DKLFRS:A Default Knowledge Logical Framework Representation System

The traditional resasoning system based on first order predicate logic can‘t represent and handle default knowledge,This paper presents a logical framework representation approach for default reasoning.Based on Mixed SLDNF-resolution,a nonmonotonic reasoning system has been constructed.     

A Study of Optimization and Rule/Goal Graph for a Logical Query

Static optimization of logical queries is,in substance,to move selections down as far as possible in evaluating logical queries.This paper extends Ullman‘s RGG(Rule/Goal Graph)^[6] and introduces Pgraph,with which a wide range of recursive logical queries can be statically optimized top-down and evaluated bottom-up,some of which are usually optimized by dynamic approaches.The paper also shows that for some logical queries the complexity of pushing selections down and computing bottom-up is related to the complexity of base relation in the queries.     

Progress in the Development of National Knowledge Infrastructure

This paper presents the recent process in a long-term research project,called National Knowledge Infrastructure(or NKI).Initiated in the early 2000,the project aims to develop a multi-domain shareable knowledge base for knowledge-intensive applications.To develop NKI,we have used domain-specific ontologies as a solid basis,and have built more than 600 ontologies.Using these ontologies and our knowledge acquisition methods,we have extracted about 1.1 millions of domain assertions.For users to access our NKI knowledge,we have developed a uniform multi-modal human-knowledge interface.We have also implemented a knowledge application programming interface for various applications to share the NKI knowledge.     

Abstract Implementation of Algebraic Specifications in a Temporal Logic Language

A formal technique for incorporating two specification paradigms is presented,in which an algebraic specification is implemented by a set of abstract procedures specified in pre and post-condition style.The link between the two level specifications is provided via a translation from terms of algebraic specifications into temporal logic formulae representing abstract programs.In terms of translation,a criterion for an abstract implementation satisfying its specification is given,which allows one to check the consistency between the two levels of specifications.The abstract implementations can be refined into executable code by refining each abstract procedure in it.It is proved that the satisfication relation between a specification and its implementations is preserved by such refinement steps.     

Solution Spaces of Multiple-Solution Connecting Tasks as a Mirror of the Development of Mathematics Teachers’ Knowledge

Abstract

This study aims to deepen our understanding of the development of teacher knowledge in systematic (through learning) and craft (through teaching) modes. The main research tools of this study were multiple-solution connecting tasks. We used the notion of solution spaces to analyze the data and demonstrated that modifications of the teachers’ solution spaces were situated in their practices of varying types. We found that the implementation of multiple-solution connecting tasks in systematic mode meaningfully developed teachers’ problem-solving performance due not only to the reproduction of solutions offered during the course but to the production of new solutions. Furthermore, in creating opportunities for students to solve tasks with multiple solutions, teachers expanded their personal solution spaces. We conclude that the combining of systematic and craft modes is an optimal condition for the development of teachers’ knowledge.     

Answer set based design of knowledge systems

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that A-Prolog is a powerful language for the construction of reasoning systems. In fact, A-Prolog allows to specify the initial situation, the domain model, the control knowledge, and the reasoning modules. Moreover, it is efficient enough to be used for practical tasks and can be nicely integrated with programming languages such as Java. An extension of A-Prolog (CR-Prolog) allows to further improve the quality of reasoning by specifying requirements that the solutions should satisfy if at all possible. The features of A-Prolog and CR-Prolog are demonstrated by describing in detail the design of USA-Advisor, an A-Prolog based decision support system for the Space Shuttle flight controllers.     

A temporal logic approach to object certification

A brief overview is made of the use of temporal logic formalisms for specifying and verifying concurrent systems in general and information systems in particular. The requirements imposed by object-orientation on such formalisms are examined. A logic is proposed fulfilling those requirements (except concerning non-monotonic features), allowing the uniform treatment of both local and global properties of systems with concurrent, interacting components organized in classes, and supporting specialization. A semantics and a calculus (following an axiomatic, Hilbert style) are presented in detail. The calculus includes rules for the sound inheritance and reflection of theorems between classes. Practical aspects of the usage of such a logic for both specification and verification are considered. To this end a set of metatheorems is provided for expediting the proof of invariants. Finally, the need and availability of automatic theorem proving for systems querying is briefly discussed.     

Some requirements and suggestions for a methodology to develop knowledge based systems

This paper describes an approach to the creation of a methodology for the development of knowledge based systems. It specifies some requirements and suggests how these requirements might be met. General requirements can be satisfied using a systems approach. More specific ones can be met by viewing an organization as a network of consultations for coordinating expertise. The nature of consultations is described and the form of a possible cognitive model using a blackboard architecture is outlined. The value of the approach is illustrated in terms of certain knowledge elicitation methods.     

An application of knowledge based modelling using scripts

Knowledge management (KM) takes an increasingly significant place in the companies. The field of the KM aims to answer the problems of memory within companies by proposing methodologies to formalise know-how during the different steps of production. The KM is a domain with many ramifications and applications. One of them, so called Knowledge Based Engineering, search how to record knowledge from experts to put them in CAD software. Our study relates to the possibility of using the knowledge of an expert in modelling and, more particularly, on the automatic modelling of filling systems in foundry.     

The maintenance of legal knowledge based systems

Legal knowledge based systems (KBSs) are, by definition, grounded on law. Very often the relevant law is subject to routine amendment and repeal, such changes occurring at irregular and unpredictable intervals. These systems are thus particularly affected by significant problems of adaptation as a result, a fact which has limited their practical take-up. If they are to be of more practical use the maintenance issues associated with these systems must be taken seriously. In this paper we discuss the issues associated with the maintenance of legal KBSs and describe a suite of maintenance tools designed to address these issues.     

Hybridity in Embedded Computing Systems

An embedded system is a system that computer is used as a component in a larger device.In this paper,we study hybridity in embedded systems and present an interval based temporal logic to express and reason about hybrid properties of such kind of systems.     

Triangulation as a basis for knowledge discovery in software engineering

Everyone agrees that reliable empirical “facts” must be derived from a series of investigations. However, the question of what is an appropriate framework for this series is an unresolved issue. Other articles in this issue present replication as the basis for this framework (Shull FJ, Carver JC, Vegas S, Juristo N (2008) The role of replications in Empirical Software Engineering, J Empir Softw Eng (in press)); however, alternatives exist! This brief note argues triangulation should be considered as the basis for this knowledge discovery (from empirical evaluation) strategy.

R-Calculus for ELP:An Operational Approach to Knowledge Base Maintenance

Sme concepts used in knowledge base maintenace,such as sequence,new law,user‘s rejection and reconstructions of a knowledge base,are first introduced,and then a framework for extended logic programming(ELP)is given,where an extended logic program is equivalent to a knowledge base.A transition system called R-calculus for ELP is provided.For a given knowledge base and a user‘s rejection,the R-calculus for ELP will deduce best revisions of the base.The soundness and the completeness of the R-calculus for ELP are proved,and the R-calculus for ELP is implemented in Prolog.In addition,the research is compared with other relevant work.