Practitioner Summary: This study aims to identify bio-psycho-social factors associated with subjective sleepiness of female nurses during the night shift. Increasing sleepiness was associated with increased age in nurses with early chronotypes and with more children. Increased cognitive pre-sleep arousal, but not sleep, was associated with increased sleepiness, especially in late chronotypes. 相似文献
Practitioner Summary: Chronotype seems to better explain individual differences in sleep than age. In view of ageing societies, it might therefore be worthwhile to further examine the application of chronotype for individualised shift work schedules to facilitate healthy and sustainable employment. 相似文献
Practitioner Summary: We investigated police officers’ preferences regarding the number of consecutive night shifts. The majority preferred four consecutive night shifts. Those who preferred the longer spells of night work found night work less demanding, found it easier to sleep at different times of the day, and were more frequently evening types. 相似文献
Practitioner Summary: During multi-day wildfire suppression, firefighters’ sleep quantity was restricted, and pre- and post-sleep fatigue ratings were higher, compared to non-fire days. Furthermore, total sleep time was less when: (i) sleep occurred in a tent/vehicle, (ii) shifts were >14 h and (iii) shifts started between 05:00 and 06:00 h. 相似文献
Practitioner Summary: Commuting accidents occur frequently and have detrimental effects on employees, organisations and society. This study shows that daily lack of recovery, that is, impaired psychological detachment and impaired sleep quality, is related to near-accidents when commuting to work the next morning. Primary prevention of commuting accidents should therefore address daily lack of recovery. 相似文献
Practitioner Summary: To examine associations between firefighters’ physical activity levels across consecutive shifts during a multi-day emergency wildfire and determine whether sleep duration moderated these associations. Firefighters are able to maintain and/or increase their physical activity intensity between consecutive shifts. No significant moderating effect of total sleep time was observed. 相似文献
They center around the notion of computability.
In this paper we propose a new definition of computability which lays the foundations for a theory of cybernetic and intelligent machines in which the classical limits imposed by discrete algorithmic procedures are offset by the use of continuous operators on unlimited data. This data is supplied to the machine in a totally parallel mode, as a field or wave.
This theory of machines draws its concepts from category theory, Lie algebras, and general systems theory. It permits the incorporation of intelligent control into the design of the machine as a virtual element. The incorporated control can be realized in many (machine) configurations of which we give three:
a) a quantum mechanical realization appropriate to a possible understanding of the quantum computer and other models of the physical microworld,
b) a stochastic realization based on Kolmogorov-Gabor theory leading to a possible understanding of generalised models of the physical or thermodynamic macroworld, and lastly
c) a classical mechanical realization appropriate lo the study of a new class of robots.
Particular applications at a fundamental level are cited in geometry, mathematics, biology, acoustics, aeronautics, quantum mechanics, general relativity and. Markov chains. The proposed theory therefore opens a new way towards understanding the processes that underlie intelligence. 相似文献
—formality of the modeling methodology
—ability to model static and dynamic aspects
—ability to pass between levels of differently rich structures by morphisms
—uniform representation of the communication process as
—an information process
—a decision process and
—a control process
—homogeneity of the representation and modeling methods
—ability to derive qualitative and quantitative statements.
The foundation is provided by a Discrete Event-Dynamic Net System which includes the axiomatic declaration of general Petri nets. In order to calculate the structural and dynamic aspects, so-called Petri net machines are developed. It is shown that this approach can even be used to treat the following aspects:
—use of time during the process
—increase of costs during the generation and transportation of information
—augmentation, evaluation and transformation of information objects.
Recursive formulas are derived and some examples calculated. 相似文献
Method: Convenience sample of 34 healthy participants wore Stro II, Philadelphia, Headmaster, and AspenVista® cervical orthoses for four-hour periods. Participants reported discomfort level (scale 0–6) and location.
Results: Participants reported mean discomfort for all orthoses over the four-hour test between ‘a little discomfort’ and ‘very uncomfortable’ (mean discomfort score = 1.64, SD = 1.50). Seven participants prematurely stopped tests due to pain and six reported maximum discomfort scores. Significant linear increase in discomfort with duration of wear was found for all orthoses. Significantly less discomfort was reported with Stro II than Headmaster and Philadelphia. Age correlated with greater perceived discomfort. Orthoses differed in the location discomfort was experienced.
Conclusion: Existing cervical orthoses cause discomfort influenced by design and duration of wear with orthoses’ design the more significant factor. This work informed the design of a new orthosis and future orthoses developments.
Practitioner Summary: The purpose of this study was to gain greater knowledge about the discomfort caused by wearing of existing neck orthoses in order to inform the design and development of a new neck orthosis. This study gathers empirical data from a surrogate population and concludes that orthosis design is more influential than the duration of wear. 相似文献
To identify the areas where there is suspicion of illegal waste burial, a great amount of time is often necessary. As a matter of fact, the detection of suspicious areas is often based on a comparison of available airborne images with high temporal and spatial resolution, and surveys. This is also done to gather significant aspect of change as deep soil reshuffle in small excavation areas. These methods however, take a long time to be applied because large areas have to be analysed within sub-areas. Consequently, there is loss of understanding related to a wider and complete phenomenon that allows us to have information of all the territory that has undergone heavy transformations, especially if due to illegal conduct of waste disposal. As a result, there are no enough data to strategically evaluate how to counteract such illegal activities.
Since these areas have already been heavily disturbed and subjected to continuous changes over time, one or more detection techniques in a standardized procedure might only be applicable in some contexts. The above method comparison and survey is certainly a useful tool for detecting areas affected by excavation activities or waste illegal disposal. It also provides information where significant transformations have occurred in a short time.
The purpose of this work is the development of a processing procedure with Landsat images applicable to agro-ecosystems that can produce results in heavily transformed areas where suspicion of illegal waste burial is high. 相似文献
The simulation process, which consists of model building and model selection, followed by the generation and execution of a software simulator, can be partially automated if an Object-Oriented methodology is adopted. In this article, a methodology is presented, which is presently under investigation in the DESiRE (Dynamic Expert Systems in Robotic Experimentation)project
In the modelling phase, a hierarchical, uniform way of describing and manipulating continuous and discrete models is needed, if the highly desirable reusability of submodels is to be achieved. This is only possible if a clear distinction is made between bare models (and information about their intrinsic coupling) and causal simulation experiment-related data.
In the simulation phase, before generating numerical simulation code, a symbolic reduction of the continuous parts of the model is performed, thus eliminating inaccuracy introduced by the untimely application of possibly unstable numerical algorithms.
Finally, from the reduced representation, executable simulator-objects are produced for use in a distributed environment. 相似文献
Forty-six students of Wroclaw University participated in a within-subject design experiment. Each subject participated in a non-VR control condition and in two experimental conditions. Participants navigated the VR game using a computer mouse, but the mouse sensitivity (and therefore amount of physical movement necessary to navigate) was different in each experimental condition. We also measured feeling of presence in VR, game behavior, and attitudes toward the game.
The amount of body movement while steering the game was related to a decrease in pain intensity, but not in pain tolerance. This was an opposite result to our previously published experiment where we found an effect on pain tolerance but not on sensitivity. There was no significant correlation between presence and any of the pain measures. 相似文献
Advanced Information Systems for Lawyers V. Mital & L. Johnson, 1992 London: Chapman & Hall. pp. 306, £35.00
Law of Contract Laurence Koffman & Elizabeth MacDonald, 1992 London: Fourmat Publishing, 430 pp., paperback £22.50
The Electronic Media and the Transformation of Law M. Ethan Katsh, 1991 Oxford: Oxford University Press. £13.95 相似文献
In the context of energy and evolution, recent self-organization theories are reviewed, synthesized and extended by the Theory of Radially Evolving Energy (TREE). Radial evolution, describing the increasing concentration of energy density in successively emerging systems, is dimensionally distinct from, yet consistent with, Darwinian theory
Human acceleration of a natural feedback between energy consumption and technology threatens the health of our populations and those of other species. This feedback, formation of intergovernmental systems, mortality of social systems, and loss of individual human freedom to governmental control are predicted by the theory of radial evolution. To understand the adaptive compromises that lie ahead, we must learn the natural parameters that drive and bound society's growth. 相似文献
Yearbook of Law, Computers and Technology, Volume 5. K.V. Russell (Ed.), 1991. London: Butterworths. £29.50.
Computers, Artificial Intelligence and the Law. Mervyn E. Bennun (Ed.), 1991. London: Ellis Horwood. xx +132 (including bibliography & index), £26.50
Modelling Legal Argument: reasoning with cases and hypotheticals. Kevin D. Ashley, 1990. Cambridge: MIT Press. 329 pp. 相似文献
Internet of Things (IoT) is providing new services and insights by sensing contextual data but there are growing concerns of privacy risks from users that need immediate attention.
The Reason
The IoT devices and smart services can capture Personally Identifiable Information (PII) without user knowledge or consent. The IoT technology has not reached the desired level of maturity to standardize security and privacy requirements.
The Solution
IoT Privacy by Design is a user-centric approach for enabling privacy with security and safety as a ‘win-win’ positive outcome of IoT offerings, irrespective of business domain. The Proactive and Preventive Privacy (3P) Framework proposed in this paper should be adopted by the IoT stakeholders for building trust and confidence in end users about IoT devices and smart services. 相似文献
Methods: Thirty-five university students (17 males and 18 females) were recruited for this experiment. They performed six 40-min trials of playing computer games in all experimental conditions. Visual fatigue, comfort perception, and task performance were collected at the end of each trial.
Results and Discussion: There were no interactions between display model and ambient illumination. Display model had a significant effect on visual fatigue and visual performance, and the best display quality caused less visual fatigue during long periods of viewing. We found no significant effect between 200 lx and 500 lx of ambient illumination on visual fatigue or visual performance; therefore, further research should be conducted to determine what levels of ambient illumination, both high and low, can affect visual fatigue and task performance. 相似文献
Practitioner Summary: Effective management of work-related health requires that practitioners manage both sickness absence and presence together, since employees tend to fluctuate between the two when unwell. Interventions should be tailored to the specific health concern, paying particular attention to the psychosocial environment in enabling employees to continue working without exacerbating health. 相似文献
Method: We conducted a 24-week live user evaluation of push notifications used in a behavior-based mobile app for a meal replacement program to understand the role of push notifications in persuading users to engage with self-monitoring tasks.
Results: User perception of the prompts were verified through questionnaires, which in conjunction with the interaction logs show that users were tolerant of multiple daily prompts. The decline in compliance to the tasks set, however, shows that while the participants did not object to receiving prompts, they were less likely to respond to them as the study progressed.
Conclusions: Push notifications and user tasks are appropriate mechanisms to engage users with mobile technology in the short term. 相似文献
Practitioner Summary:
This paper examined if HR and HRV were sensitive to varying task demands in a fighter aviation environment and if these measures were related to variations in pilot’s performance. 相似文献