity on a single consolidated platform often require large upfront investments, e.g., time or budget. Alternatively, companies resort to developing one variant of a software product at a time by reusing as much as possible from already-existing product variants. However, identifying and extracting the parts to reuse is an error-prone and inefficient task compounded by the typically large number of product variants. Hence, more disciplined and systematic approaches are needed to cope with the complexity of developing and maintaining sets of product variants. Such approaches require detailed information about the product variants, the features they provide and their relations. In this paper, we present an approach to extract such variability information from product variants. It identifies traces from features and feature interactions to their implementation artifacts, and computes their dependencies. This work can be useful in many scenarios ranging from ad hoc development approaches such as clone-and-own to systematic reuse approaches such as software product lines. We applied our variability extraction approach to six case studies and provide a detailed evaluation. The results show that the extracted variability information is consistent with the variability in our six case study systems given by their variability models and available product variants.     

从领域需求到产品线体系结构的映射——一种面向特征的方法

领域需求之间的依赖关系对软件产品线的体系结构有很大的影响,在已有的面向特征的管理产品线需求依赖的方法中很少有研究从需求到产品线体系结构的映射.基于一种特征依赖的分类方法,提出了从领域需求到特征,以及从特征到产品线体系结构的映射规则.通过这些映射规则,一致的需求通过映射得到一致的产品线核心资产,从而减少产品线中核心资产的不一致性并增加产品线的复用程度.用金融领域的现货交易产品线作为实例说明这个方法的实用性.     

Analogy-based domain analysis approach to software reuse

Domain analysis is an expansion of conventional requirements analysis. Domain analysis can support effective software reuse. However, domain analysis is time consuming and is limited to a particular application area. Analogical approaches to software reuse, on the other hand, often occur across domains. Analogical problem solving is a process of transferring knowledge from a well-understood base domain to a new target problem area. Analogy can facilitate software reuse for poorly understood problems or new application areas. Analogy shares similar concepts with reuse and some analogy theories have been applied to software reuse. However, current research on software analogy often overlooks the importance of analysis for the base domain and does not consider some critical aspects of analogy concepts. Reuse must be based on high quality artifacts, especially reuse across domains. This paper presents an approach to integrate domain analysis and analogy methods. In our view, domain analysis and software analogy have complementary roles. Domain analysis is regarded as a process to identify and supply necessary information for analogical transfer. Software analogy can provide the analyst with similar problems and solutions to reuse previous domain analysis knowledge or artifacts for a new domain. This paper presents case studies to demonstrate the increase of efficiency in applying the approach. Evaluation of the approach from various perspectives is also reported.