五轴高速高精加工的新型插补算法的研究

传统CNC系统提供的直线和圆弧插补功能不能满足曲线和曲面造型的加工要求.本文针对当前五轴高速高精加工复杂轮廓零件的需求,设计一种新型的四元数-五次样条插补算法.具有该插补功能的CNC系统在进行加工时,不仅缩短了程序处理时间,而且改善了速度、加速度和有限加加速度的平滑程度.将算法在MATLAB中进行仿真实验,实验结果证明了该算法的可行性和可靠性.     

CNC系统中NURBS曲线插补及相关算法研究

为提高计算机数字控制（CNC）系统的轮廓控制精度,需解决系统控制软件样条直接输出的问题。基于Taylor公式得到了非均匀有理B样条（NURBS）曲线上两个相邻插补点参数间的递推关系。对于NURBS曲线插补过程中需要频繁计算的B样条基函数及其任意阶导数提出了一种分块矩阵连乘积形式的统一计算方法。应用数值计算方法解决了插补过程中曲线长度等的相关计算问题。实例运算表明所提出的方法可以应用到实际CNC系统中。     

基于三次样条函数的数控插补算法研究

针对复杂轮廓的曲线,在数据采样插补原理的基础上,采用了一种基于三次样条函数的插补算法。该方法能精确地拟合出复杂曲线的轮廓,且使得该曲线具有很好的连续性。在基于ARM数控装置上,对此算法进行了实验验证,验证了该方法的可行性。     

样条曲线插补方法综述

样条插补能够直接对参数曲线进行插补是当前数控加工领域的研究热点之一.在样条插补过程中,插补参数的计算方法决定了数控机床加工中速度波动的大小.速度波动是影响数控系统加工质量的重要因素,因此插补参数计算方法是样条曲线插补的关键技术.近年来,研究人员提出多种样条插补算法和插补参数计算方法.介绍样条插补的基本概念,分析速度波动产生的原因;阐述三种常见的样条曲线插补方法并着重综述了各种插补参数计算的方法,分析了各种方法的优缺点;并指出样条插补方法的研究趋势.     

高速高精度运动控制算法的研究与应用

为解决裁床运动控制系统在加工不规则轨迹曲线中存在的插补精度低,效率不高的问题,提出了基于改进BP神经网络B样条曲线插补算法的研究与设计。该算法通过加入动量因子改进BP神经网络离线训练B样条曲线,利用负反馈校正输出预测插补点,避免了BP神经网络插补器自身带来的偏差。同时根据加工曲线曲率半径的变化完成对速度的前瞻规划,实现了加工在拐角处的高速过渡。最后在Matlab上进行了算法仿真并在实验平台上进行了测试,实验结果表明本文提出的裁床运动控制算法能够高效高精度的完成材料切割。     

四元数球面Bézier样条插补算法的研究

为了简化五轴CNC数控系统中的刀具定向运动的编程工作,提出一种基于四元数球面Bézier样条插补算法.该算法根据建立的刀具运动的空间数学模型,实时插补计算出刀具路径点和刀具定向矢量.实验结果表明,该算法不仅保证了刀具平移运动和旋转运动的同步协调性,而且有效的提高了加工精度,满足了五轴高速高精的加工要求.     

B样条快速求值算法及其在数控插补中的应用

通过对B样条的de Boor-Cox定义式分析,给出了一种基于向量扩展的B样条基函数快速求值算法。该算法能够将k次B样条非零值计算效率提高2k+1倍。该算法用于数控实时插补中的B样条曲线求值求导运算时,可获得比de Boor算法更高的计算效率。     

数控系统连续微段重构与插补算法研究

针对目前微段加工研究中采用的非重构微段加工方法存在的加工轨迹与设计曲线轮廓误差较大,轮廓加工精度较低,及微段节点处速度方向不连续,因此加工表面质量不高,加工过程机床振动较大的问题。在计算机数控（Computerized Numerical Control,CNC）中采用实时曲线重构与插补算法进行连续微段加工以实现对曲面的高速高精度加工。微段插补技术包括样条曲线的实时重构及递推插补算法,及建立满足加减速要求的可以直接递推的插补样条曲线的重构条件。应用微段曲线重构技术进行的样件数控加工实验中,在保证曲线轮廓加工精度达到um级精度的同时,加工速度提高了2~2.4倍。实验结果表明,实时曲线重构微段加工不仅可以实现在重构曲线的范围内进行整体加减速速度规划,提高加工效率,而且加工轨迹的进给速度的衔接平滑,轨迹光滑,表面质量好,并且利用重构的可以直接递推插补的样条曲线,有效解决了平衡了复杂算法加工过程中精度与运算速度的矛盾,提高了加工精度。     

数控系统连续微段重构与插补算法

针对目前微段加工所采用的非重构微段加工方法中存在的因加工轨迹与设计曲线轮廓误差较大而产生的轮廓加工精度较低的问题,及因微段节点处速度方向不连续而导致的加工表面质量不高、加工过程机床振动较大的问题,在计算机数控(computerized numerical control,CNC)中采用实时曲线重构与插补算法进行连续微段加工以实现对复杂曲面的高速高精度加工.微段插补技术包括样条曲线的实时重构及递推插补算法,及建立满足插补过程中加减速要求的且可以直接递推的插补样条曲线的重构条件.应用微段曲线重构技术进行的样件数控加工实验中,在保证曲线轮廓加工精度达到微米级精度的同时,加工速度提高了2～2.4倍.实验结果表明,实时曲线重构微段加工不仅可以实现在重构曲线的范围内只进行一次整体加减速的速度规划,提高加工效率,而且加工轨迹的进给速率的衔接平滑、轨迹光滑、表面质量好,并且利用重构的可以直接递推插补的样条曲线,有效解决了复杂算法加工过程中精度与运算速度的矛盾,提高了加工精度.     

数控系统中的NURBS曲线插补技术

本文详细介绍数控系统的NURBS（Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline）曲线插补技术.首先给出数控插补原理和曲线插补算法基础,进而讨论比较了传统的CNC（Computerized Numerical Control）机床加工方法和采用了NURBS曲线插补技术的加工方法,说明了后者的优越性.     

A STEP-compliant process planning system for CNC turning operations

Over the last 50 years, there have been many significant enhancements in computer aided systems which have influenced the CNC technology. One area that can be considered as a bottleneck to these CNC enhancements, and in particular to interoperability in CNC manufacturing is G&M part programming (ISO 6983). To overcome this bottleneck, the new standard ISO 14649, known as STEP-NC, is being developed to provide detailed information on component design, process planning and machining strategies to manufacture parts for the next generation of intelligent CNCs. This standard forms the basis of a new paradigm shift in the CNC domain to support digital modelling of CNC manufacturing resources. The research in this paper aims to identify major issues and develop new software tools to demonstrate the feasibility of interoperable CNC manufacturing based on STEP-NC. Besides the literature review on recent research and development on STEP-NC, this paper proposes a Process Planning System (PPS) with surface roughness chosen as the process planning objective. PPS consists of five modules: program reader, process planner, STEP-NC CAD viewer, STEP-NC CAM viewer and program writer. The reader is responsible for interpreting the geometry and the manufacturing data from a STEP-NC text file into a stored data list. The process planner uses this data list and enables users to evaluate surface roughness based on a mathematical model. Through the STEP-NC CAD viewer, the part geometry can be shown and via the STEP-NC CAM viewer the toolpath can be verified. Finally, the writer converts the stored STEP-NC data of the system into an updated STEP-NC file. An example case study component is used to demonstrate the PPS and show the interfacing of the STEP-NC data.     

高性能数控系统解释技术的研究与实现

针对高性能数控系统中解释器面临的要求,通过深入分析现有数控系统中解释器及与之交互的任务控制器的主要功能及实现方法,指出其在高速高精加工时存在的不足,在此基础上设计并实现了一种高效的NC代码解释机制;然后,对现有数控系统进行了基于STEP-NC的改造,提出了面向网络化制造STEP-NC数控系统的基本框架,并重点介绍了基于XML的STEP-NC程序解释器的设计与实现.     

STEP—NC数控系统译码模块的研究

采用VisualC＋＋6．0开发出STEP—NC数控系统软件。根据STEP—NC程序和数控系统的特点,将系统分为三大模块：译码模块、仿真模块和执行模块。首先简述了三大模块的主要功能,然后详细分析了其中译码模块的基本组成、工作原理和实现方法。     

基于STEP-NC的数控系统体系结构的研究

分析了当前主流开放式数控系统的本构模型,建立了系统内部的信息流模型,根据非实时、弱实时和强实时区分信息流。综合考虑数控系统的功能模型、信息流模型,建立STEP-NC数控系统的层次模型为模型应用层、制造规划层和实时控制层。给出了基于PC和嵌入式系统分层架构的STEP-NC数控系统结构。     

ISO 14649-based nonlinear process planning implementation for complex machining

Increasing attention is being paid to complete machining, i.e., machining of the whole part in a single machine tool, in the metal working industry. For this purpose, complex machine tools equipped with machining components, such as multiple spindles and turrets have been developed by leading machine tool builders. The efficiency of complex machine tools is largely dependent on how the machining components are utilized. The main thrust of this paper is twofold: (1) Proposition of a nonlinear process planning based on the STEP-NC (STEP-compliant data interface for numerical controls) paradigm whose data model is formalized as ISO 14649, and (2) Development of an optimal solution algorithm for process planning for complex machining. The developed algorithm is based on the branch-and-bound approach and heuristics derived from engineering insights. The developed process planning method and optimization algorithm were implemented and tested via the TurnSTEP system developed by our research team. Through the experiments, we are convinced that the new process planning and algorithm can be used as a fundamental means for implementing the third type of STEP-NC [Suh S. TurnSTEP: Tools to create CNC turning programs. In: White paper presented on STEP Implementers’ Forum ISO TC184/SC4 Meeting. 2004], i.e., an Intelligent and Autonomous STEP-NC system for the CAD-CAM-CNC chain supporting e-Manufacturing.     

Reincarnation of G-code based part programs into STEP-NC for turning applications

As STEP-NC emerges as the new CNC control method and a fundamental means for realizing e-manufacturing, old manufacturing information based on the conventional manufacturing standard will become obsolete. In practice, replacement of G-code based part programs into STEP-NC is a huge task. In this paper, methods to interpret G-code based part programs into STEP-NC code are investigated. G-code is a compact, coded set of numbers for axis movements, while STEP-NC is very comprehensive and includes information about features, operations, strategies, cutting tools, and so on. It is thus very challenging to derive such comprehensive information from the low level G-code information. In this paper, we first clarify what should be given and what may be given, and then present algorithms for deriving STEP-NC information, such as geometric features, operations, etc., from the tool movement (G-code) based on expert reasoning. The algorithms are developed for the turning application. The developed algorithms were implemented and tested on G-code part programs used in actual practice.     

Standard process monitoring and traceability programming in collaborative CAD/CAM/CNC manufacturing scenarios

The paper focuses on collaborative STEP-based CAD/CAM/CNC supply chains to program and automate machining process data monitoring and traceability activities. A traceability interface (traceability nc_functions) is defined for the new CNC programming standard ISO STEP-NC. CAM systems will be able to program monitoring and data access activities by inserting traceability nc_function calls in CNC programs. On the shop floor, controllers will automatically interpret these nc_functions to access process data while machining and will relate data records with the corresponding machining operations in a STEP-NC part program. With both types of information—process data and standard machining program (STEP-NC part program)—spread and technologically heterogeneous engineering systems will have full knowledge about what has happened in production. Traceability data access automation will assure data reliability. The paper describes a traceability scenario where standards such as MTConnect and ISA-95 support, rather than interfere with, the STEP-NC traceability proposal.     

Modelling and implementing circular sawblade stone cutting processes in STEP-NC

The paper presents a STEP-NC compliant implementation of circular sawblade stone cutting machining processes. Although some stone machining processes has been already covered in the STEP-NC research and standardization initiatives (as for instance stone machining through stone milling machines), there have not been yet, however, any detailed model proposal to cover circular sawblade stone cutting operations. Sawblade cutting technology for stone parts have several specific parameters with no clear equivalent technologies as defined in milling, turning, etc. The paper reviews main characteristics of the circular sawblade stone cutting machining operations, and proposes a STEP-NC extended model based on the selection and definition of new features and on the modelling of these stone cutting operations. The resulting model is the base for the development of the STEP-NC stone cutting CAM and CNC machine. The machine architecture is designed to be able to react to changes in the machining conditions, very common in this technology. The system is based on the definition of features to be communicated to the controller. The controller has the objective of machining the features, and it is able to re planning, on real time, the work to get them despite changing conditions in the stone or in the disc.     

Realization of STEP-NC enabled machining

A STEP-compliant CNC machine tool that demonstrated a G-code free machining scenario is presented. The aim of this research is to showcase the advantages of, and evaluate, STEP-NC—a new NC data model—by implementing it in a legacy CNC system. The work consists of two parts: retrofitting an existing CNC machine and the development of a STEP-compliant NC Converter called STEPcNC. The CompuCam's motion control system is used for retrofitting the machine, which is programmable using its own motion control language—6K Motion Control language and capable of interfacing with other CAPP/CAM programs through languages such as Visual Basic, Visual C++ and Delphi. STEPcNC can understand and process STEP-NC codes, and interface with the CNC controller through a Human Machine Interface. It makes use of STEP-NC information such as “Workplan”, “Workingstep”, machining strategy, machining features and cutting tools that is present in a STEP-NC file. Hence, the system is truly feature-based. The Application Interpreted Model of STEP-NC has been used.