基于扰动观测器的永磁同步发电机最大功率跟踪滑模控制

本文设计了一款基于扰动观测器的滑模控制(perturbation observer based sliding-mode control, POSMC)来实现永磁同步发电机(permanent magnetic synchronous generator, PMSG)的最大功率跟踪(maximum power point tracking, MPPT).首先,将发电机非线性、参数不确定、以及随机风速聚合成一个扰动,并通过扰动观测器对其进行在线估计.随后,采用滑模控制(sliding-mode control, SMC)对该扰动估计进行实时完全补偿,从而实现不同工况下的控制全局一致性以及各类不确定环境下的鲁棒控制.同时, POSMC采用扰动实时估计值进行补偿来代替传统SMC中所使用的扰动上限值进行补偿,因此可有效解决传统SMC过于保守的缺点,使得控制成本更为合理.最后, POSMC无需精确的PMSG模型,仅需测量d轴电流和机械转速,易于实现.本文进行了3个算例研究,即阶跃风速、随机风速和发电机参数不确定.仿真结果表明,与矢量控制(vector control, VC)和SMC相比, POSMC在各类工况下均可捕获最大风能并具有较强的鲁棒性.基于d Space的硬件在环实验(hardware-in-loop, HIL)验证了所提算法的可行性.     

直流降压变换器的降阶扩张状态观测器与滑模控制设计与实现

本文针对直流降压变换器的负载电阻扰动和输入电压变化等系统不确定因素对输出电压的影响,提出了基于降阶扩张状态观测器的滑模控制方法(SMC+RESO).首先设计降阶扩张状态观测器对系统状态,负载电阻扰动和输入电压变化进行估计,然后基于估计值利用滑模控制技术设计控制器,实现对直流降压变换器系统给定电压跟踪的快速性和准确性.值得注意的是,不同于文[1]所提出的基于扩张状态观测器的滑模控制方法(SMC+ESO),本文所提出的方法采用降阶扩张状态观测器,实现简单,且无需电流传感器,减小了实际应用的成本.利用Lyapunov稳定性定理从理论上证明了所设计的控制器可以保证闭环系统的稳定性.仿真和实验结果表明,与已有的基于扩张状态观测器的滑模控制方法相比,所提出的控制方法更好地改善了系统的跟踪性能和对干扰和不确定性的鲁棒性能,且减少了成本,但是牺牲了系统稳态性能.     

基于分数阶滑模观测器的三相八开关容错逆变器驱动 永磁同步电机系统无传感器FCS–MPC

针对三相八开关容错逆变器的永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor,PMSM)驱动系统,基于分数阶滑模变结构技术,提出了一种新颖的无速度传感器有限控制集模型预测控制(finite-control-set model predictive control,FCS–MPC)策略.通过驱动系统的运行模式建立三相八开关逆变器和永磁同步电机的数学模型;采用分数阶滑模变结构方法构造PMSM系统转速和反电动势的观测器,以实现对系统转速和反电动势快速准确地实时估计;利用改进型的FCS–MPC策略,以达到减少控制系统计算量和电磁转矩脉动的目的,与此同时,本文中的电流反馈特性的容错控制可有效抑制直流侧母线电容分压不均衡对系统运行产生的不利影响.仿真结果表明,该方法能够保证八开关容错逆变器驱动PMSM系统可靠稳定运行、具有良好的动态性能,并能降低定子电流总谐波失真值.     

复合干扰下载人潜水器的全阶滑模控制

针对蛟龙号载人潜水器(JIAOLONG)在运行过程中受到深海洋流、模型不确定性和未建模动态等因素影响,本文设计了一种基于干扰观测器的新型全阶滑模控制(disturbance-observer based full-order sliding mode control,DOB–FOSMC)方法.首先,建立载人潜水器系统的动力学模型;然后,设计扩展非线性干扰观测器估计系统的复合扰动;其次,设计能够描述潜水器完整动态特性的全阶滑模面,从而得到滑模控制律,并给出闭环控制系统的稳定性分析;最后,通过数值仿真验证控制方法的有效性和优越性.基于干扰观测器的全阶滑模控制方法的优越性主要体现在:能够描绘载人潜水器的全阶动态特性,并且有效抑制抖振现象.     

基于群灰狼优化的光伏逆变器最优无源分数阶PID控制

针对并网光伏逆变器(PV)设计最优无源分数阶PID(PFoPID)控制,其可在不同天气条件下,通过扰动观测(P&O)技术实现最大功率追踪(MPPT).首先,基于跟踪误差构建储能函数,保留系统阻尼有益项以提高跟踪速率,并完全补偿其他的系统非线性以实现全局一致的控制性能.然后,引入分数阶PID(FoPID)控制作为附加控制输入,对储能函数进行能量重塑,并通过群灰狼优化算法(GGWO)获取最优控制参数.对3种算例进行研究,即光照强度变化、温度变化和电网电压跌落,仿真结果表明,与常规PID控制、FoPID控制和无源控制(PBC)相比, PFoPID控制在各类工况下能够实现最大功率追踪并具有较好的动态特性.最后,基于dSpace的硬件在环(HIL) 实验验证了所提出方法的硬件可行性.     

基于嵌套自适应观测器的 连铸结晶器振动位移系统有限时间容错控制

针对连铸结晶器振动位移系统存在伺服电机驱动单元等执行器故障和负载转矩扰动问题, 本文提出一种基于嵌套自适应观测器的有限时间容错策略. 首先, 设计一种嵌套自适应观测器在线估计由执行器故障和负载转矩扰动构成的综合不确定项; 其次, 采用分层设计与终端滑模相结合的方法, 分别对位移子系统和电流环子系统设计全阶滑模控制器(FOSMC)和终端滑模控制器补偿综合不确定项, 并通过引入一阶低通滤波器来提高控制信号的连续性. 理论分析表明, 本文所提容错控制策略能够保证闭环系统所有状态有限时间稳定; 最后, 通过仿真对比研究验证了本文所提控制策略的有效性.     

基于时变增益扩张状态观测器的逆变器系统自适应 super-twisting电压鲁棒控制

针对电压源逆变器系统中负载扰动和参数摄动, 本文提出了一种基于时变增益扩张状态观测器的自适应 super-twisting鲁棒电压控制新方法. 首先考虑负载扰动, 建立单相逆变器系统的动态模型, 进而考虑系统参数摄动, 通过引入非测量辅助状态变量, 将上述动态模型转化为只包含匹配扰动的状态方程; 其次, 设计时变增益扩张状态 观测器, 以实现对非测量辅助状态变量与包含负载变化和参数摄动等因素在内的集总不确定项的估计; 最后, 基于 此扩张状态观测器, 设计采用自适应super-twisting算法的滑模控制律, 以实现逆变器系统输出电压对其参考电压的 快速准确跟踪并增强系统鲁棒性. 仿真实验结果表明: 所提出的时变增益扩张状态观测器可在保证观测误差收敛 的同时, 有效抑制“初始微分峰值”现象; 采用自适应super-twisting算法的滑模控制策略可使逆变器系统输出电压 具有较高跟踪精度和较小总谐波失真率, 增强系统的抗干扰能力, 并降低控制输入信号“抖振”.     

基于分数阶滑模观测器的永磁同步电机无传感器矢量控制

为解决基于传统滑模观测器的永磁同步电机转速和位置估计精度不高以及抖振过大等问题,设计了一种分数阶滑模观测器。首先根据分数阶理论提出一种分数阶滑模趋近律,并证明其稳定性;然后将永磁同步电机的定子实际电流与估计电流的差值作为滑模面,利用分数阶滑模趋近律设计滑模观测器的控制律,获取反电动势后采用锁相环提取转速和位置;最后建立了永磁同步电机无传感器矢量控制的仿真模型。仿真结果显示新型分数阶滑模观测器不仅静态性能好,而且与基于指数趋近律设计的滑模观测器相比,具有动态跟踪速度快、观测精度高、抖振小等优点。     

自适应比例–积分H2滑模观测器设计

传统的龙伯格观测器的观测精度极易受到未知外部扰动的影响.为了解决这个问题,本文设计了一种基于径向基神经网络的自适应比例–积分H₂滑模观测器,实现了参数不确定性和外部扰动下非线性系统的鲁棒确切估计.首先,利用径向基神经网络自适应逼近系统模型的复杂非线性项;其次,设计基于误差的线性滑模面,将比例–积分滑模项注入观测器中,使得滑模动态在有限时间内收敛于滑模面,实现对外部扰动和系统模型非线性的完全补偿;最后,基于H₂次优控制和区域极点配置,提出观测器参数自整定方法.通过对单连杆机器人的仿真结果表明,该方法能够保证非线性系统具有较好的鲁棒性和自适应性.     

适用于仿生眼的与模型无关的滑模阻抗控制

本文针对仿生眼系统,提出一种PD型的滑模控制方法(proportion differential control with sliding mode cont-rol, PD–SMC).该方法与模型无关,并将传统阻抗控制(PD控制)与滑模控制(sliding mode control, SMC)结合在一起,具有类似PD控制方法结构简单、易于实现的优点,并且针对系统参数的不确定性以及当系统存在外部扰动时,具有滑模控制方法(SMC)本身固有的强鲁棒性.文中设计的PD–SMC控制器中, PD控制环节使仿生眼系统实现稳定的运动控制, SMC控制环节用于补偿不确定的系统参数以及系统受到的外部扰动.利用Lyapunov方法以及拉塞尔不变性原理证明了闭环系统的稳定性与收敛性.仿真结果表明所提控制方法具有很好的跟踪控制性能.     

Application of sliding mode control for maximum power point tracking of solar photovoltaic systems: A comprehensive review

A robust maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is of paramount importance in the performance enhancement and the optimization of photovoltaic systems (PVSs). Solar panel exhibits nonlinear behavior under real climatic conditions and output power fluctuates with the variation in solar irradiance and temperature. Therefore, a control strategy is requisite to extract maximum power from solar panels under all operating conditions. Sliding mode control (SMC) is extensively used in non-linear control systems and has been implemented in PVSs to track maximum power point (MPP). The objective of this work is to classify, scrutinize and review the SMC techniques used to extract maximum power from PVSs in both off-grid and grid connected applications. The first order, perturb and observe, incremental conductance, linear expression based sliding mode control algorithms and their adaptive forms are discussed in detail. The advanced form of SMC, terminal sliding mode control (TSMC), super twisting theorem (STT) and artificial intelligent (AI) algorithm based are also presented with the focused application of MPPT of PVSs. A tabular comparison is provided at the end of each category to help the users to choose the most appropriate method for their PV application. It is anticipated that this work will serve as a reference and provides important insight into MPPT control of the PV systems.     

非匹配不确定系统的滑模控制及在电机控制中的应用

针对具有匹配与非匹配不确定的非线性系统,设计基于干扰观测器和多幂次趋近律的滑模控制策略.首先,通过干扰观测器估计系统的不确定,实现估计误差在有限时间内收敛;其次,基于积分型滑模面,并结合多幂次趋近律,设计了连续滑模控制律,避免了传统滑模的抖振问题.与基于单幂次和双幂次趋近律的滑模控制策略相比,所设计的基于多幂次趋近律的控制策略,提高了系统的收敛速度.最后,通过数值仿真和永磁同步电机控制仿真验证了所设计的控制策略的有效性.     

An Extended State Observer Based Fractional Order Sliding‐Mode Control for a Novel Electro‐Hydraulic Servo System with Iso‐Actuation Balancing and Positioning

An extended state observer based fractional order sliding‐mode control (ESO‐FOSMC) is proposed in this study, with consideration of the strong nonlinear characteristics of a new electro‐hydraulic servo system with iso‐actuation balancing and positioning. By adopting the fractional order calculus theory, a fractional order proportional–integral–derivative (PID)‐based sliding mode surface was designed, which has the ability to obtain an equivalent positioning control with fractional order kinetic characteristics. By introducing the integral term into the sliding mode surface, it was found to be beneficial in reducing the steady‐state errors, as well as improving the precision of the control system. Also, by using the fractional order calculus to replace the integral calculus, the form of the convergence is improved; the system transfer of energy is slowed down; and the chattering of the system is greatly weakened. The extended state observer was designed to observe the real‐time disturbances, and also to generate the compensation control commands which are added to the FOSMC to achieve the dynamic compensation. By means of numerical simulations, the dynamic and static characteristics of the sliding mode control system were compared with those of the FOSMC and ESO‐FOSMC. The experimental results show that the ESO‐FOSMC system could effectively restrain the external disturbances and achieve higher control precision, as well as better control quantity without chattering. The semi‐physical simulations based experimental tests also demonstrated that the proposed ESO‐FOSMC outperformed the FOSMC in terms of system robustness and control precision, which could have a stable control of the gun system quickly and accurately.     

Nonlinear observer based control for travelling wave nuclear reactors based on the Lyapunov approach during load following operation

Power control of the nuclear reactor is one of the most important subjects in each nuclear power plant. In this paper, a nonlinear controller using sliding mode method which is a robust nonlinear controller is designed to control a Traveling Wave Nuclear Reactor (TWR) power. The reactor core is simulated based on the point kinetics equations and six delayed neutron groups. Considering the limitations of the delayed neutron precursors densities measurement, a sliding mode observer is designed to estimate their values and finally a sliding mode control based on the sliding mode observer is presented to control the reactor core power. The stability analysis is given by means Lyapunov approach, thus the control system is guaranteed to be stable within a large range. Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is one of the robust and nonlinear methods which have several advantages such as robustness against matched external disturbances and parameter uncertainties. Since it has systematic design procedure, it is one of the most powerful solutions to design many practical control systems. The designed control system is evaluated in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties. The results show the robustness and performance of the used control system.     

Observer Based Control of a Missile Seeker System Using Sliding Modes

Control of the seeker is important for successful operation of a missile. This paper proposes robust sliding mode control (SMC) with sliding mode observer (SMO) for the seeker. The SMO is designed for the extended state system wherein the disturbance is considered as an additional state. Estimated disturbance is used to update the SMC law.     

A survey on sliding mode control strategies for induction motors

A state of the art review of control and estimation methods for induction motor (IM) based on conventional approaches, sliding mode control (SMC) and sensorless SMC is presented. The objective of this survey paper is to summarize the different control approaches for IMs including field oriented control (FOC), direct torque control (DTC), speed observer, observer based flux estimation, sliding mode (SM) flux and speed observer, current regulation by SMC, sensorless SMC, etc. The applications of SMC to IMs has been widespread in recent years. The increasing interest in SMC is because of its interesting features such as invariance, robustness, order reduction and control chattering. Particularly robustness of SM approach with respect to parameter variations and external disturbance is vital for the control system. The review covers the sensorless SMC schemes by integrating controller and observer design to guarantee convergence of the estimates to the real states. It also covers the chattering problems, encountered often in SMC area dealt by using an asymptotic observer.     

Robust Fractional-Order Proportional-Integral Observer for Synchronization of Chaotic Fractional-Order Systems

In this paper, we propose a robust fractional-order proportional-integral (FOPI) observer for the synchronization of nonlinear fractional-order chaotic systems. The convergence of the observer is proved, and sufficient conditions are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) approach by using an indirect Lyapunov method. The proposed FOPI observer is robust against Lipschitz additive nonlinear uncertainty. It is also compared to the fractional-order proportional (FOP) observer and its performance is illustrated through simulations done on the fractional-order chaotic Lorenz system.      

Design and real-time implementation of perturbation observer based sliding-mode control for VSC-HVDC systems

This paper develops a perturbation observer based sliding-mode control (POSMC) scheme for voltage source converter based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) systems. The combinatorial effect of nonlinearities, parameter uncertainties, unmodelled dynamics and time-varying external disturbances is aggregated into a perturbation, which is estimated online by a sliding-mode state and perturbation observer. POSMC does not require an accurate system model and only one state measurement is needed. Moreover, a significant robustness can be provided through the real-time compensation of the perturbation. Four case studies are carried out on the VSC-HVDC system, such as active and reactive power tracking, AC bus fault, system parameter uncertainties, and weak AC grid connection. Simulation results verify its advantages over vector control and feedback linearization sliding-mode control. Then a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test is undertaken to validate the implementation feasibility of the proposed approach.     

基于模糊控制的最大功率点跟踪算法的研究

本文根据太阳能电池的特性方程进行优化得到其工程模型并建立MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真模型,同时对仿真结果进行简单分析,主要是分析太阳能电池在标准参数下的伏安特性和伏瓦特性,以及在不同温度和光照强度条件下的特性。介绍最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)的原理并采用扰动观察法进行了定步长的仿真并对其结果进行了分析,在其基础上进行改进,提出一种基于模糊控制的变步长扰动观察算法,应用MATLAB中的Fuzzy工具箱进行模糊控制器的设计。得出的仿真结果表明,本算法能够稳定在最大功率点,避免了定步长扰动观察法在最大功率点的震荡,在环境参数突变的情况下,能够快速寻找到新的最大功率点,具有良好的跟踪效果。