前期含水量对坡面降雨产流和土壤化学物质流失影响研究

在防止土壤侵蚀条件下,利用室内人工降雨实验,研究了土壤初始含水率对坡面降雨入渗、产流、溶质迁移规律的影响。结果表明:初始含水率越高,产流越快,达到稳定入渗率的时间也越短。在初始含水率不同时次降雨过程中养分的流失量与初始含水量具有较强的相关性。磷浓度的变化范围主要在5cm以内,随着含水量的增加有效磷向土壤中迁移的总量增加。随着含水量的增加土壤钾离子向土壤中迁移的总量减小。在相同条件下,EDI值大小顺序是:磷<钾<溴。     

黄土坡面侵蚀试验研究综述

只有弄清暴雨侵蚀产沙的作用机制,才能科学有效地进行流域水土保持治理。人工模拟降雨试验是研究黄土坡面侵蚀的重要手段。本文总结整理了大量的人工模拟试验资料,总结分析了侵蚀方式、表土结皮、坡度、上方水沙条件、降雨量、雨强、坡长等因素对黄土坡面侵蚀产沙的影响,并提出其中存在的问题和今后研究的方向。     

CASC2D分布式水文模型异构并行算法研究

针对 CASC2D 模型精细化水文模拟时面临的计算耗时长、效率低等问题,在保持产汇流算法和流域拓扑结构的基础上,采用 CPU+GPU 的异构并行算法对 CASC2D 模型程序进行重新设计和优化,模型程序中的降雨、 产流、坡面汇流和河道汇流过程均优化为并行计算,以提高 CASC2D 模型的计算效率。将优化后的 CASC2D 模型应用于前毛庄流域的洪水流量过程模拟,计算结果与原 CASC2D 模型保持一致。在栅格分辨率为 30 m,计算步长为 3 s 时,与原 CPU 串行计算方法相比,并行加速比达到 34 倍以上,并且栅格单元数据精度越高,加速比提升越明显。异构并行算法可在不降低模拟精度的条件下显著提升 CASC2D 模型的计算效率,满足实时水文预报的应用需求。     

基于样本迁移的干旱区地表覆盖快速更新

阿姆河三角洲作为典型干旱区,干旱胁迫和次生的盐胁迫决定了本地区生态环境的复杂性和独特性,给遥感地表覆盖制图带来一定的困难。在土地利用/覆盖（LULC）遥感图像分类任务中,数量大、质量高、成本低的样本和速度快、性能稳定的分类器是高效实现高精度分类的关键。在一些偏远地区开展土地利用/地表覆盖遥感图像分类依然面临着标记样本空间上稀疏、时间上不连续甚至是缺失,人工收集成本高等问题。为此,结合最优树集成和样本迁移的思想,构建了一种高效的地表覆盖自动更新的新方法。该方法通过变化检测在历史产品上的同期影像上进行样本标签的标记,并将过去的地表覆盖类型标签转移到同源目标影像上,使用最优树集成（Ensemble of optimum trees, OTE）完成地表覆盖自动分类。根据阿姆河三角洲地区地表覆盖分类试验结果,表明该方法可以提取有效的地表覆盖标签,并能较高精度发实现土地利用/地表覆盖的自动分类更新。     

张掖市土地利用/覆盖变化模拟

土地利用/覆盖变化是全球变化的主要原因,也是与可持续发展密切相关的课题。土地利用/覆盖变化模拟是预测未来土地利用/覆盖变化的重要方法。将国际上先进的CLUE-S模型应用到位于黑河中上游的张掖市,模拟该地区的土地利用/覆盖变化。模拟时段为2001～2020年。模型中将土地利用类型分为:①耕地;②林地;③草地;④水域;⑤城镇用地;⑥未利用地。用回归分析的方法,选择了对该地区土地利用/覆盖变化有重要贡献的7种驱动因子,分别为:与城市的距离、与河流的距离、与道路的距离、人口密度、海拔、坡度、坡向。模拟结果显示:到2020年,林地、草地、水域和城镇用地面积增加,耕地,未利用地面减少。     

Land cover heterogeneity in Great Britain as identified in Land Cover Map 2000

Land cover is an important component of landscape character. The spatial configuration and heterogeneity of land cover can influence species distributions and patterns of biodiversity. Sustainable countryside planning and land management policy in Great Britain require the mapping of land cover heterogeneity at a national scale. Here, we map four measures of land cover heterogeneity across Great Britain using Land Cover Map 2000. We calculate land cover richness, diversity, evenness and similarity within and between 1 × 1 km grid cells of the British National Grid. From this we are able to identify assemblages of land cover types that are associated with high or low landscape heterogeneity, and where they occur geographically.     

Land observation sensors in perspective

The use of spaceborne sensors for gathering earth resources information has developed greatly in the last two decades. However, compared to what is possible from the space vantage point, the potential for further advancement is enormous. In this paper a generally applicable framework for the design of earth observational information systems is presented. It provides a perspective against which to judge and visualize how the further development of such technology could take place. The economic and sociological value of such information-gathering technology suggests that the further development of such technology should proceed.     

水浇地与旱地分类的研究进展

水浇地和旱地的分类研究对于粮食安全、估算农业灌溉需水量以及完善耕地二级类型的分类有着重要的作用。本文从水浇地和旱地分类的意义、分类方法以及分类应用的现状三方面,对国内外水浇地和旱地的分类研究进展及其特点进行了归纳总结,得出了三点结论:(1)参与水浇地和旱地分类的数据源主要为中低分辨率的时间序列植被指数产品以及一些辅助信息;(2)水浇地和旱地的分类特征主要为时间序列的植被指数以及一些辅助特征;(3)水浇地和旱地的分类方法主要为数字化、非监督分类和监督分类。同时指出,丰富水浇地和旱地的分类特征、引入智能型分类方法以及探索生态环境背景在水浇地和旱地分类中的应用将成为未来水浇地和旱地分类研究的重要内容。     

Land cover 2.0

Interest in knowing more about the Earth’s land cover and how it has changed over time motivated the mission and sensor design of early terrestrial remote sensing systems. Rapid developments in computer hardware and software in the last four decades have greatly increased the capacity for satellite data acquisition, downlink, dissemination, and end user science and applications. In 1992, Townshend reviewed the state of land cover mapping using Earth observation data at a pivotal point in time and in the context of years of research and practical experience with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) High Resolution Visible (HRV) and Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data, demonstrating the opportunities and information content possible with increased spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions. Townshend characterized the state-of-the-art for land cover at that time, identified trends, and shared insights on research directions. Now, on the 25th anniversary of Townshend’s important work, given numerous advances and emerging trends, we revisit the status of land cover mapping with Earth observation data. We posit that a new era of land cover analysis – Land Cover 2.0 – has emerged, enabled by free and open access data, analysis ready data, high performance computing, and rapidly developing data processing and analysis capabilities. Herein we characterize this new era in land cover information, highlighting institutional, computational, as well as theoretical developments that have occurred over the past 25 years, identifying the key issues and opportunities that have emerged. We conclude that Land Cover 2.0 offers efficiencies in information generation that will result in a proliferation of land cover products, reinforcing the need for transparency regarding the input data and algorithms used as well as adoption, implementation, and communication of rigorous accuracy assessment protocols. Further, land cover and land change assessments are no longer independent activities. Knowledge of land change is available to inform and enrich land cover generation.     

Land cover

Abstract

European efforts in the use of remote sensing from satellites were initially largely derivative from United States systems and information extraction techniques. Increasingly, independent capabilities have been developed, in part associated with European sensor development and data reception and distribution capabilities. A wide range of applications of land cover data derived from satellites has been developed. In many cases, however, the quality of the results is inadequate for operational use. The latter will become more feasible with the application of new information extraction techniques, the use of data from new sensors, notably spaceborne radars, improved preprocessing of data and better co-ordination of research efforts.     

北京市土地利用变化对地表温度的影响分析

运用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对北京1995年至2005年的土地利用时空变化特征进行了分析,并分析了土地利用变化对区域内地表温度的影响。北京在1995年至2000年的土地利用变化较小,随后五年城镇面积大量扩张,占用了大量的耕地和林地。北京地表温度等级较高的区域在数量上呈逐年增加的趋势,同时在空间分布上呈现从分散向城市中心集中的趋势。构建了TVX空间研究土地利用变化对地表温度的影响,计算了不同土地利用类型转变为建设用地的变化向量长度,并选取未变化的土地利用类型的平均温度作为控制点,消除不确定性因素,分析得出变化向量的幅度依次是:有林地>水域>其他林地>灌木林地>草地>耕地,由此可以看出,林地和水域对缓解地表热环境作用较强,在城市规划中,要尽量保护林地和水域。     

土地利用/土地覆盖遥感变化检测方法新进展

土地利用/土地覆盖变化检测是资源环境研究中的一个重要方面,准确、及时的变化信息为人类资源环境的生产和管理提供了决策支持。遥感技术具有实时、快速、覆盖范围广、多光谱、周期性等特点,给土地利用/土地覆盖变化检测提供了理想的数据基础。人类社会的发展对土地利用/土地覆盖变化检测的精度与效率不断提出新的要求,这也使得一些新技术、新方法引入到变化检测中。这些新技术新方法提高了土地利用/土地覆盖变化检测的精度,但在效率方面有待进一步研究。     

桂林市NDVI、地表温度的地物特征及相关性研究

以桂林市作为研究区域,利用2006年的TM影像数据提取了区域归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度(LST)信息,分析了不同地物类型两参数的统计学特征,进一步探讨了植被指数与地表温度和海拔高度之间的线性关系。结果表明:NDVI均值最大的地物类别为林地,最小的为水体;地表温度均值最高的为建设用地,最小的为林地;从整个区域上看,NDVI与地表温度之间存在明显的负相关关系,NDVI与海拔高度h的相关性呈现分段式特征,在低海拔区域(160 m以下),两者之间相关性不明显,海拔高度超过160 m时,NDVI与海拔高度之间则呈现显著的正相关关系。