网上零售业多产品配送服务定价研究

随着越来越多的网上零售商开始实施有条件的免运费策略, 如何确定免运费的条件和运费成为电商企业面临的重要问题。该问题抽象成为一个两阶段的博弈模型：首先消费者根据效用最大化的原则确定购买决策, 然后零售商在考虑消费者购买决策的基础上依据利润最大化原则设定物流定价策略。通过算法设计和算例分析, 得到免运费阈值设定在产品价格组合边界时, 零售商利润会发生跳跃。     

Alternate Financial Incentives to Regular Credit/price Discounts for Extraordinary Purchases

Temporary trade promotions can take in practice many forms, specially when competitive pressures lead vendors to generate new and creative alternatives to the standard price discount or delay of payment. It is the purpose of this paper to develop the retailer's profit-maximizing decision-making strategy when confronted with any one of three such offers. Important issues under consideration are how much of the offer the retailer should pass on to its own customers, the kind of retail promotion needed to accompany the vendor's trade promotion, and what effect these policies have on the retailer's demand for its own products. The economic interpretation of the optimal solution is discussed and some computational experience reported. Included in the latter is the estimation of alternate forms of these offers yielding similar objectives, be they price, length of the discount period, vendor's revenue, special order size, or retailer's benefit.     

Optimal price and order size for a reseller under partial backordering

The problem of determining the optimal price and lot size for a reseller is considered in this paper. It is assumed that demand can be backlogged and that the selling price is constant within the inventory cycle. The backlogging phenomenon is modeled without using the backorder cost and the lost sale cost since these costs are not easy to estimate in practice. The case in which the selling price is fixed and therefore, demand is a known constant is also considered. Given the new way of modeling the backlogging phenomenon, the results for the case of constant demand are developed. Analysis is also presented for the reselling situation in which a nonperishable product is sold.Scope and purposePerishable products constitute a sizable component of inventories. A common question in a reselling situation involving a perishable (or a nonperishable) product is: What should be the size of the replenishment? If demand for the product is sensitive to price, then another question is: What should be the selling price? Although the ability to vary price within an inventory cycle is important, in many cases, the reseller may opt for a policy of constant selling price for administrative convenience. In this paper the pricing and/or lot sizing problem faced by a reseller is modeled assuming a general deterioration rate and a general demand function. The model allows for backlogging of demand. When a product is highly perishable, the reseller may need to backlog demand to contain costs due to deterioration. In this sense, perishability and backlogging are complementary conditions. Given that the problem entails revenue and costs, a natural objective function for the model is profit per period. The conventional approach to modeling the backlogging phenomenon requires the use of the backorder cost and the lost sale cost. These costs, however, are difficult to estimate in practice. A new approach is used in which customers are considered impatient. Hence the fraction of demand that gets backlogged at a given point in time is a decreasing function of waiting time. First the subproblem in which price is fixed is solved to determine the optimal inventory policy. The subproblem represents the important case in which the reseller has no flexibility to change the selling price. Then a procedure is developed for determining the optimal quantity and the selling price for the broader problem. The procedure can be implemented on a spreadsheet.     

基于现金折扣和延期支付的零售商补货和付款策略

在考虑供应商给予零售商延期支付、现金折扣的基础上,加入了非瞬时补货的条件,建立了相应的零售商库存决策模型.通过模型的分析求解,可以得出零售商在上述情况下的最优订货周期及最优付款时间的简单判定方法.最后,通过算例验证了模型的可行性,得出了与实际相符的结论.     

基于风险的供需网契约协调仿真研究

针对供需网的一个典型节点, 研究随机需求情形下零售商主导的供需网契约协调问题。考虑由一个风险厌恶的零售商和一个风险厌恶的制造商构成的两层供需系统, 零售商制定最优批发价, 制造商决定最优供货量, 构建了基于收益共享费用共担的供需网协调模型。仿真分析结果表明, 当整个供需系统的风险厌恶系数高于制造商和零售商的风险厌恶系数时, 收益共享费用共担契约可以实现系统的显著改善甚至完美协调。     

Optimal manufacturer's pricing and lot-sizing policies under trade credit financing

In this paper, we extend Goyal's economic order quantity (EOQ) model to allow for the following four important facts: (1) the manufacturer's selling price per unit is necessarily higher than its unit cost, (2) the interest rate charged by a bank is not necessarily higher than the manufacturer's investment return rate, (3) the demand rate is a downward‐sloping function of the price, and (4) an economic production quantity (EPQ) model is a generalized EOQ model. We then establish an appropriate EPQ model accordingly, in which the manufacturer receives the supplier trade credit and provides the customer trade credit simultaneously. As a result, the proposed model is in a general framework that includes numerous previous models as special cases. Furthermore, we provide an easy‐to‐use closed‐form optimal solution to the problem for any given price. Finally, we develop an algorithm for the manufacturer to determine its optimal price and lot size simultaneously.     

Optimizing the pricing and replenishment policy for non-instantaneous deteriorating items with stochastic demand and promotional efforts

Retailer promotional activity has become prevalent in the business world. Promotional efforts impact the replenishment policy and the sale price of goods. In this paper, the problem of replenishment policy and pricing for non-instantaneous deteriorating items subject to promotional effort is considered. We adopt a price dependent stochastic demand function in which shortages are allowed and partially backlogged. The major objective is to simultaneously determine the optimal selling price, the optimal replenishment schedule, and the optimal order quantity to maximize the total profit. First, we prove that a unique optimal replenishment schedule exists for any given selling price. Second, we prove that the total profit is a concave function of price. Third, we present an algorithm to obtain the optimal solution and solve a numerical example. Last, we extend the numerical example by performing a sensitivity analysis of the model parameters and discuss specific managerial insights.     

Parameter estimation approach to the free boundary for the pricing of an american call option

In this paper, we consider a free boundary problem which arises in the pricing of an American call option. The free boundary represents the optimal exercise price as a function of time before a maturity date. We are developing a parameter estimation technique to obtain both the optimal exercise curve of an American call option and its price. For the numerical solution of a forward problem, a time marching finite element method is adopted. Numerical experiment shows the convergence property of the approximation scheme.     

基于回购契约的供应链协调与风险分担分析

利用Stackelberg主从博弈方法研究在供应商和销售商的边际成本都随产量递增的情况下,供应链的协调问题和风险分担问题.研究结果表明回购契约可以协调供应链.供应商的最优回购契约是:供应商允许销售商对剩余订货全部按批发价退货,供应商采用边际成本加成定价的方式来确定批发价,加成比例由市场需求的满足率决定;节点企业分担的风险之比等于两企业在供应链最优订货量处的边际成本之比.     

生产商竞争的供应链系统退货决策分析

分析了生产商竞争的供应链系统决策主体的主从性，并基于报童模型和信息揭示原理，建立生产商竞争的供应链系统退货决策模型．通过对模型及其数值仿真分析，指出最优订购量只受信忠隐蔽因素的影响，而与竞争因素无关，但生产商的竞争影响退货补偿率并明显提高销售商的价格决策地位．     

A hybrid polynomial-time algorithm for the dynamic quantity discount lot size model with resale

We propose an efficient optimal algorithm for determining the lot sizes for purchase component in Material Requirement Planning (MRP) environments with deterministic time-phased demand and zero lead time. In this model, backlog is not permitted, the unit purchasing price is based on the all-units discount system with single price break point and resale of the excess units is acceptable at the ordering time. The problem is divided into the sub-plans with specific properties by the dynamic programming (DP) method already presented. By modifying the main structure of the DP method, we present a branch-and-bound algorithm to obtain the optimal ordering policy for each sub-plans. Furthermore, we prove some useful fathoming rules to make the branch-and-bound algorithm very efficient. It has also been shown that the worst-case time complexity function of the presented algorithm is O(N⁴) where N is the number of periods in the planning horizon. Finally, we show the efficiency of the presented algorithm and its fathoming rules by solving some test problems which are randomly generated in various environments.     

Optimal lot sizing with maintenance actions and imperfect production processes

Porteus (1986) explored an economic order quantity model with imperfect production processes that the approximate lot size is derived. Basically, he dealt with the lot size problem is rather meaningful. However, for mathematical simplicity, he adopted a truncated Taylor series expansion to present the approximate expected total cost function that results in overvalue of expected total cost. In this paper, we extend Porteus (1986) to present the optimal lot size model for defective items with a constant probability when the system is out-of-control and taking the maintenance cost into account. We show that there exists a unique optimal lot size such that the expected total cost is minimised. In addition, the bounds of optimal lot size are provided to develop the solution procedure. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the theoretical results and compare optimal solutions obtained by using our approach and Porteus's approach. Numerical results show that our approach is better.     

An optimization approach for joint pricing and ordering problem in an integrated inventory system with order-size dependent trade credit

Under a business trading environment, it is common for the trade credit to depend on the order size. Therefore, it is important to discuss the single-supplier and single-buyer supply chain problem which includes order-size dependent trade credit. In this study, an integrated inventory model with a price sensitive demand rate, determining jointly economic lot size of the buyer’s ordering and the supplier’s production batch, are developed to maximize the total profit per unit time. An efficient algorithm is provided to obtain the optimal solution, and then numerical examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical results. Finally, the comparison between whether an optimal solution is jointly or independently determined is also provided.     

A combined neurodynamic approach to optimize the real-time price-based demand response management problem using mixed zero-one programming

This paper presents a microgrid system model considering three types of load and the user’s satisfaction function. The objective function with mixed zero-one programming is used to maximize every user’s profit and satisfaction in the way of the demand response management under real-time price. An energy function is used to transform the constrained problem into an unconstrained problem, and two neural networks are used to find the local optimal solutions of the objective function with different rates of convergence. A neurodynamic approach is used to combine the neural networks with the particle swarm optimization to find the global optimal solution of the objective function. The simulation results show that the combined approach is effective in solving the optimal problem.

     

考虑交通拥堵成本的零售商供货量决策模型

引入交通拥堵成本因子,考虑从零售商配送中心到市场间的路段存在交通拥堵情况下,分别建立了供应链系统中供应商定价模型和零售商供货量模型;运用动态博弈分析方法,得出了零售商和供应商满足利润最大化条件下解的均衡方程;最后,研究了一个简化的供应链网络,对上述模型进行了验证与分析。结果表明,随着交通拥堵成本因子的不断增大,零售商会逐渐减少对市场的商品供货量,通过提高市场价格和减少运输费用来弥补拥堵成本的增加。     

基于改进的PSO算法求解电力公司最优报价策略

电力公司报价策略是一个双层优化问题,其中上层的ISO是保证社会公共效益最大化而制定的市场清除价模型,确定参与发电的电力公司,下层是基于发电公司利润最大的模型。采用启发式算法求解简单易行,最优解具有全局性,且与初始点选择无关。运用改进后的粒子群优化算法（PSO）求解电力公司利润最大的优化问题,并与确定性方法的计算结果进行了比较。在IEEE30节点6机系统验证了该方法的有效性。     

一种基于效用函数的网格资源分配策略

针对网格资源分配中用户需求的异构性问题，提出了一种基于效用函数优化的分配策略。该策略综合考虑用户作业执行费用和执行时间两方面的因素，利用拉格朗日方法解决网格用户效用函数的优化问题，通过二分搜索最优解产生一组优化的用户出价，根据该组出价按比例划分资源的计算能力。该分配策略可对网格资源的价格以及资源的占用时间进行优化，对动态、异构的网格环境具有较好的适　　应性。     

Price sensitive demand with random sales price – a newsboy problem

Up to now, many newsboy problems have been considered in the stochastic inventory literature. Some assume that stochastic demand is independent of selling price (p) and others consider the demand as a function of stochastic shock factor and deterministic sales price. This article introduces a price-dependent demand with stochastic selling price into the classical Newsboy problem. The proposed model analyses the expected average profit for a general distribution function of p and obtains an optimal order size. Finally, the model is discussed for various appropriate distribution functions of p and illustrated with numerical examples.     

Optimal control laws for lot-sizing and timing of jobs on a single production facility

The optimal control of a single machine processing a certain number of jobs and modeled as a discrete-event dynamic system is considered. The number of jobs and their sequence are fixed, whereas their timing and sizes represent the control variables of the system. The objective function to be optimized is a weighted sum of the quadratic earliness and tardiness of each job, and of the quadratic deviations of job lot sizes and actual machine service speeds from those specified by the production demand and by the regular machine speeds. An optimization problem with quadratic cost function and nonlinear constraints is stated and formalized as a multistage optimal control problem. Necessary conditions to be satisfied by an optimal control sequence are derived. A simpler model is also considered in which the machine speeds are fixed; in this case, the control problem is solved by a procedure making use of dynamic programming techniques. The optimal control laws at each stage are thus obtained.     

Dynamic joint pricing and production policy for perishable products

A joint dynamic pricing and production problem for perishable products without shortages is considered. The demand rate is price‐dependent and time‐varying. This paper constructs an optimal control model to maximize the total profit under a general nonlinear production cost function. The feature of the optimal joint dynamic pricing and production policy is analyzed by solving the corresponding optimal control problem on the basis of improved Pontryagin's maximum principle. Then, an effective algorithm is designed to obtain the optimal joint policy. The case of the joint static optimal policy is also investigated and compared with the dynamic one. Finally, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, and some managerial implications are provided for the management of perishable items.