基于学习自动机的无线传感网能量均衡分簇算法

优化簇首选择、均衡节点能量负载以延长网络存活时间,一直是无线传感器网络分簇协议研究的重点。针对无线传感器网络节点随机分布的情况,在基于学习自动机(Learning Automata, LA)的ICLA算法基础上,提出一种兼顾节点密度的能耗均衡分簇算法。在簇头选举方面,综合考虑节点剩余能量和节点密度,利用学习自动机与周围环境进行信息交互和动作奖惩,选择出相对较优的簇头;根据簇首与基站距离和其节点密度构造大小非均匀的簇,实现不同位置不同网络疏密程度下簇内和簇间能耗互补均衡;构造了基于簇首剩余能量、簇内节点密度和传输距离的评价函数,并运用贪婪算法选择出最优中转簇首进行多跳传输。仿真实验结果表明,该算法能选择出更为合理的簇头,有效地均衡网络能量负载,延长网络生存时间。     

WSN中基于非均匀簇的混合多跳路由协议*

为节省数据传输过程中消耗的能量,均衡网络节点间的能耗,提出一种基于非均匀簇的混合多跳路由协议。在无线传感器网络数据传输阶段,源簇头节点通过转发权值函数选择数据转发的中继节点,转发权值由用于降低链路通信代价的距离因子和减少剩余能量较少的簇头节点成为中继节点的概率惩罚因子共同决定,达到均衡网络能耗的目的。通过NS2仿真实验验证了算法的有效性,能够很好地均衡节点负载和提高能量利用率。     

基于能量与能耗速度的WSN分簇算法

无线传感器网络的最大局限是能量有限.为了高效利用网络能量、均衡网络负载,提出了一种基于能量与能耗速度的分簇算法.其中节点能耗速度是一个带有能耗预测信息的参量,利用它可以更有效地优化簇头选择与簇规模,该算法根据这两个参数来优化簇头的选择,能有效地延长节点的生存时间;同时,根据簇头节点与基站的距离、当前能量和能耗速度对簇规模进行约束和优化,进一步保证了簇之间的负载均衡.仿真实验表明改进后的算法有效地延长了网络的生存时间.     

多级能量异构传感器网络的负载均衡成簇算法

在多级能量异构无线传感器网络中,节点的初始能量在一定的范围内随机分布,负载均衡和降低能耗是能量异构网络成簇算法的一个重要挑战.现有的分布式成簇算法主要是针对能量同构或二级异构网络设计的,无法实现节点能量多级异构时的负载均衡,因此提出了适用于多级能量异构传感网络的负载均衡成簇算法LBCA(load balance clustering algorithm).LBCA根据传感器网络的能量分布情况选择簇头节,最和实现负载均衡,可以有效地延长网络的稳定周期.簇头选择过程中,当探测区域能量分布均衡时,拥有较低平均通信能耗的节点将优先成为簇头节点,有利于降低探测区域内的总通信能耗;当探测区域能量分布不均衡时,具有较高剩余能量的节点将优先成为簇头节点,有利于实现探测区域内的负载均衡.将LBCA与主要的分布式成簇方案进行了比较,模拟实验结果显示,在多级能量异构传感器网络中,LBCA可以更好地实现负载均衡,极大地提高网络的稳定周期.     

无线传感器网络分布式成簇算法优化

能量异构问题在通信过程中会成为无线传感器网络不可避免的现象,为解决能量负载不均衡问题,对一种适用于能量异构环境的无线传感器网络分布式成簇算法进行改进。算法结合能量水平相对估计因子使高能量节点更易成为簇头;簇间通信时根据通信代价选择单/多跳方式,同时设置低能量的簇拒绝转发其他簇的数据以达到均衡能耗的目的。模拟实验结果表明,新算法能更好的均衡节点能量负载,其能量有效性得到了很大的提高。     

基于演化博弈的无线传感器网络分簇算法

针对无线传感器网络中节点负载过重与能耗不均衡而出现网络能量空洞的问题，基于演化博弈理论建立一种簇头竞选的博弈模型，同时提出一种基于演化博弈的无线传感器网络最优成簇算法。运用节点的剩余能量、数据接收能耗和数据转发能耗设计簇头演化博弈的收益函数，并将最优发射功率控制机制应用于簇成员的选择，从而形成稳定连通的网络分簇结构。仿真实验表明该算法平衡了节点负载，从而均衡网络能量，有效改善网络中过早出现能量空洞的问题，进而延长了网络生存时间。     

一种能耗均衡的无线传感器网络分簇路由算法

针对分簇路由协议分簇不均匀及能耗不均衡等问题,提出一种基于能量和距离因子的分簇路由算法。通过加入能量和距离因子对簇头选择的阈值公式进行改进,延长竞选出的簇头工作时间,增加备择簇头以减少重建簇的轮数,从而降低选举消耗的能量。在广播当选信息之前加入等待时间,普通节点选择与其通信代价最小的簇头所在簇申请加入。建立最优路径进行簇间路由,并采用单跳和多跳相结合的方式。仿真结果表明,与EECS算法相比,该算法可减少约8%的能耗,并有效均衡节点能耗,延长网络生命周期。     

异构传感器网络中一种能量有效的簇头选择算法

针对无线传感器网络的异构性,提出了一种能量有效的双簇头产生算法DCHsS(Double Cluster Heads Selection Al-gorithm)以减轻簇头负担以及均衡网络能耗.与已有簇头选择算法相比,DCHsS基于双簇头思想进行改进,在每个簇中选出两个节点(分别定义为"中转"簇头和"通信"簇头),分别承担簇头节点的任务-簇内数据处理和簇外数据通信.此外,DCHsS采用了一种全新的簇头竞争参数,使得拥有较高剩余能量、较低通信能耗和较强数据处理能力的节点优先成为簇头,以更好地解决节点能量异构网络的负载均衡问题.实验结果表明,在异构网络中,DCHsS算法在能量消耗上优于单簇头方案,能更有效的利用节点能量和减少簇头能耗.     

一种新的基于粒子群优化的双簇头分簇路由算法*

针对无线传感器网络分簇路由算法中簇头节点负载过重,簇头能量利用率不高,提出了一种基于粒子群优化的双簇头多跳路由算法。该算法根据簇头任务的不同,利用节点的能量、距离汇聚节点的距离以及节点的位置关系分别构建适应值函数,选择出最优主簇头完成数据采集和融合任务,以及与其协作的最优副簇头完成簇间数据转发任务,最终实现采集能耗和传输能耗最小化。仿真实验结果表明,与其他路由算法相比,该算法可以有效减轻簇头节点负载,减小簇头能量消耗,均衡整个网络能耗,延长了网络的生存周期。     

一种基于负载均衡的无线传感器网络分布式定向分簇算法

针对无线传感器分簇网络中节点负载不均衡的问题,提出了一种基于负载均衡的分布式定向分簇算法(DDC).DDC算法基于簇的局部信息对节点在下一轮中的能量水平及其负载能力进行预评估,并给出了相应的预评估因子.在每一轮成簇过程中,首先基于节点能量预评估因子将网络分割成适当的分区,然后在每个分区中,根据节点在本轮的负载能力预评估因子选取簇头,前者可以有效保证各分区的能量均衡性,后者可以实现分区内节点的负载平衡.DDC算法的这种特性能将网络能量与节点负载有机结合起来,从而最大限度地延长网络生命周期.实验仿真结果表明,与同类算法相比,DDC算法的能量有效性效果显著,网络中节点负载更加均衡.在网络初始能量异构的情况下,依然表现出良好的适应性和可扩展性.     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and     

Editorial:Brain-machine interface(BMI) and cyborg intelligence

正Brain-machine interfaces(BMIs)aim at building a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device,and represent an area of research where significant progress has been made during the past decade.Based on BMIs,mind information can be read out by neural signals to control     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulate     

SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulate