基于相变存储器的存储系统与技术综述

随着处理器和存储器之间性能差距的不断增大,"存储墙"问题日益突出,但传统DRAM器件的集成度已接近极限,能耗问题也已成为瓶颈,如何设计扎实有效的存储架构解决存储墙问题已成为必须面对的挑战.近年来,以相变存储器(phase change memory,PCM)为代表的新型存储器件因其高集成度、低功耗的特点而受到了国内外研究者的广泛关注.特别地,相变存储器因其非易失性及字节寻址的特性而同时具备主存和外存的特点,在其影响下,主存和外存之间的界限正在变得模糊,将对未来的存储体系结构带来重大变化.重点讨论了基于PCM构建主存的结构,分析了其构建主存中的写优化技术、磨损均衡技术、硬件纠错技术、坏块重用技术、软件优化等关键问题,然后讨论了PCM在外存储系统的应用研究以及其对外存储体系结构和系统设计带来的影响.最后给出了PCM在存储系统中的应用研究展望.     

新型非易失存储研究

近年来,由于处理器性能和存储性能之间的差距不断扩大,存储系统成为计算机整体系统性能提升的瓶颈.随着微电子技术的迅速发展,新型非易失存储器件由于具有非易失、低能耗、良好的可扩展性和抗震等优良特性,得到了学术界和工业界的广泛关注.介绍了4种新型非易失存储器件,分别是STT-RAM,RRAM,PCRAM和FeRAM,对比了其与传统存储器件的性能参数.讨论了目前在存储架构中的不同层面(即缓存层、主存层和外存层)针对这些非易失存储器件的利用所开展的一些探索性工作,并分析了其中针对非易失存储器件的写次数有限、读写性能不均衡等不足所作出的一些策略设计.最后,对新型非易失存储器件的研究现状进行了总结,并提出了未来可能的发展方向.     

基于持久化内存的索引设计重新思考与优化

非易失性内存(non-volatile memory,NVM)是近几年来出现的一种新型存储介质.一方面,同传统的易失性内存一样,它有着低访问延迟、可字节寻址的特性;另一方面,与易失性内存不同的是,掉电后它存储的数据不会丢失,此外它还有着更高的密度以及更低的能耗开销.这些特性使得非易失性内存有望被大规模应用在未来的计算机系统中.非易失性内存的出现为构建高效的持久化索引提供了新的思路.由于非易失性硬件还处于研究阶段,因此大多数面向非易失性内存的索引研究工作基于模拟环境开展.在2019年4月英特尔发布了基于3D-XPoint技术的非易失性内存硬件apache pass(AEP),这使得研究人员可以基于真实的硬件环境去进行相关研究工作.首先评测了真实的非易失性内存器件,结果显示AEP的写延迟接近DRAM,而读延迟是DRAM的3~4倍.基于对硬件的实际评测结果,研究发现过去很多工作对非易失性内存的性能假设存在偏差,这使得过去的一些工作大多只针对写性能进行优化,并没有针对读性能进行优化.因此,重新审视了之前研究工作,针对过去的混合索引工作进行了读优化.此外,还提出了一种基于混合内存的异步缓存方法.实验结果表明,经过异步缓存方法优化后的混合索引读性能是优化前的1.8倍,此外,经过异步缓存优化后的持久化索引最多可以降低50%的读延迟.     

基于闪存的可编程线性忆阻器及其存算一体化电路与系统

基于新型非易失性存储器和存内计算架构的神经网络推理芯片在功耗、速度和存储密度等方面展现出突出的优势,使其在物联网和边缘计算等应用领域受到广泛关注.在本文中,我们详细介绍了一款基于可编程线性忆阻器(programmable linear random-access memory,PLRAM)的存算一体化片上系统芯片的设计...     

基于非易失性存储器的存储引擎性能优化

非易失性存储器具有接近内存的读写速度,可利用其替换传统的存储设备,从而提升存储引擎的性能。但是,传统的存储引擎通常使用通用块接口读写数据,导致了较长的 I/O 软件栈,增加了软件层的读写延迟,进而限制了非易失性存储器的性能优势。针对这一问题,该文以 Ceph 大数据存储系统为基础,研究设计了基于非易失性存储器的新型存储引擎 NVMStore,通过内存映射的方式访问存储设备,根据非易失性存储器的字节可寻址和数据持久化特性,优化数据读写流程,从而减小数据写放大以及软件栈的开销。实验结果表明,与使用非易失性存储器的传统存储引擎相比,NVMStore能够显著提升 Ceph 的小块数据读写性能。     

飞思卡尔扩展MRAM产品系列引领非易失性存储器的未来

经常有人将磁阻RAM(MRAM,Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory)称作是非易失性存储器(NVRAM, Non-Volatile RAM)未来的关键性技术.作为一项非易失性存储器技术,MRAM是可以在掉电时保留数据,并且不需要定期刷新.MRAM利用磁性材料和传统的硅电路在单个器件中提供了SRAM的高速度和闪存的非易失性,它的寿命几乎是没有限制的.MRAM器件可以用于高速缓冲器、配置内存,以及其他要求高速、耐用和非易失性的商业应用.     

基于重用信息的非易失性缓存动态旁路策略

非易失性存储器具有能耗低、可扩展性强和存储密度大等优势,可替代传统静态随机存取存储器作为片上缓存,但其写操作的能耗及延迟较高,在大规模应用前需优化写性能。提出一种基于缓存块重用信息的动态旁路策略,用于优化非易失性存储器的缓存性能。分析测试程序访问最后一级缓存（LLC）时的重用特征,根据缓存块的重用信息动态预测相应的写操作是否绕过非易失性缓存,利用预测表进行旁路操作完成LLC缺失时的填充,同时采用动态路径选择进行上级缓存写回操作,通过监控模块为旁路的缓存块选择合适的上级缓存,并将重用计数较高的缓存块填充其中以减少LLC写操作次数。实验结果表明,与未采用旁路策略的缓存设计相比,该策略使4核处理器中所有SPLASH-2程序的运行时间平均减少6.6%,缓存能耗平均降低22.5%,有效提高了整体缓存性能。     

飞思卡尔扩展MRAM产品系列引领非易失性存储器的未来

<正>经常有人将磁阻RAM(MRAM,Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory)称作是非易失性存储器(nvRAM,Non-Volatile RAM)的关键性技术。作为一项非易失性存储器技术,MRAM可以在掉电时保留数据,并且不需要定期刷新。MRAM利用磁性材料和传统的硅电路在单个器件中提     

新型非易失相变存储器PCM应用研究

并行I/O技术有效优化了I/O性能,但对访问延迟却难以控制.相变存储器(phase change memory,PCM)作为一种SCM(storage class memory),具有非易失性、随机可读写、低延迟、高吞吐率、体积小和低功耗的特点,为I/O性能优化提供了最直接有效的途径.研究了PCM的特性与存在的问题,总结了目前PCM的应用研究进展,针对高性能计算中的并行I/O问题,提出了一种基于相变存储器PCM的层次式并行混合存储模型,能够有效提高并行文件系统元数据服务效率和并行I/O吞吐率.     

影响非易失性内存系统性能的因素分析

新型非易失性存储器(non-volatile memory,NVM)具有扩展性好、静态能耗低、非易失性等特点,基于NVM的内存系统有望在未来补充甚至替代DRAM内存.但是NVM写延迟较长、写耐久性有限、动态写能耗高的问题,对NVM的实际应用产生了挑战.NVM内存系统如何影响应用程序,哪些因素会影响NVM内存系统的性能,是一个值得研究的问题.初步评测了NVM内存系统的性能,所提出的NVM内存包括两种:一种是只有NVM的内存(NVM-only memory);另一种是DRAM/NVM构成的混合内存.同时对比了NVM内存与DRAM内存的性能,分析了影响NVM内存系统的因素.最后,讨论了NVM内存系统研究的未来工作.     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

Call for Papers The 6^th International Conference on Grid and Cooperative Computing

Recent years have seen rapid advances in various grid-related technologies, middleware, and applications. The GCC conference has become one of the largest scientific events worldwide in grid and cooperative computing. The 6th international conference on grid and cooperative computing (GCC2007) Sponsored by China Computer Federation (CCF),Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICT) and Xinjiang University ,and in Cooperation with IEEE Computer Soceity ,is to be held from August 16 to 18, 2007 in Urumchi, Xinjiang, China.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and     

Editorial:Brain-machine interface(BMI) and cyborg intelligence

正Brain-machine interfaces(BMIs)aim at building a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device,and represent an area of research where significant progress has been made during the past decade.Based on BMIs,mind information can be read out by neural signals to control     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulate     

SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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