一种基于遗传Hopfield神经网络求解TSP问题的算法

针对Hopfield网络求解TSP问题时出现无效解和收敛性能差的问题,对约束条件能量函数进行改进,构造了一种求解TSP问题的遗传Hopfield神经网络算法,并与经典Hopfield神经网络求解TSP方法进行对比.实验结果表明,本文算法具有更好的整体求解性能.     

PASCP在大规模TSP中的应用

蚂蚁系统是由M．Dorigo等人首先提出的一种新型的模拟进化算法，初步的研究表明该算法具有极强的鲁棒性和发现较好解的能力，但同时也存在收敛速度慢等缺点。该文提出了一种带聚类处理的并行蚂蚁系统，该算法首先将大规模TSP问题通过聚类处理分解成一些小规模，ISP问题，然后对每一个小规模TSP问题分别使用蚂蚁系统并行求解，最后将所有小规模TSP问题的解合并成TSP问题的解。对带聚类特征的大规模TSP问题的仿真实验表明该算法极大地提高了蚂蚁系统的收敛速度。     

对一类带聚类特征TSP问题的并行遗传算法求解

提出了一种带聚类处理的并行遗传算法,该算法首先对大规模TSP问题进行聚类处理,将其分解成一些小规模TSP问题,然后分别对每个小规模TSP问题利用遗传算法并行求解,最后将所有小规模TSP问题的解按一定规则合并成大规模TSP问题的解。对大规模TSP问题的模拟实验表明该算法极大地提高了遗传算法的收敛速度。     

基于聚类集成的蚁群算法求解大规模TSP问题

ACA（Ant Colony Algorithm）是一种可以有效求解组合优化的TSP（Travelling Salesman Problem）问题的方法。然而,当TSP问题的规模较大时,该算法的求解性能将会明显减弱。本文针对大规模TSP问题提出一种基于聚类集成的蚁群算法IAPACA（Improved AP Ant Colony Algorithm）的求解方法。利用AP（Affinity Propagation）聚类对大规模旅行商问题进行处理,将大规模旅行商问题分为若干子问题,并对每个子问题用蚁群算法进行寻优。然后用改进的集成方案对子问题进行组合,得到问题的结果。最后进行TSPLIB标准库测试算例的实验仿真,实验结果表明,基于聚类集成的蚁群算法具有更好的求解效果。     

利用Hopfield神经网络求解旅行商问题研究

本文主要研究利用连续的Hopfield网络求解TSP问题,从连续的Hopfield神经网络原理出发,结合TSP问题的要求,在给定参数要求下求得问题的最优解。并分析了实际算法的弱点,给出分析改进算法,加快了算法的收敛速度,改善有效解并提高最优解的比例。     

旅行商问题(TSP)算法比较

将求解TSP问题的算法分为两大类:仿生算法和非仿生算法.通过实验比较两类算法在解决TSP问题时的优劣.实验结果表明,仿生算法是解决TSP问题的有效方法,在问题规模较大时,能够在允许的时间和误差内求得问题的解;而非仿生算法或者求解问题的规模很小,或者无法满足误差要求,因此都无法有效求解TSP问题.基于仿生算法在解决大规模组合优化问题时的有效性,论文提出了将仿生算法应用于云计算这一当今IT界热门话题的猜想.     

智能算法求解TSP问题的比较

目前TSP问题的求解方法不仅种类繁多,而且模型迥异。集中讨论求解TSP问题的智能算法,将其分为进化算法、Hopfield神经网络和自组织映射3类,对每类方法进行了原理研究、性能分析和优缺点比较。最后通过不同规模的实验进行验证,发现进化算法与局部搜索的组合求解TSP性能最好。今后的研究将集中在如何寻找更优的局部搜索。     

具有多态特征和聚类处理的蚁群算法

现实蚁群中,蚁群的觅食是一种典型的聚类行为,文中针对一些带聚类特征的TSP,提出了新型的带聚类处理的多态蚁群算法。该算法思想是根据聚类特征对TSP中的城市进行处理．将待求问题分成许多小规模的子问题。对于每个子问题,融合多态蚁群算法,引入不同种类的蚁群。通过对每个子问题进行求解,得到类内最短距离。最后按文中给出的规则合并所有子问题的解得到最优解。算法实验测试结果表明,该算法能将局域搜索与全局搜索相结合,极大提高了算法的收敛速度和求解速度。     

基于禁忌表的定位算法求解TSP问题

本文提出了一种基于禁忌表的定位算法求解TSP问题的快速、高效近似算法。这种算法结合了禁忌搜索算法中禁忌表及大规模构造算法和定位改进算法求解规模较大的TSP问题。计算机实例仿真证明,算法在求解质量和求解速度两方面高于著名的启发式算法的解。该算法针对TSP问题提出,是非常有效的。     

求解旅行商问题的几种智能算法

旅行商问题（TSP）是一个典型的组合优化问题,易于描述却难于求解。对于大规模TSP问题,目前仍未有非常有效的方法,如何快速有效的求解TSP问题有着重要的理论价值和实际意义。文章介绍了什么是TSP,论述了目前求解旅行商问题较为有效的六种智能算法（遗传算法、蚁群算法、Hopfield神经网络算法、模拟退火算法、人工免疫算法、混合优化算法）,并简单阐述了其优缺点,给出了未来针对TSP问题的研究重点。     

基于局部进化的Hopfield神经网络的优化计算方法

提出一种基于局部进化的Hopfield神经网络优化计算方法，该方法将遗传算法和Hopfield神经网络结合在一起，克服了Hopfield神经网络易收敛到局部最优值的缺点，以及遗传算法收敛速度慢的缺点。该方法首先由Hopfield神经网络进行状态方程的迭代计算降低网络能量，收敛后的Hopfield神经网络在局部范围内进行遗传算法寻优，以跳出可能的局部最优值陷阱，再由Hopfield神经网络进一步迭代优化。这种局部进化的Hopfield神经网络优化计算方法尤其适合于大规模的优化问题，对图像分割问题和规模较大的200城市旅行商问题的优化计算结果表明，其全局收敛率和收敛速度明显提高。     

Solving optimization problems with variable-constraint by anextended Cohen-Grossberg model

A variety of real-world problems can be formulated as continuous optimization problems with variable constraint. It is well-known, however, that it is difficult to develop a unified method for obtaining their feasible solutions. We have recognized that the recent work of solving the traveling salesman problem (TSP) by the Hopfield model explores an innovative approach to them as well as combinatorial optimization problems. The Hopfield model is generalized into the Cohen-Grossberg model (CGM) to which a specific Lyapunov function has been found. This paper thus extends the Hopfield method onto the CGM in order to develop a unified solving-method of continuous optimization problems with variable-constraint. Specifically, we consider a certain class of continuous optimization problems with a constraint equation including the Hopfield version of the TSP as a particular member. Then we theoretically develop a method that, from any given problem of that class, derives a network of an extended CGM to provide feasible solutions to it. The main idea for constructing that extended CGM lies in adding to it a synapse dynamical system concurrently operating with its current unit dynamical system so that the constraint equation can be enforced to satisfaction at final states. This construction is also motivated by previous neuron models in biophysics and learning algorithms in neural networks     

Mathematical improvement of the Hopfield model for feasiblesolutions to the traveling salesman problem by a synapse dynamicalsystem

It is well known that the Hopfield Model (HM) for neural networks to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) suffers from three major drawbacks. (1) It can converge on nonoptimal locally minimum solutions. (2) It can converge on infeasible solutions. (3) Results are very sensitive to the careful tuning of its parameters. A number of methods have been proposed to overcome (a) well. In contrast, work on (b) and (c) has not been sufficient; techniques have not been generalized to more general optimization problems. Thus this paper mathematically resolves (b) and (c) to such an extent that the resolution can be applied to solving with some general network continuous optimization problems including the Hopfield version of the TSP. It first constructs an Extended HM (E-HM) that overcomes both (b) and (c). Fundamental techniques of the E-HM lie in the addition of a synapse dynamical system cooperated with the current HM unit dynamical system. It is this synapse dynamical system that makes the TSP constraint hold at any final states for whatever choices of the IIM parameters and an initial state. The paper then generalizes the E-HM further to a network that can solve a class of continuous optimization problems with a constraint equation where both of the objective function and the constraint function are nonnegative and continuously differentiable.     

An asynchronous recurrent linear threshold network approach to solving the traveling salesman problem

In this paper, an approach to solving the classical Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) using a recurrent network of linear threshold (LT) neurons is proposed. It maps the classical TSP onto a single-layered recurrent neural network by embedding the constraints of the problem directly into the dynamics of the network. The proposed method differs from the classical Hopfield network in the update of state dynamics as well as the use of network activation function. Furthermore, parameter settings for the proposed network are obtained using a genetic algorithm, which ensure a stable convergence of the network for different problems. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed network performs better than the classical Hopfield network for optimization.     

A theoretical investigation into the performance of the Hopfieldmodel

An analysis is made of the behavior of the Hopfield model as a content-addressable memory (CAM) and as a method of solving the traveling salesman problem (TSP). The analysis is based on the geometry of the subspace set up by the degenerate eigenvalues of the connection matrix. The dynamic equation is shown to be equivalent to a projection of the input vector onto this subspace. In the case of content-addressable memory, it is shown that spurious fixed points can occur at any corner of the hypercube that is on or near the subspace spanned by the memory vectors. Analysed is why the network can frequently converge to an invalid solution when applied to the traveling salesman problem energy function. With these expressions, the network can be made robust and can reliably solve the traveling salesman problem with tour sizes of 50 cities or more.     

An argument for abandoning the travelling salesman problem as a neural-network benchmark.

In this paper, a distinction is drawn between research which assesses the suitability of the Hopfield network for solving the travelling salesman problem (TSP) and research which attempts to determine the effectiveness of the Hopfield network as an optimization technique. It is argued that the TSP is generally misused as a benchmark for the latter goal, with the existence of an alternative linear formulation giving rise to unreasonable comparisons.     

A columnar competitive model for solving combinatorial optimization problems

The major drawbacks of the Hopfield network when it is applied to some combinatorial problems, e.g., the traveling salesman problem (TSP), are invalidity of the obtained solutions, trial-and-error setting value process of the network parameters and low-computation efficiency. This letter presents a columnar competitive model (CCM) which incorporates winner-takes-all (WTA) learning rule for solving the TSP. Theoretical analysis for the convergence of the CCM shows that the competitive computational neural network guarantees the convergence to valid states and avoids the onerous procedures of determining the penalty parameters. In addition, its intrinsic competitive learning mechanism enables a fast and effective evolving of the network. The simulation results illustrate that the competitive model offers more and better valid solutions as compared to the original Hopfield network.     

Theoretical limitations of a Hopfield network for crossbarswitching

It has been reported through simulations that Hopfield networks for crossbar switching almost always achieve the maximum throughput. It has therefore appeared that Hopfield networks of high-speed computation by parallel processing could possibly be used for crossbar switching. However, it has not been determined whether they can always achieve the maximum throughput. In the paper, the capabilities and limitations of a Hopfield network for crossbar switching are considered. The Hopfield network considered in the paper is generated from the most familiar and seemingly the most powerful neural representation of crossbar switching. Based on a theoretical analysis of the network dynamics, we show what switching control the Hopfield network can or cannot produce. Consequently, we are able to show that a Hopfield network cannot always achieve the maximum throughput.     

旅行商问题(TSP)的几种求解方法

旅行商问题（TSP）是组合优化领域里的一个典型的、易于描述却难以处理的NP完全难题，其可能的路径数目与城市数目是呈指数型增长的，求解非常困难。而快速、有效地解决TSP有着重要的理论价值和极高的实际应用价值。该文首先介绍了什么是TSP，接着论述了六种目前针对TSP比较有效的解决方法（模拟退火算法、禁忌搜索算法、Hopfield神经网络优化算法、蚁群算法、遗传算法和混合优化策略）的基本思想，并且简单阐述了它们的求解过程，最后分别指出了各自的优缺点并对解决TSP的前景提出了展望。     

An efficient model of neural networks for dynamic programming

Systems based on artificial neural networks have high computational rates owing to the use of a massive number of simple processing elements and the high degree of connectivity between these elements. Neural networks with feedback connections provide a computing model capable of solving a large class of optimization problems. This paper presents a novel approach for solving dynamic programming problems using artificial neural networks. More specifically, a modified Hopfield network is developed and its internal parameters are computed using the valid-subspace technique. These parameters guarantee the convergence of the network to the equilibrium points. Simulated examples are presented and compared with other neural networks. The results demonstrate that the proposed method gives a significant improvement.