EPTS:一种实时动态电压调整的抢占阈值调度器

低功耗目前已成为嵌入式实时系统设计中非常重要的性能需求。动态电压调度DVS机制通过动态调整处理器电压进而有效降低系统功耗,正在逐渐得到广泛应用。抢占阈值调度策略实现双优先级系统,每个任务具有两个优先级,任务优先级被用于任务之间竞争处理器,而抢占阈值作为任务开始运行后实际使用的优先级,从而减少现场切换次数,降低系统功耗,同时也提高整个任务集合的可调度性。本文提出一种在线节能调度算法EPTS,拓展抢占阈值调度模型,在任务执行过程中动态调节处理器电压,力求在保证任务集合可调度性的前提下尽可能减少系统功耗,提高系统性能。而后在AMDAthlon4处理器和RT-Linux平台上实现了EPTS调度器,实验证明对于实际任务集合能够有效节能,提高了处理器的利用率,改善了RT-Linux的实时性能。     

改进的最小空闲时间优先调度算法

最小空闲时间优先(least slack first,简称LSF)算法结合任务执行的缓急程度来给任务分配优先级.任务所剩的空闲时间越少,就越需要尽快执行.然而,LSF算法造成任务之间的频繁切换或严重的颠簸现象,增大了系统开销,并限制了其应用.在调度策略中设置抢占阈值可以减少任务之间的切换,但现有的抢占阈值设置方法因受到固定优先级的限制而不适用于LSF算法.为了减轻LSF算法的颠簸现象,基于抢占阈值的思想,提出适用于LSF算法的抢占阈值分配方法,动态地给每个任务配置抢占阈值.任务的抢占阈值是随着任务执行的缓急程度不同而动态地变化的,而且不受任务个数的限制.仿真结果表明,通过对LSF算法的改进,任务之间的切换大大减少,同时降低了任务截止期错失率.该改进型算法对设计和实现实时操作系统具有一定的参考价值.     

无线传感器网络异步任务集双效节能延迟调度算法研究

深亚微米技术的发展,使得漏电功耗在CMOS电路总功耗中所占比重日益增大,传统的传感器节点CPU节能研究主要针对动态功耗,其能耗估计和优化方法已凸显局限.针对此问题,提出动态电压调节(DVS)和动态功耗管理(DPM)相结合的双效节能延迟调度算法.从相对截止期小于等于周期的异步实时任务调度出发,结合DVS技术,综合考虑动态功耗和漏电功耗的影响,在满足任务实时性的前提下,选取每个任务的CPU执行速度,以降低总能耗,并通过任务的延迟调度对CPU空闲时段加以合并,采用DPM方法使CPU在空闲时段有选择性的进入低功耗状态,从而进一步降低漏电能耗.仿真实验验证了该算法的有效性.     

抢占阈值调度算法的分析与研究

本文详细论述了应用于静态优先级实时系统的抢占阈值调度算法。描述了算法实现和任务集合可调度性判定公式的推导,分析了算法的性能特点,阐述了抢占阈值调度是静态优先级嵌入式实时系统开发中调度算法的合适选择。     

一种基于VFD多核系统的硬实时任务节能调度算法

由于芯片功耗不断增加,节能已成为一个亟待解决的重要问题.基于全局异步局域同步(GALS)及电压频率域(VFD)技术的多核处理器计算平台,提出周期性硬实时任务节能调度算法.首先将给定任务集中的实时任务按最差匹配递减(WFD)策略映射到各个计算核上,使各计算核的利用率相对更加均衡,然后利用静态电压?频率调整策略,将每一个VFD内各计算核的共享运行频率降至此VFD中负载最重的计算核的利用率以回收并利用空闲时间节能.在静态策略的基础上提出空闲时间重分配(SR)策略,在保证实时任务可调度的前提下,通过进行任务迁移来平衡VFD内各计算核上的空闲时间分布,以进一步降低VFD的共享运行频率,从而降低能耗.实验表明提出的节能算法可取得较好的节能效果.     

FPTS:一种任务间存在共享资源时的抢占阈值调度算法

受到广泛关注的抢占阈值调度算法能够有效减少现场切换次数,防止不必要的任务抢占,降低资源额外消耗,提高任务集合的可调度性.目前该调度算法的研究工作大多围绕独立任务集合展开,在实际实时系统中任务经常需要互斥访问共享资源,任务之间由于资源共享而导致的相关性对于任务集合的优先级分配和抢占阈值分配都有很大的影响.SRP协议是在实时系统中得到广泛应用的资源访问控制协议,具有死锁避免、提前阻塞、共享任务栈等一系列优良特性.将SRP和抢占阈值调度算法结合起来,提出FPTS调度模型,给出相应的可调度性判定公式,考虑在任务之间使用SRP协议时求解任务抢占阅值分配,最后给出计算抢占阈值分配的伪多项式时间算法.     

动态抢占阈值调度中的快速任务选择算法

基于动态抢占阈值的实时调度算法集非抢占调度和纯抢占调度的特点,既减少了由于过多的随意抢占造成的CPU资源浪费,又保证了较高的CPU资源利用率。然而,现有的任务选择算法运行时的额外代价严重影响了系统的整体性能。针对这个问题,本文提出一种使用“选择树”作为任务队列结构的、时间复杂度为O（｜log2n｜）的快速任务选择算法。本文从理论上证明该算法正确性的同时,在使用ARM9芯片的Nokia智能手机上验证了该算法在嵌入式实时系统中的有效性。实验表明,该算法在充分利用处理器的同时能够有效降低动态阈值调度算法的额外代价。     

同构DVS集群中基于自适应阈值的并行任务节能调度算法

目前,高能效的并行任务调度算法设计已经成为集群系统的研究热点.现有基于复制的节能调度算法主要利用阈值平衡系统的性能和能耗,但随机设置的阈值无法根据性能需求和环境参数等特征自动调节,导致调度算法存在一定的局限性.文中提出一种面向同构集群系统的两阶段节能调度算法ATES(Adaptive Threshold-based Energy-efficient Scheduling).首先,设计一种基于自适应阈值的任务复制策略,该策略能够自动计算最佳阈值,利用该阈值获取近似最优的任务分组.然后,将各分组任务调度到支持DVS的处理器上,并充分利用任务之间的空闲时间降低处理器电压.该算法将任务复制策略与电压调节技术有机结合,在调度过程中能够自动调整阈值,有效提高调度算法的能效.为了验证ATES算法的合理性,通过典型应用进行仿真实验,并与常见任务调度算法进行比较,结果表明ATES算法能够更好地实现性能和能耗之间的平衡.     

容错优先级可提升的抢占阈值容错调度算法

基于软件容错模型,提出了允许容错优先级提升的抢占阈值容错调度算法(extended fault-tolerantfixed-priority with preemption threshold,简称FT-FPPT*).该算法能够在抢占式容错调度算法(fault-tolerantfixed-priority preemptive,简称FT-FPP)和抢占阈值容错调度算法(fault-tolerant fixed-priority with preemptionthreshold,简称FT-FPPT)无法提高系统容错能力的情况下,进一步提高系统的容错能力.为了获得系统中任务优先级分配的最佳策略,基于任务最坏响应时间的可调度性分析,提出了一种最优的优先级配置搜索算法(priorityassignment search algorithm,简称PASA).经过深入分析和实验证明,与FT-FPPT算法相比,FT-FPPT*算法能够有效地提高硬实时系统的容错能力.     

开销敏感的多处理器最优节能实时调度算法

嵌入式多处理器系统的能耗问题变得日益重要,如何减少能耗同时满足实时约束成为多处理器系统节能实时调度中的一个重要问题.目前绝大多数研究基于关键速度降低处理器的频率以减少动态能耗,采用关闭处理器的方法减少静态能耗.虽然这种方法可以实现节能,但是不能保证最小化能耗.而现有最优的节能实时调度未考虑处理器状态切换的时间和能量开销,因此在切换开销不可忽视的实际平台中不再是最优的.文中针对具有独立动态电压频率调节和动态功耗管理功能的多处理器系统,考虑处理器切换开销,提出一种基于帧任务模型的最优节能实时调度算法.该算法根据关键速度来判断系统负载情况,确定具有最低能耗值的活跃处理器个数,然后根据状态切换开销来确定最优调度序列.该算法允许实时任务在处理器之间任意迁移,计算复杂度小,易于实现.数学分析证明了该算法的最优性.     

面向同构多核处理器的节能任务调度方法

对于运行在同构多核处理器上的周期性硬实时任务,设计了一个基于动态电压调节的节能调度方法。该方法首先将计算任务按照周期数降序排序并基于计算任务调度长度最短的原则安排任务映射。然后将各个处理核上具有最小通讯时间的计算任务设置为最后执行的计算任务而其它计算任务顺序保持不变。在初始映射中所有计算任务都被分配最高频率的情况下,每个处理核上的计算任务在执行时间扩展过程中确定最佳的计算任务顺序。基于 Intel PXA270的功耗模型,以几个随机任务集作实验。结果表明提出的方法能够有效地降低多核处理器的能量。     

System level fixed priority energy management algorithm for embedded real time application

Dynamic power management (DPM) and dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) are crucial techniques to reduce the energy consumption in embedded real-time systems. Many previous studies have focused on the energy consumption of the processor or I/O devices. In this paper, we focus on the problem of energy management integrating DVS and DPM techniques for periodic embedded real-time applications with rate monotonic (RM) policy and present a system level fixed priority energy-efficient scheduling (SLFPEES) algorithm. The SLFPEES algorithm consists of I/O device scheduling and job scheduling. I/O device scheduling is based on the dynamic power management with rate monotonic (DPM-RM) policy which puts devices into the sleep state when the idle interval is larger than devices break even time. Job scheduling is based on the RM policy and uses stack resource protocol (SRP) to guarantee exclusive access to the shared resources. For energy efficiency, the SLFPEES algorithm schedules the task with a lower speed and a higher speed. The experimental result shows that the SLFPEES algorithm can yield significantly energy savings with respect to the existing techniques.     

Energy Efficient Scheduling of Real-Time Tasks on Multicore Processors

Multicore processors deliver a higher throughput at lower power consumption than unicore pro- cessors. In the near future, they will thus be widely used in mobile real-time systems. There have been many research on energy-efficient scheduling of real-time tasks using DVS. These approaches must be modified for multicore processors, however, since normally all the cores in a chip must run at the same performance level. Thus blindly adopting existing DVS algorithms which do not consider the restriction will result in a waste of energy. This article suggests Dynamic Repartitioning algorithm based on existing partitioning approaches of multiprocessor systems. The algorithm dynamically balances the task loads of multiple cores to optimize power consumption during execution. We also suggest Dynamic Core Scaling algorithm which adjusts the number of active cores to reduce leakage power consumption under low load conditions. Simulation results show that Dynamic Repartitioning can produce energy savings of about 8% even with the best energy-efficient partitioning algorithm. The results also show that Dynamic Core Scaling can reduce energy consumption by about 26% under low load conditions.     

Energy-efficient scheduling of real-time tasks with shared resources

This paper explores the energy-efficient scheduling of real-time tasks on a non-ideal DVS processor in the presence of resource sharing. We assume that tasks are periodic, preemptive and may access to shared resources. When dynamic-priority and fixed-priority scheduling are considered, we use the earliest deadline first (EDF) algorithm and the rate monotonic (RM) algorithm to schedule the given set of tasks. Based on the stack resource policy (SRP), we propose an approach, called blocking-aware two-speed (BATS) algorithm, to synchronize the tasks with shared resources and to calculate appropriate execution speeds so that the shared resources can be accessed in a mutual exclusive manner and the energy consumption can be reduced. Particularly, BATS uses a static low speed to execute tasks initially, and then it switches to a high speed dynamically whenever a task blocks a higher priority task. More specifically, the processor runs at the high speed from the beginning of the blocking until the deadline of the blocked task or the processor becomes idle. In order to guarantee that the deadlines of tasks are met, the static low speed and the dynamic high speeds are derived based on the theoretical analysis of the schedulability of tasks. Compared with existing work, BATS achieves more energy saving because its dynamic high speeds are lower than that of existing work and the processor has less chance to execute tasks at the high speeds. The schedulability analysis and the properties of our proposed BATS are provided in this paper. We also evaluated the capabilities of BATS by a series of experiments, for which we have some encouraging results.     

基于DVS技术的性能感知反馈调度算法

传统DVS算法在能量管理方面没有考虑实际系统性能的需求,这在一定意义上限制了其节能效果．针对这一问题,提出一种基于DVS技术的性能感知反馈调度算法．在反馈调度器中,分别采用DVS技术和模糊控制技术设计CPU电压调节模块和控制任务周期调节模块,实现对系统CPU速率和控制任务采样周期的动态调节．通过与基于固定采样周期的DVS反馈调度算法进行对比,结果表明该算法在保证系统控制性能的同时进一步降低了系统能耗．     

基于混合任务的系统级低功耗实时调度算法及其在馈线远方终端中的应用

在保证实时性的前提下,研究了馈线远方终端的系统级低功耗设计方法．在馈线远方终端中采 用主从CPU 的硬件结构,对主CPU 进行任务划分和实时性分析;并结合动态电压调节技术,设计了基于混合 任务的静态、动态低功耗调度算法．仿真实验表明,该方法能够有效降低远方终端的功耗．     

Feedback fuzzy-DVS scheduling of control tasks

To consider the energy-aware scheduling problem in computer-controlled systems is necessary to improve the control performance, to use the limited computing resource sufficiently, and to reduce the energy consumption to extend the lifetime of the whole system. In this paper, the scheduling problem of multiple control tasks is discussed based on an adjustable voltage processor. A feedback fuzzy-DVS (dynamic voltage scaling) scheduling architecture is presented by applying technologies of the feedback control and the fuzzy DVS. The simulation results show that, by using the actual utilization as the feedback information to adjust the supply voltage of processor dynamically, the high CPU utilization can be implemented under the precondition of guaranteeing the control performance, whilst the low energy consumption can be achieved as well. The proposed method can be applied to the design in computer-controlled systems based on an adjustable voltage processor.