Clutter suppression and ground moving target imaging approach for hypersonic vehicle borne multichannel radar based on two-step focusing method

In this paper, a novel clutter suppression and ground moving target imaging approach is proposed for hypersonic vehicle (HSV) borne multichannel (MC) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system. Compared with the traditional MC SAR ground moving target indication (GMTI) methods, the proposed algorithm can suppress clutter and decrease the moving target energy loss based on the improved MC clutter suppression method in the chirp Fourier transform (CFT) domain. Moreover, the moving target can be accurately focused by compensating the range curvature and the third order phase item. In addition, the motion parameters can be estimated precisely and the moving target can be focused accurately. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by the simulation examples.     

Ground moving target detection and location based on SAR images for distributed spaceborne SAR

In recent years, a new concept of spaceborne SAR implementation has been propos- ed[1,2], i.e., the distributed (constellation) spaceborne SAR implementation in which sev-eral formation-flying small satellites (or micro-satellites) cooperates to perform multiple missions. The coherent combination of ground echoes acquired by all small satellites can significantly improve the performance of ground moving target indication (GMTI), SAR mapping, interferometric SAR (InSAR), etc. Since the …     

一种鲁棒的三通道SAR慢动目标检测、定位算法研究

该文研究三通道合成孔径雷达(SAR)在通道不平衡条件下的慢动目标检测、定位问题。实际系统中,由于雷达系统存在通道幅相不一致等误差,干涉SAR/GMTI技术的杂波抑制性能急剧下降,无法检测慢动目标并进行定位。本文提出了一种分块SAR图像通道误差校正算法,进而采用空域自适应处理对慢动目标进行检测及定位。仿真实验表明该方案对系统误差的敏感度显著下降,具有很好的鲁棒性,非常适合实际工程实施。     

多通道SAR杂波抑制技术研究

主要研究了几种典型的多通道SAR杂波抑制技术:相位中心偏置(DPCA)技术、沿航迹干涉(ATI)技术和空时自适应处理(STAP)技术,探讨了对机载单天线SAR实际数据应用复图像域DPCA、ATI杂波抑制技术和空间频率域STAP杂波抑制技术实现运动目标检测,并给出一些实际数据的实验结果。     

Proposal-Copula-Based Fusion of Spaceborne and Airborne SAR Images for Ship Target Detection⁎⁎

In this paper, we consider the problem of fusion of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from spaceborne and airborne sensors and investigate its applications to inshore ship target detection. Existing SAR image fusion methods mainly focus on image denoising or texture enhancement, but show limited improvement of target-to-clutter ratios (TCRs) in composite images and lead to deteriorated target detection performance. To address this issue, we propose a new method for the fusion of spaceborne and airborne SAR images based on the target proposal and the copula theory (TPCT). In TPCT, target and clutter correspondence between different images are exploited to improve the TCRs of composite images. TPCT consists of three steps. First, target proposals are extracted from spaceborne and airborne SAR images and then fused to enhance the common ship target areas therein. Second, a new method to construct the joint probability density function (PDF) of clutter in spaceborne and airborne SAR images is presented to model the statistical dependence of clutter therein based on the copula theory. This copula-based joint PDF is used to suppress the clutter areas remained in the intersection of target proposals. Third, clues from the intersection of target proposals and the copula-based joint PDF of clutter are fused by the Hadamard product to generate the composite image with enhanced ship targets and the suppressed clutter. Experimental results based on measured spaceborne and airborne SAR data show that the proposed TPCT fusion method leads to higher TCRs of composite images and better performance in the ship detection task than other commonly used image fusion methods.     

An approach for refocusing of ground fast-moving target and high-order motion parameter estimation using Radon-high-order time-chirp rate transform

Long synthetic aperture time can improve the imaging quality of a ground moving target, whereas a moving target may be severely smeared in the cross-range image due to the range migration and the Doppler frequency migration. In this paper, the effects of the third-order Doppler broadening and Doppler ambiguity of a fast-moving target are considered. To address these issues, a novel motion parameter estimation method named high-order time-chirp rate transform (HTRT) is proposed, and then a new synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging method based on Radon-HTRT (RHTRT) for a ground moving target is developed. The major contributions are as follows: 1) The proposed SAR imaging method can eliminate the Doppler ambiguity effect. 2) The proposed method can realize longer time coherent integration than Radon–Fourier transform (RFT) and Radon–fractional Fourier transform (RFRFT) methods. 3) The proposed method is computationally efficient since HTRT can obtain the motion parameters of a moving target via performing the 2-dimensional (2-D) fast Fourier transform (FFT). Both the simulated and real data processing results show that the proposed method can finely image a ground moving target in a high signal-to-clutter and noise ratio (SCNR) environment.     

Moving-in-pulse duration model-based target integration method for HSV-borne high-resolution radar

Hypersonic vehicles (HSVs) offer great advantages over airplanes and satellites, owing to their hypersonic speeds and flexible trajectories. However, HSV-borne radar may suffer from performance degradation if traditional target integration methods with stop-and-go (SAG) approximation are applied; this is especially true for high resolution radar and applications that utilize long-time coherent integration. In this paper, we consider the effects of moving-in-pulse duration (MPD) to derive an HSV-borne radar signal model without SAG approximation by specifically characterizing platform motion during the transmission and reception of a pulse. An explicit formula for wavenumber domain echo is derived using the 2-D joint stationary phase method. To mitigate the pulse-dependent echo distortion induced by the MPD effect, a target integration method based on the omega-K algorithm is proposed; this method employs revised filters for bulk focusing and revised Stolt interpolation for differential focusing to improve the overall focusing quality. The paper discusses the ambiguity functions of in-range MPD echo models, and describes the performance metrics for the integration results in both dimensions, including impulse response width (IRW), peak sidelobe ratio (PSLR), and integrated sidelobe ratio (ISLR). Simulation results have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method in MPD circumstances.     

MIMO SAR OFDM chirp waveform design and GMTI with RPCA based method

Multiple-input multiple-output synthetic aperture radar (MIMO SAR) has drawn wide attention for its increased degrees of freedom (DOFs) compared to the traditional multi-channel SAR (MC-SAR) system. The MIMO SAR system, which makes each antenna illuminate one subswath, can widen the range swath without decreasing PRF. One of the foremost tasks involved in the MIMO SAR system is the waveform design at the transmitter. Moreover, at the receiver, how to accurately separate the auto-correlation signal from the cross-correlation interferences is the other important issue. In this paper, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) chirp signal designing method is firstly proposed, which is based on low cross-correlation interferences and good peak-to-sidelobe ratio (PSLR) rules. Using the designed OFDM chirp signals, the focused signal of MIMO SAR system matched the robust principal component analysis (RPCA) basic model. The moving target (sparse signal), clutter (low-rank signal) and noise (noise signal) can be separated directly. Hence, RPCA based method can be employed for ground moving target indication (GMTI) with no need for extracting the matched signal or suppressing the unmatched interferences. Extensive simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the waveform designing method and GMTI with RPCA based method for MIMO SAR system.     

利用高斯混合模型的SAR图像目标CFAR检测新方法

SAR（合成孔径雷达）图像杂波分布模型种类繁多且对实际地物的建模能力有限。在使用基于杂波统计模型的CFAR(恒虚警率)算法对SAR图像进行目标检测时,杂波统计模型的失配会导致检测结果产生较大的CFAR损失,算法精度不高。提出了一种基于高斯混合模型的CFAR检测新方法。该方法以理论上可以拟合任意形状概率密度分布的高斯混合模型对实际SAR图像的背景杂波进行拟合,利用拟合后得到的分布模型,根据CFAR检测的原理推导出目标检测阈值的计算公式完成目标的检测。新方法对服从不同分布模型的背景杂波,使用形式上统一的模型进行描述,克服了CFAR检测高度依赖背景杂波分布的缺点,提高了CFAR的通用性。实验结果表明,即使在背景杂波类型未知的情况下,新方法依然得到了良好的目标检测效果。     

基于干涉量子雷达的远距离空中目标探测系统设计

空中目标探测对于空中交通管理与调度具有重要的参考意义，为了克服距离给空中目标探测工作带来的困难，利用干涉量子雷达技术，从硬件和软件两个方面优化设计远距离空中目标探测系统。加设干涉量子雷达探测器，改装雷达信号处理与成像装置，完成硬件系统的优化。利用干涉量子雷达技术生成空中目标雷达图像，通过杂波抑制、图像增强等步骤完成初始雷达图像的预处理。提取雷达图像的轮廓特征，测量空中目标距离，计算空中目标尺寸、位置等几何参数以及移动速度参数，最终通过特征匹配确定区域是否存在空中目标，输出空中目标探测结果。通过系统测试实验得出结论：与传统探测系统相比，优化设计系统的距离、尺寸和移动速度探测误差分别降低了5.15m、4.85㎡和4.15m/s，同时扩大了空中目标的探测范围。     

匀速运动目标的聚束SAR成像特征分析

运动目标的合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像特征是SAR/GMTI系统中进行运动目标检测和成像的基础.以往研究都是在两维可分离条带SAR成像算法条件下讨论目标运动对成像的影响,而很少考虑高分辨聚束SAR成像算法处理后运动目标的成像特征.本文推导了两种典型高分辨聚束SAR成像算法(RMA和PFA)处理后的动目标误差谱表达式,并在此基础上从目标几何定位误差、残留距离徙动和散焦等方面给出了完整的聚束SAR运动目标响应特征分析.最后通过仿真数据处理验证了分析结果.     

A novel method for speckle noise reduction and ship target detection in SAR images

It is very difficult to detect small targets when the scattering intensity of background clutter is as strong as the targets and the speckle noise is serious in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Because the scattering of man-made objects lasts for a longer time than that of background clutter in azimuth matching scope, it is much easier for man-made objects to produce strong coherence than ground objects. As the essence of SAR imaging is coherent imaging, the contrast between targets and background clutter can be enhanced via coherent processing of SAR images. This paper proposes a novel method to reduce speckle noise for SAR images and to improve the detected ratio for SAR ship targets from the SAR imaging mechanism. This new method includes the coherence reduction speckle noise (CRSN) algorithm and the coherence constant false-alarm ratio (CCFAR) detection algorithm. Real SAR image data is used to test the presented algorithms and the experimental results verify that they are feasible and effective.     

Time–frequency analysis for moving ship targets in GEO spaceborne/airborne bistatic SAR imaging based on a GEO satellite transmitter

The track of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system mounted on a geosynchronous orbit (GEO) satellite can be curvilinear. GEO spaceborne/airborne bistatic (SA-Bi) SAR, which employs a GEO satellite as a transmitter and an aeroplane that works on the ‘receive-only’ mode as a receiver, is distinct from general bistatic SAR systems. During coherent integration time, the rotation of ship targets results in a time-varying Doppler frequency shift that produces a smeared Doppler spectrum and a blurred image after Fourier transform. This article mainly studies the time–frequency characteristics of ship targets in a GEO SA-Bi SAR system. First, the geometric model of a GEO SA-Bi SAR in ship target imaging is built, and the Doppler frequency shift function induced by target rotation is derived in detail. Then, the instantaneous frequency characteristics of moving targets are analytically calculated based on the time–frequency analysis method. Moreover, a rotation target imaging strategy of GEO SA-Bi SAR based on the time–frequency analysis method is proposed and tested with simulation data, which demonstrates the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Range ambiguity suppression in a synthetic aperture radar using pulse phase coding and two-pulse cancellation

ABSTRACT

In the presence of range ambiguity, the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems suffer from image aliasing, which dramatically degrades the quality of SAR images. In this article, an easy-to-implement technique for range ambiguity suppression is investigated, which is based on phase coding in the transmit pulse dimension, referred to as pulse phase coding (PPC). By properly designing the PPC series, it is possible to discriminate the range ambiguous echoes from different range areas in the Doppler frequency domain. To further suppress the range ambiguous echo, a two-pulse cancellation (TPC)-based SAR imaging method is proposed, which improves the quality of SAR images in the presence of range ambiguity. The proposed two-pulse cancellation is performed followed by the azimuth compression. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

分布式星载SAR-GMTI系统仿真

仿真是进行分布式星载SAR地面动目标检测(GMTI)研究的重要方式。对分布式星载SAR-GMTI的系统仿真进行了全面讨论,内容包括地杂波建模\,动目标建模\,回波仿真方法、信号处理流程和方法,搭建了一个完整的仿真系统,用实验结果验证了该系统的可靠性。     

机载MIMO STAP收发天线联合设计研究

针对机载多输入多输出雷达进行动目标检测时,天线稀疏出现栅瓣导致盲速、天线密布导致冗余及布阵需考虑平台尺寸等问题,对天线结构进行研究.首先基于相位中心等效原理,讨论一定收发阵元数目下如何实现最大自由度和最大孔径;然后根据机载平台结构,设计更合理的收发天线布阵结构;最后结合多相编码进行空时自适应处理,实现动目标检测和杂波抑制.仿真实验表明,与其他天线结构相比,本文方法可获得更好的动目标检测性能.     

基于电子海图的真实感航海雷达图像仿真方法

为了满足军事与商船航海雷达的仿真要求,提高雷达回波图像仿真的真实感,提出了一种基于扇形带状纹理融合模型的实时扫描仿真方法模拟高真实感的雷达回波图像。该方法以电子航海图(ENC)数据为雷达回波源数据,根据雷达回波形成机理,以扇形带状纹理融合算法替代传统基于像素单元的雷达图像仿真方法,实时生成雷达回波纹理数据,在此基础上,提出雷达回波信号处理仿真模型实现雷达基本功能,包括增益调节、海浪抑制与雨雪抑制等。经实验证明,该方法在雷达回波显示效率和效果上有了明显改善,为解决雷达与电子海图显示与信息系统（ECDIS）模拟提供有效的手段。     

基于小波域HMT的图像杂波抑制方法

针对复杂背景下红外微弱点状运动目标的检测,提出一种基于小波域HMT模型的图像杂波抑制方法。对图像小波系数低频部分建立隐马尔可夫树模型,使用Bayesian准则估计图像背景小波系数,参照杂波抑制模型,得到杂波抑制后图像的信号加噪声模型,并通过计算Kendall秩相关系数和Friedman统计量验证了该方法残留噪声的高斯性和独立性。     

合成孔径雷达图像的自适应旁瓣抑制算法分析和实验研究

合成孔径雷达是有源相干高分辨率成像系统,常规成像算法对接收数据进行二维匹配滤波,实现成像。由于成像系统的二维频域支持域有限,使成像系统的方位向和距离向脉冲响应为sinc函数,又SAR图像具有动态范围大的特点,使SAR图像中的强目标旁瓣使弱目标主瓣发生畸变,所以要对SAR图像进行旁瓣抑制。讨论并比较了两种自适应旁瓣抑制算法,并利用模拟数据和中科院电子所的L-SAR系统的雷达图像对这两种算法进行了实验研究。     

一种SAR图像机动目标检测与分析方法

从SAR(合成孔径雷达)图像中检测和分析目标是进行SAR自动目标识别的关键步骤,提出了一种SAR图像中地面机动目标检测与分析的方法,该方法在对图像进行预处理后首先利用背景杂波强度分布为指数分布假设的恒虚警率算法以及形态学运算对原始的SAR场景数据进行快速检测获得感兴趣的目标区域,然后提取目标区域8个特征构成特征矢量以详细描述目标。实验结果表明,该方法计算速度快,能够从获得的目标区域得到大量有用的信息,而且该方法具有一定的通用性。