机器人自适应控制—计算力矩法

基于李雅普诺夫直接法理论本文提出了一种新的机器人操作器自适应控制方法——计算力矩法.这种控制方法既考虑被传统计算力矩法所忽略了的机器人操作器真实参数与估计值之间的误差,又考虑机器人操作器高速运动时系统参数的快速变化.这种控制方法具有自适应性,因而不必事先知道系统参数;在闭环系统中,能保证机器人操作器动力学系统和参考模型之间的误差渐近趋近于零.最后,举出一例验证此法.     

基于计算力矩的微创手术机器人控制

针对微创手术机器人通常采用的独立PD控制或基于重力补偿的PD控制,都必须预先设定好相应的PD常数,不能随刀具所受有效外载荷而进行自适应调节,从而影响了机器人的定位精度的问题.提出了一种基于计算力矩的控制模型,在拉格朗日动力学模型基础上引进控制量使机器人系统线性化,并且将静力学分析结果作为反馈信号,完成外载荷作用下的轨迹...     

机器人计算力矩不确定性的神经网络补偿控制*

提出一种由计算力矩控制器和神经网络补偿控制器相结合的控制方案,探讨了用神经网络补偿机器人计算力矩不确定性的方法,推导了网络权值的自适应调整律,并证明了系统的稳定性和误差的收敛性.该方案结构简单、鲁棒性强,且神经网络补偿器有较好的适应性,无须事先知道机器人动力学参数和结构的精确值.对机器人轨迹跟踪的仿真结果表明,所提方案具有很好的鲁棒性和抗干扰能力.     

灵长类仿生机器人悬臂运动仿生控制综述

灵长类仿生机器人是通过智能机械手段模仿灵长类运动的一类机器人,针对其悬臂运动仿生的控制研究是该领域的热点.综述了目前灵长类仿生机器人悬臂运动仿生控制的研究方法,给出了悬臂运动仿生控制的一般方法与基于"动态伺服"理论的悬臂运动仿生控制策略,提出了悬臂运动仿生控制中亟待解决的若干问题,并对今后灵长类仿生机器人悬臂运动仿生控...     

机器人控制的现状与问题

机器人学是一个多学科交叉的领域,它关联着传感技术,计算机科学,控制理论与方法,以及人工智能,近年来已经发表了大量有关机器人控制的研究成果。本文的目的是对机器人控制的现状作一评述并指出若干有待解决的问题。     

柔性机器人的控制

柔性机器人的控制周其节，徐建闽（华南理工大学自动控制系·广州，５１０６４１）一些应用领域要求机器人耗能低、快速和重量小，因而机构要设计得轻巧．如果对机器人运动的性能要求较高，则在设计控制器时必须考虑机械在运动中的弹性变形．近年来柔性机器人的控制问题已...     

基于无线控制的仿生六足步进机器人的设计

本文描绘了一种无线控制的仿生六足步进机器人的控制方法,行进原理与结构。这种机器人两组足交替行走,用于支撑机器人的重心落在一个固定三角形的区域内,使得机器人在行进过程中没有侧翻的可能性。用步进电机控制可以用来实现这种机器人的精确定位,六足所具有的高自由度可以使得机器人的运动非常灵活,可广泛应用于管道、地质勘察、探险、搜救等工作中。     

不确定机器人的鲁棒计算力矩控制

本文研究了存在扰动和参数不确定因素时机器人的轨迹跟踪控制问题.给出了一种鲁棒计算力矩控制方案,它由改进力矩发生器和鲁棒补偿器组成,该方案具有下述特点:①不依赖精确机器人模型;②容忍一定程度的计算误差。这给模型简化、减轻控制计算机运算负担、缩短运算时间提供了一条途径;③保证被控机器人具有渐近跟踪理想轨迹的能力.这些结论通过仿真实验已初步得到证实.     

仿生自然计算研究综述

介绍了仿生自然计算这一新兴交叉学科的含义及研究范围,讨论了仿生计算与其它自然计算分枝的关系。将几种常见种仿生自然计算模型,按照人类社会、生物群体、个体、组织器官、细胞、分子等不同的层次进行了分类综述,并介绍了各种算法的最新研究进展。     

Models of computation for reactive control of autonomous mobile robots

The paper studies computation models for tasks performed by autonomous mobile robots. Such tasks can be accomplished by reactive control algorithms. Reactive control systems can be described using different models of computation which have as distinguishing feature the abstraction level of time. Thus, three computation models are defined: the untimed model, the synchronous model and the timed model. It is shown that the clocked-synchronous model of computation is more appropriate for describing the controller for a parallel parking task.     

Multiagent control of self-reconfigurable robots

We demonstrate how multiagent systems provide useful control techniques for modular self-reconfigurable (metamorphic) robots. Such robots consist of many modules that can move relative to each other, thereby changing the overall shape of the robot to suit different tasks. Multiagent control is particularly well-suited for tasks involving uncertain and changing environments. We illustrate this approach through simulation experiments of Proteo, a metamorphic robot system currently under development.     

Model reference adaptive control algorithms for industrial robots

In this paper some problems concerning the control of multifunctional manipulators (industrial robots) with high speed continuous movements are investigated. Although deterministic approaches to the control of robots, whose model are highly interconnected and non-linear, are known alternative approaches based on the Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) method of control are possible and useful. In the paper it is proved that a generalized MRAS control assures the convergence to a suitable reference model for a class of processes: the manipulator is shown to belong to such a class. The paper is completed by some applications evaluated by simulation.     

Contribution to the indirect decentralized adaptive control of manipulation robots

In this paper, efficient approaches to the synthesis of indirect decentralized adaptive control for manipulation robots are presented. The first part of control synthesis consists of the estimation of unknown dynamic robot parameters using the methods of recursive identification and fast dynamic as well as identification models in a symbolic form. The second part of synthesis includes the self-tuning control strategy which is a basis for adaptive control synthesis according to the estimates of the unknown dynamic parameters. Using the theory of decentralized systems, a new robust algorithm for adaptive control with the ability of adaptation in the feedforward or feedback loop are proposed. A complete stability and convergence analysis is presented. A special part of the paper represents an analysis of practical implementation of the proposed control algorithms on modern microprocessor-based robot controllers. Based on this analysis, an efficient application of indirect adaptive algorithms in real time with high-quality system performance is shown. Adaptive algorithms are verified through simulation of trajectory tracking for an industrial robot with unknown dynamic parameters of payload.     

A hybrid control approach to action coordination for mobile robots

In this paper, the problem concerning how to coordinate the contributions from concurrent controllers, when controlling mobile robots, is investigated. It is shown how a behavior based control system for autonomous robots can be modeled as a hybrid automaton, where each node corresponds to a distinct robot behavior. This type of construction gives rise to chattering executions, but it is shown how regularized automata can be used to solve this problem. As an illustration, the obstacle-negotiation problem is solved by using a combination of a robust path-following behavior and a reactive obstacle-avoidance behavior that move the robot around a given obstacle at a predefined safety distance.     

Decoupling force and motion control in industrial robots

A theoretical approach to force control design for industrial robots involved in surface-following tasks is described in this paper, assuming an infinitely stiff environment. Independent Joint Control techniques, based on standard (PID) algorithms, are adopted for position control. Force control acts as an outer loop, by adding a bias to the position set points in the joint space. A simple model and compensation of the joint flexibility effects, that play an important role in determining the dynamic behavior of the system, are also presented, leading to a force control decoupled from motion control. Some experimental results are discussed, with reference to the industrial robot SMART.     

Control of constrained robots including effects of joint flexibility and actuator dynamics

We consider mathematical representations of constrained robot systems in which the effects of joint flexibility and actuator dynamics are significant. The objective is to design a feedback control law so that the position output variables and the force output variables of the robot follows the desired position and the desired force trajectories respectively despite the presence of joint flexibility and actuator dynamics. A systematic procedure is developed for designing a feedback control law which ensures that the position variables track the desired position trajectories exponentially, and the force variables track the desired force trajectories exponentially. The development of the control law is based on the model of a constrained robot system which includes the effects of actuator dynamics and joint flexibility. Thus using the force/position control law developed in this paper one can achieve better tracking performance in cases where such effects are significant.     

Distributed adaptive control for consensus tracking with application to formation control of nonholonomic mobile robots

In this paper, we investigate the output consensus problem of tracking a desired trajectory for a class of systems consisting of multiple nonlinear subsystems with intrinsic mismatched unknown parameters. The subsystems are allowed to have non-identical dynamics, whereas with similar structures and the same yet arbitrary system order. And the communication status among the subsystems can be represented by a directed graph. Different from the traditional centralized tracking control problem, only a subset of the subsystems can obtain the desired trajectory information directly. A distributed adaptive control approach based on backstepping technique is proposed. By introducing the estimates to account for the parametric uncertainties of the desired trajectory and its neighbors’ dynamics into the local controller of each subsystem, information exchanges of online parameter estimates and local synchronization errors among linked subsystems can be avoided. It is proved that the boundedness of all closed-loop signals and the asymptotically consensus tracking for all the subsystems’ outputs are ensured. A numerical example is illustrated to show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. Moreover, the design strategy is successfully applied to solve a formation control problem for multiple nonholonomic mobile robots.     

Dynamic hybrid control of cooperating robots by nonlinear inversion

The manipulation of a rigid object by two cooperating robots is considered. If only the position of the object is of interest, the inverse dynamic problem is redundant, because the number of available actuators exceeds the number of degrees of freedom of the object. Introducing the internal force developed in the object as a controlled quantity removes this redundancy. In the present formulation the system is viewed as a closed mechanical chain, but with elastic restraint between the object and the hands of the robots. The inclusion of this compliance in the mathematical model makes it possible to have the internal force as an output of the system and to solve the inverse dynamic problem taking it into account. A solution is derived based on nonlinear inversion. It is shown that the system has relative or tracking order four, and a left-inverse system, which has as input the object position and the internal force and as output the actuator torques, is constructed.     

Adaptive control of redundant multiple robots in cooperative motion

A redundant robot has more degrees of freedom than what is needed to uniquely position the robot end-effector. In practical applications the extra degrees of freedom increase the orientation and reach of the robot. Also the load carrying capacity of a single robot can be increased by cooperative manipulation of the load by two or more robots. In this paper, we develop an adaptive control scheme for kinematically redundant multiple robots in cooperative motion.In a usual robotic task, only the end-effector position trajectory is specified. The joint position trajectory will therefore be unknown for a redundant multi-robot system and it must be selected from a self-motion manifold for a specified end-effector or load motion. In this paper, it is shown that the adaptive control of cooperative multiple redundant robots can be addressed as a reference velocity tracking problem in the joint space. A stable adaptive velocity control law is derived. This controller ensures the bounded estimation of the unknown dynamic parameters of the robots and the load, the exponential convergence to zero of the velocity tracking errors, and the boundedness of the internal forces. The individual robot joint motions are shown to be stable by decomposing the joint coordinates into two variables, one which is homeomorphic to the load coordinates, the other to the coordinates of the self-motion manifold. The dynamics on the self-motion manifold are directly shown to be related to the concept of zero-dynamics. It is shown that if the reference joint trajectory is selected to optimize a certain type of objective functions, then stable dynamics on the self-motion manifold result. The overall stability of the joint positions is established from the stability of two cascaded dynamic systems involving the two decomposed coordinates.