成都市地表温度对不透水面的响应研究

根据成都三环路内的Landsat 7/ETM+影像,利用单窗算法和不透水面与植被覆盖度在城市建成区呈负相关关系两种反演方法,通过空间建模建立反演模型,获取地表温度与不透水面信息。通过随机样点分析、相关性分析以及等温线与等透水面线叠加分析等方法,研究了城市地表温度对不透水面的响应效果。结果表明:地表温度随距市中心区距离增大而降低,同时不透水能力也降低;成都市地表温度与不透水面之间存在着正相关关系,相关度为0.7253;等透水面线的空间分布对等温线具有显著的响应规律。研究成果对于改善城市生态环境、提升土地利用水平和加强科学规划等都具有参考价值。     

超大城市土地覆盖与热环境的随机森林回归模型研究

目前对于超大城市土地覆盖和热环境定量模型研究报道不足,这主要是因为大城市地表温度和地表生物物理组分之间存在复杂的潜在非线性关系,这使得准确评估城市热环境情况遇到了严峻的技术挑战。研究选取中外6个典型超大城市（北京、上海、广州、伦敦、纽约和东京）为研究对象,以Landsat遥感影像为主要数据源,利用单通道算法反演各城市地表温度,采用随机森林回归模型（RFR）建立土地覆盖类型与城市热环境定量关系模型（LCT）,综合分析城市土地覆盖因子与热环境间的多维定量关系。土地覆盖与地表温度的定量关系显示,城市地表热场的空间结构在很大程度上被下垫面用地类型所左右,不透水面会导致高温热场的聚集,而植被和水体则有降温作用。6个超大城市地表覆盖结构变化产生的升温/降温效应有所差异,北京、上海、纽约和东京等城市区域的植被和水体降温效应较广州和伦敦显著。基于随机森林回归方法建立了NDVI、MNDWI和NDISI等3种土地覆盖类型与城市热环境的综合定量关系模型（LCT）,模型得到的精度高于基于多元线性回归方法建立的模型。LCT_RF模型的R²值在0.623~0.826之间,比LCT_MLR模型高0.021~0.074;RMSE比LCT_MLR模型低0.07℃~0.35℃。研究超大城市土地覆盖与城市热环境的互动作用机理,能为未来生态城市建设提供宝贵建议。     

基于混合光谱分解的兰州城市热岛与下垫面空间关系分析

利用Landsat ETM+数据,采用混合像元线性光谱分解方法提取的城市植被覆盖度与不透水面表征城市下垫面,通过单窗算法反演地表真实温度,对兰州市中心城区的夏季城市热岛强度与城市下垫面的空间分布关系进行相关分析。结果显示,利用中等分辨率ETM+影像对兰州中心城区不透水面和植被盖度分布提取,其成本较低,精度令人满意;兰州城区植被覆盖、不透水面与热岛强度的分布呈空间正自相关,地表温度的空间依赖性极强,与植被盖度和不透水面在空间方向上的相关性差异较大。     

超大城市地表特征参数估算及其对城市热环境的影响研究

近年来超大城市的下垫面环境发生了显著变化,并对区域生态系统造成了明显的影响。因此有必要定量化下垫面特征参数并研究它们之间的相互关系对城市热环境的影响。以北京市为例,采用2009年6月2日Landsat\|5 TM卫星影像提取城市不透水层百分比、地表温度、土地利用/土地覆盖和植被指数这些典型地表特征参数,并分析它们之间的定量关系。研究结果表明:随着城市化进程加快,北京市高不透水面扩展到六环,六环以内地表温度保持在40 ℃以上,特别是商业区等特高不透水面区域地表温度甚至高达45 ℃,处于城市高温区域,六环以内区域平均温度波动幅度不大。另外,森林和农业用地的降温作用明显,最高降温幅度达到6 ℃,而且夏季裸土地表温度接近高密度居民区地表温度。     

加尔各答市地表温度与不透水面比例季相相关性研究

城市化的显著特征是自然地表不断被热容量大的不透水面取代,进而造成城市热岛效应和严重的城市生态问题。孟中印缅经济走廊是古代南方丝绸之路的重要路段和“一带一路”建设的重要战略通道,加尔各答市是孟中印缅经济走廊印度境内的重要节点城市,战略地位重要,对其城市化进程及与地表温度相关性研究对孟中印缅经济走廊印度段建设具有重要的借鉴意义。传统地表温度与不透水面的相关性研究主要以年为时间尺度,较少关注城市不同季相地表温度与不透水面的相关性及其差异。以热带季风气候的季相区分为依据,基于旱季、雨季和凉季3个季相的Landsat 8影像反演了加尔各答市地表温度和不透水面比例,定量研究两者的关系,探讨了地表温度与不透水面比例的季相相关性。结果表明：①研究区内,低温和高温空间分布相对比较集中,高温区域集中在建成区,而低温主要分布在茂密植被覆盖区和水体区域;②加尔各答市从旱季到雨季再到凉季热岛效应程度总体呈下降趋势,旱季时城市热岛效应最强,凉季时城市热岛效应最弱;③每个季相,地表温度与不透水面比例都呈正相关,地表温度随着不透水面比例增加均呈现先快速上升,后缓慢增加,最后急剧增加的趋势,其中旱季时地表温度增长最快,雨季时地表温度增长次之,凉季时地表温度增长最慢。加尔各答市热环境研究将对孟中印缅经济走廊印度段城市热环境背景及生态效应认知等方面产生积极意义。     

城市不透水面及其与城市热岛的关系研究-以泉州市区为例

利用Landsat TM卫星影像提取了泉州市1989到1996年的城市建成区不透水面,并研究了其与城市热岛之间的关系。根据Ridd(1995)提出的城市建成区不透水面与植被覆盖度有很强的负相关关系的思想,先利用归一化植被指数求出泉州市建成区的植被覆盖度,进而提取了泉州市建成区的不透水面。通过比较所提取的两个时相不透水面信息,可以看出泉州市区不透水面的面积在7年里有了明显的增加,并主要沿研究区东南部扩展。通过将所提取的不透水面信息与利用TM6波段反演的地表温度进行相关分析,可发现二者之间存在着明显的正相关关系。     

基于遥感数据的城市地表温度与土地覆盖定量研究

利用Landsat TM数据,以徐州市为研究区,采用单窗算法反演地表温度,通过混合像元分解和V-I-S(植被—不透水面层—土壤)模型将土地覆盖类型分解为对城市热环境具有重要影响的植被、土壤、不透水面层3个分量,最后利用得到的3种地物比例、直接分类后的土地覆盖类型和地表温度对研究区城市热岛的空间分布特征、地表温度与土地覆盖类型以及各种影响因子之间的关系进行定量研究。研究成果能够有效地应用于城市人居环境研究和生态环境过程分析中。     

阳江市绿地空间分布及其热环境分析

鉴于Landsat-8热红外数据在城市绿地热环境方面研究的不足,提出一种参数修正后的单通道地表温度算法,可直接用于城市绿地热环境分析。研究以阳江市建成区为例,以Landsat-8的热红外波段为数据源,利用单通道算法反演地表温度,结合土地利用矢量数据计算得到的景观指数,将地表平均温度与绿地景观进行相关性分析。结果表明:Landsat-8能够提供较高空间分辨率的地表温度信息,适合用来研究区域性的城市热环境;绿地景观的组成和空间配置对城市热环境有一定的影响,其中植被覆盖度是地表温度的重要影响因子,以阳江市建成区实验数据为例,植被覆盖度增加10%,地表温度降低0.35℃;绿地斑块相近的地区,平均地表温度会随着斑块密度的增大而升高;不同绿地斑块对周围环境的改善能力有较大差异。     

基于Landsat-5 TM数据的河南省白沙灌区地表温度反演研究

地表温度是土壤水分和植被水分状态的指示计,在干旱遥感监测中有重要作用。应用Landsat-5 TM遥感数据和气象资料,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)区分地表覆盖类型,采用Van de Griend的经验公式法结合典型地表赋值法计算出地表比辐射率。用单窗算法和单通道算法分别对河南省白沙灌区地表温度进行反演,结果表明:两种方法均能较好地将白沙灌区地表温度分布趋势反映出来,单窗算法的反演精度较高,绝对误差为1.1 ℃,更适宜白沙灌区的地表温度反演,进而可以提高灌区旱情遥感监测精度。     

喀斯特城市地表温度遥感反演算法比较

针对喀斯特城市快速扩展所引发的热环境问题,提出喀斯特山峰混合像元比辐射率估算方法,使Landsat 8遥感数据的地表温度反演算法适用于喀斯特城市,利用5种单通道算法和劈窗算法反演地表温度,分析反演精度和敏感性因子。结果表明:在我国南方喀斯特地区大气水分含量较高的情况下,单通道算法比劈窗算法精度更高,Jimenez单通道算法(JSC)和覃志豪单窗算法(QMW)更适用于喀斯特城市地表温度反演,反演值和实测值的误差在1.0℃内。反演地表温度的统计值以JSC算法与QMW算法相近,平均值的差值为0.26℃,标准差的差值为0.01℃,建筑和裸岩温度平均值的差值分别为0.43℃和0.54℃,高于水体和茂密植被;Jimenez劈窗算法与Rozenstein劈窗算法相近,平均值的差值为1.14℃,标准差的差值为0.19℃;Weng单通道算法在劈窗算法与JSC和QMW算法之间。各算法对比辐射率ε较敏感,ε每增加0.01,地表温度反演值误差增加0.4～0.7℃;除QMW算法反演值随近地面气温每增加1.0℃而引入近0.5℃误差外,各算法对近地面气温、大气总水分含量、大气透射率的敏感性相对较低。研究结果可为喀斯特城市热环境监测提供科学依据。     

Impacts of landscape structure on surface urban heat islands: A case study of Shanghai, China

Urbanization is taking place at an unprecedented rate around the world, particularly in China in the past few decades. One of the key impacts of rapid urbanization on the environment is the effect of urban heat island (UHI). Understanding the effects of landscape pattern on UHI is crucial for improving the ecology and sustainability of cities. This study investigated how landscape composition and configuration would affect UHI in the Shanghai metropolitan region of China, based on the analysis of land surface temperature (LST) in relation to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), vegetation fraction (Fv), and percent impervious surface area (ISA). Two Landsat ETM+ images acquired on March 13 and July 2, 2001 were used to estimate LST, Fv, and percent ISA. Landscape metrics were calculated from a high spatial resolution (2.5 × 2.5 m) land-cover/land-use map. Our results have showed that, although there are significant variations in LST at a given fraction of vegetation or impervious surface on a per-pixel basis, NDVI, Fv, and percent ISA are all good predictors of LST on the regional scale. There is a strong negative linear relationship between LST and positive NDVI over the region. Similar but stronger negative linear relationship exists between LST and Fv. Urban vegetation could mitigate the surface UHI better in summer than in early spring. A strong positive relationship exists between mean LST and percent ISA. The residential land is the biggest contributor to UHI, followed by industrial land. Although industrial land has the highest LST, it has limited contribution to the overall surface UHI due to its small spatial extend in Shanghai. Among the residential land-uses, areas with low- to-middle-rise buildings and low vegetation cover have much high temperatures than areas with high-rise buildings or areas with high vegetation cover. A strong correlation between the mean LST and landscape metrics indicates that urban landscape configuration also influences the surface UHI. These findings are helpful for understanding urban ecology as well as land use planning to minimize the potential environmental impacts of urbanization.     

Remote sensing image-based analysis of the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes

Global warming has obtained more and more attention because the global mean surface temperature has increased since the late 19th century. As more than 50% of the human population lives in cities, urbanization has become an important contributor for global warming. Pearl River Delta (PRD) in Guangdong Province, southern China, is one of the regions experiencing rapid urbanization that has resulted in remarkable Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, which will be sure to influence the regional climate, environment, and socio-economic development. In this study, Landsat TM and ETM+ images from 1990 to 2000 in the PRD were selected to retrieve the brightness temperatures and land use/cover types. A new index, Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI), was proposed to extract bare land from the satellite images. Additionally, Shenzhen, which has experienced the fastest urbanization in Guangdong Province, was taken as an example to analyze the temperature distribution and changes within a large city as its size expanded in the past decade. Results show that the UHI effect has become more prominent in areas of rapid urbanization in the PRD region. The spatial distribution of heat islands has been changed from a mixed pattern, where bare land, semi-bare land and land under development were warmer than other surface types, to extensive UHI. Our analysis showed that higher temperature in the UHI was located with a scattered pattern, which was related to certain land-cover types. In order to analyze the relationship between UHI and land-cover changes, this study attempted to employ a quantitative approach in exploring the relationship between temperature and several indices, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI) and Normalized Difference Build-up Index (NDBI). It was found that correlations between NDVI, NDWI, NDBaI and temperature are negative when NDVI is limited in range, but positive correlation is shown between NDBI and temperature.     

Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery

This paper compares the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percent impervious surface as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery by investigating the relationships between the land surface temperature (LST), percent impervious surface area (%ISA), and the NDVI. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data were used to estimate the LST from four different seasons for the Twin Cities, Minnesota, metropolitan area. A map of percent impervious surface with a standard error of 7.95% was generated using a normalized spectral mixture analysis of July 2002 Landsat TM imagery. Our analysis indicates there is a strong linear relationship between LST and percent impervious surface for all seasons, whereas the relationship between LST and NDVI is much less strong and varies by season. This result suggests percent impervious surface provides a complementary metric to the traditionally applied NDVI for analyzing LST quantitatively over the seasons for surface urban heat island studies using thermal infrared remote sensing in an urbanized environment.     

Impacts of Urban land surface temperature on tract landscape pattern,physical and social variables

ABSTRACT

This paper first focuses on the study of the relationship between the urban heat island (UHI) and the selected physical variables (percentage of urban surface covers, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)) and social variables (population density (PDEN)), and then concentrates on the study of the relationship between UHI and the landscape spatial geometric patterns. The researched results discover that urban Land Surface Temperature (LST) is not only impacted by land cover composition, i.e. land use/cover, which is expressed in this paper as the PURB (commerce/industry/transportation), but also its spatial geometric configuration, i.e. various landscape geometric pattern metrics, which in this paper are expressed by compositional percentage of landscape area (PLAND), configurational edge density (ED), patch density (PD), landscape shape index (LSI), clumpiness index (CI), and Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI). The results show that the proportion of vegetation coverage out of a tract impacts its contribution to an entire UHI in Washington District of Columbia (DC), in particular, interspersing vegetation within a tract is capable of making a stronger mitigation effect to UHI than its concentrated form. Thus, a scatter spatial arrangement and distribution of vegetation is proposed to mitigate UHI effect.     

基于Landsat TM图像的北京城市地表温度遥感反演研究

利用北京地区Landsat TM热红外波段数据，采用单通道算法反演得到北京地区地面温度分布图。从反演结果可以看出，北京城区地面温度比郊区地表温度高，郊区地表温度较低，密云水库、官厅水库等水体的温度最低，总体上北京城市热岛效应显著。地表比辐射率是通过Van经验公式反演得到，通过对比分析，表明该方法对自然地表的比辐射率反演效果较好。     

Estimation of land surface temperature-vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies

Remote sensing of urban heat islands (UHIs) has traditionally used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as the indicator of vegetation abundance to estimate the land surface temperature (LST)-vegetation relationship. This study investigates the applicability of vegetation fraction derived from a spectral mixture model as an alternative indicator of vegetation abundance. This is based on examination of a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image of Indianapolis City, IN, USA, acquired on June 22, 2002. The transformed ETM+ image was unmixed into three fraction images (green vegetation, dry soil, and shade) with a constrained least-square solution. These fraction images were then used for land cover classification based on a hybrid classification procedure that combined maximum likelihood and decision tree algorithms. Results demonstrate that LST possessed a slightly stronger negative correlation with the unmixed vegetation fraction than with NDVI for all land cover types across the spatial resolution (30 to 960 m). Correlations reached their strongest at the 120-m resolution, which is believed to be the operational scale of LST, NDVI, and vegetation fraction images. Fractal analysis of image texture shows that the complexity of these images increased initially with pixel aggregation and peaked around 120 m, but decreased with further aggregation. The spatial variability of texture in LST was positively correlated with those in NDVI and in vegetation fraction. The interplay between thermal and vegetation dynamics in the context of different land cover types leads to the variations in spectral radiance and texture in LST. These variations are also present in the other imagery, and are responsible for the spatial patterns of urban heat islands. It is suggested that the areal measure of vegetation abundance by unmixed vegetation fraction has a more direct correspondence with the radiative, thermal, and moisture properties of the Earth's surface that determine LST.     

The influence of land-cover type on the relationship between NDVI–LST and LST-Tair

Air temperature (T_2m or T_air) measurements from 20 ground weather stations in Berlin were used to estimate the relationship between air temperature and the remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST) measured by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer over different land-cover types (LCT). Knowing this relationship enables a better understanding of the magnitude and pattern of Urban Heat Island (UHI), by considering the contribution of land cover in the formation of UHI. In order to understand the seasonal behaviour of this relationship, the influence of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as an indicator of degree of vegetation on LST over different LCT was investigated. In order to evaluate the influence of LCT, a regression analysis between LST and NDVI was made. The results demonstrate that the slope of regression depends on the LCT. It depicts a negative correlation between LST and NDVI over all LCTs. Our analysis indicates that the strength of correlations between LST and NDVI depends on the season, time of day, and land cover. This statistical analysis can also be used to assess the variation of the LST–T_2m relationship during day- and night-time over different land covers. The results show that LST_Day and LST_Night are correlated significantly (p = 0.0001) with T_2mDay (daytime air temperature) and T_2mNight (night-time air temperature). The correlation (r) between LST_Day and T_Day is higher in cold seasons than in warm seasons. Moreover, during cold seasons over every LCT, a higher correlation was observed during daytime than during night-time. In contrast, a reverse relationship was observed during warm seasons. It was found that in most cases, during daytime and in cold seasons, LST is lower than T_2m. In warm seasons, however, a reverse relationship was observed over all land-cover types. In every season, LST_Night was lower than or close to T_2mNight.     

河谷型城市土地利用类型及格局的热环境效应遥感分析——以兰州市为例

以河谷型城市兰州为例,采用Landsat ETM+遥感影像为基本数据源,定量反演了地表温度（LST）和植被指数（NDVI）,利用GIS空间分析方法,分析了LST和NDVI 在不同土地利用类型之间的差异以及二者之间的定量关系,并引入多样性和聚集度指数,讨论了在不同土地利用的空间组合下,LST和NDVI 的空间差异及相互关系。结果显示:LST和NDVI具有明显的相关性,中心城区LST表现出热岛效应,而NDVI则为低谷效应;土地利用斑块和类型两种尺度水平上LST和NDVI均具有明显负相关的线性关系,城市内部不同土地类型所产生的热环境效应不同;土地利用多样性越丰富、聚集度越小的区域,其温度对地表植被覆盖的敏感性越弱。