全极化SAR数据信息提取研究

全极化SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)测量的是每一像元的全散射矩阵,可合成包括线性极化、圆极化及椭圆极化在内的多种极化图像。因此与常规的单极化和多极化SAR相比,在雷达目标探测、识别、纹理特征的提取等方面全极化SAR具有很多优点。基于新疆和田地区的SIR-C L波段全极化雷达数据,介绍了极化合成的基本原理和数据处理流程,分析了几种典型地物全极化信号的特点,并在此基础上用监督分类法进行了全极化SAR数据的信息提取。结果表明:全极化SAR数据比单极化和多极化SAR数据具有更高的分类精度,并有效地的提取出地表信息,为利用SAR数据反演地表参数打下了基础。     

基于目标分解理论的全极化SAR图像神经网络分类方法

由于全极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar)能够测量每一观测目标的全散射矩阵，即可合成包括线性极化、圆极化及椭圆极化在内的多种极化图像，因此与常规的单极化和多极化SAR相比，在雷达目标探测、识别，纹理特征和几何参数的提取等方面，全极化SAR均具有很多优点，但是由于地物分布的复杂性往往造成不同地物具有相似的后向散射信号特征，因而加大了地物信息提取的难度。同时由于这些极化合成图像具有较高的相关性，从而导致了图像分类精度的降低。为了提高全极化SAR图像的分类精度，基于新疆和田地区的SIR-CL波段全极化雷达数据，利用目标分解理论首先将地物回波的复杂散射过程分解为几种互不相关的单一的散射分量。由于这些单一的散射分量都对应于具有不同物理和几何特征以及分布特征的地物，从而提供了更加丰富的地表覆盖信息，这样就很大程度地改善了地物信息的分类精度；然后利用分解后单一散射分量数据结合传统的极化合成数据，可以得到更多的互不相关的数据源，再使用神经网络分类法对这些数据进行分类。分类结果表明，这种方法大幅度提高了全极化SAR数据用于实验区土地覆盖分类的精度。这种分类方法也可以广泛地用于SAR数据地表覆盖和土地利用动态监测和地表参数的提取。     

面向双站SAR系统的长波PolInSAR目标自适应分解北大核心CSCD

双站SAR系统无时间去相干的特性,结合长波的强穿透能力,在估计植被结构参数上应用前景极大,借助极化干涉SAR分解技术研究双站SAR系统下的植被区散射过程,对揭示信号与地物的交互过程,构建植被结构参数反演模型具有重要意义。考虑模型适用性和双站SAR系统存在的不可忽略的去相干,将极化干涉矩阵表达为极化方位角扩展的广义表面散射矩阵、广义二次散射矩阵和Neumann自适应体散射矩阵与其对应相干成分乘积的和的形式,基于残差最小二乘准则,使用非线性最小二乘优化技术同时求解所有模型参数。使用BioSAR 2008项目的 L波段全极化机载数据对方法进行测试,获取了实验区不同散射机制的相干成分、相位分布和能量信息,结合机载激光雷达数据进行了分析。结果表明:分解方法对植被区不同散射机制区分良好,有效抑制了体散射功率高估;植被区表面散射在垂直向上的分布与植被高度和穿透程度存在联系,体散射相位中心高度与机载激光雷达植被高接近且趋势一致;有效估计了散射机制的相干性。     

多时相SAR干涉测量数据探测地表特征变化

通过利用欧洲遥感卫星1号和2号（ERS-1／2）获取的多时相干涉测量雷达数据，提取干涉数据相干信息和后向散射信息，开展河北张家口试验区的地表土地类型的识别与分类，区分和识别出两类不同的草甸草地，以及水体、林地、旱地、草坡和干草原草地7类不同的土地类型，并通过对不同土地类型在多时相图像上后向散射特征和相关信息的分析，探讨时间序列上地表特征的变化。     

全极化SAR极化特征谱应用研究

在分析特征值分解结果,全部散射机制组合和极化特征谱性质的基础上,提出基于3个特征谱参数的假彩色合成方法,可以更加有效直观地反映地物散射特征,再对散射熵、散射角、反熵和4个极化特征谱参数进行特征选择分析,给出最佳的多维特征向量选择方案,从而实现传统遥感图像分类器如同ISODATA算法对极化SAR图像的分类。实验选择了一景Radarsat\|2标准全极化SAR数据,包含典型的城市、植被和水体三大类地物,实验结果表明:极化特征谱假彩色合成充分反映了各地物散射特征,特征谱和散射角组成了最佳特征向量,非监督分类结果表明:该方法克服了城市与植被在H\|Alpha平面上分布界限模糊的问题,分类精度高于H\|Alpha平面非监督分类,与Wishart-H-Alpha-A分类方法相当。     

基于目标分解的极化SAR图像SVM监督分类

鉴于使用单一特征无法获得令人满意的分类效果以及SVM在小训练样本时具有良好的分类性能,提出了基于多种目标分解方法和SVM的极化SAR图像分类方法。首先对原始极化SAR图像使用多种目标分解方法进行处理,得到相应的分量信息,然后在极化SAR图像特征提取的基础上将SVM应用于极化SAR图像分类。通过选取不同的特征信息作为支持向量机的输入,比较其对分类性能的影响,得到最优的用于分类的特征信息组合,其中将相干分解和非相干分解的信息同时用做分类特征能够获得较好的分类效果。利用NASA/JPL实验室AIRSAR系统获取的全极化SAR数据进行实验处理,与Wishart监督分类进行对比,验证了将目标分解信息用做分类特征的有效性,同时与Wishart/H/α和模糊C-均值H/α分类方法进行对比,得到提出的方法具有良好的分类性能。     

基于Krogager分解和SVM的极化SAR图像分类

目标分解包括基于Sinclair矩阵的相干目标分解和基于Mueller矩阵的部分相干目标分解,Krogager分解即属于相干目标分解,它可以将任一对称Sinclair矩阵分解为球散射体、二面角散射体和螺旋体3个分量,这是极化合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像特征提取的有效途径。把3个分量的分解系数作为极化散射特征,由其组成样本向量,运用基于统计学习理论的支持向量机(Support Vector Machines,SVM)设计多类分类器,提出了一种极化SAR图像分类算法,并对实测极化SAR数据进行分类实验。结果表明,将Krogager分解和SVM分类器结合起来,对极化SAR图像进行分类是可行和有效的,并且选择不同的参数得到的分类结果差别很大,验证了参数选择在SVM分类器中的重要作用。     

干涉、极化干涉SAR技术森林高度估测算法研究进展

在干涉、极化干涉SAR森林高度估测中,估测算法对结果精度起着决定性作用。通过对现有森林高度干涉、极化干涉SAR研究的系统性分析,总结了现有研究中森林高度估测算法的基本原理、模型假设及其应用局限性,并对这些算法在区域和全球尺度森林高度反演中的潜力进行了分析。总结发现,基于干涉SAR技术的DSM-DEM差分法在森林高度反演中精度较高,与极化干涉SAR算法相比,受到森林类型、结构的影响较小,在区域和全球尺度森林高度反演中具有很大潜力。但是其局限性在于是否能够获取大范围高精度的DEM;极化干涉SAR技术利用了森林的极化散射特点,不受DEM的限制,可以大范围地进行森林高度反演,但是在森林异质性大的区域,仍然需要进一步分析森林特征对不同波长相位及相干幅度的影响,根据森林的微波散射原理拓展微波散射模型,才能进一步提高估测结果和精度。此外,由于单基线干涉SAR、极化干涉SAR对森林垂直结构可见性差,因此,发展多维度、多基线SAR及其相应算法并朝这个方向拓展是未来采用干涉SAR、极化干涉SAR进行森林高度反演的主要方向。     

基于外部风向初始信息的SAR影像海面风场反演研究

首先利用SeaWinds散射计风向作为初始信息进行SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)影像海面风场反演,在对SAR影像进行了噪声剔除、辐射定标、极化转换等处理后获得VV极化下各分辨单元的后向散射系数,结合地球物理模式函数获取风速并显示输出海面风场的分布情况。在此基础上,尝试利用WRF(Weather Research Forecast)数值预报模式风向作为初始场从SAR影像中反演风速信息,将结果与之前以散射计风向作为初始信息得到的反演结果进行对比,验证实验方法的正确性,高分辨率数值预报模式风向结合SAR影像将是未来业务化近岸海面风场反演的发展趋势。     

基于特征值分解的全极化SAR遥感数据分类研究

应用极化目标特征值分解理论,研究了全极化合成孔径雷达图像的精细分类问题,在H-α-Wishart分类基础上引入平均散射功率,并根据不同地物的散射功率强度信息,给出了一种简单的阈值分割方法,最后利用鄱阳湖地区的Radarsat-2全极化数据进行了实验和分析,结果发现引入平均散射功率信息后的分类类别更多、精度更好。     

基于对象的合成孔径雷达影像极化分解方法

面向对象方法已成为全极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）影像处理的常用方法,但是极化分解仍以组成对象的像素为计算单元,针对以像素为单位的极化分解效率低的问题,提出一种面向对象的极化分解方法。通过散射相似性系数加权迭代,获得对象的极化表征矩阵并对其收敛性进行了分析,以对象极化表征矩阵的极化分解代替对象区域内所有像素的分解,提高极化特征获取效率。在此基础上,综合影像对象空间特征,并通过特征选择与支持向量机(SVM)分类进行分析和评价。通过AIRSAR Flevoland影像数据实验表明,面向对象的分解方法能够减少对象极化特征提取的时间,同时提高地物目标的分类精度。相对于监督Wishart方法,提出方法的总体精度和Kappa值分别提高了17%和20%。     

Land use classification of polarimetric SAR data by visual interpretation and comparison with an automatic procedure

A study is presented in which several representations of polarimetric SAR data were evaluated for the purpose of obtaining land use classification. Two methods comprising visual interpretation and an automatic procedure were used. For the study, fully polarimetric SAR data with a resolution of 3?m were obtained with the Dutch PHARUS sensor from a test area in the Netherlands showing various classes of land use. The land use classes consisted of bare soil, water, grass, urban areas, and forest. The visual inspection was performed by different groups of non-expert interpreters for each representation. It was found that people are quite successful by visual interpretation in performing land use classification using SAR data. Multi-polarized data are required for this purpose, although these data need not be fully polarimetric, since the best results were obtained with the hh- and hv-polarization combinations displayed in the red and green colour channels. The results show that land use classification by visual inspection is more effective than the automatic classification procedure.     

全极化合成孔径雷达海浪遥感方法

提出了一种利用全极化真实孔径雷达测量方位方向和距离方向海浪斜率的新方法,该方法不同于极化方向角估计海浪方位向斜率方法,利用两种线极化图像信息将有关弱极化项剔除(流体动力学调制),获得仅包含倾斜项和极化调制项的雷达成像公式。利用机载SAR取代真实孔径雷达进行海浪反演,获得了与浮标致的结果。另外,在速度聚束模式情况下,推导了双极化合成孔径雷达图像谱同海浪谱的非线性变换关系。     

Terrain topographic inversion using single-pass polarimetric SAR image data

1IntroductionFullypolarimetricSARimagerytechnologyisoneofthemostimportantadvance-mentsforspace-borneremotesensing.Ithasbeenextensivelyappliedtoterrainsurfaceclassification.The22-D(Dimensional)complexscatteringamplitudefunctionsFpq(p,q=v,h),and44-DrealMuellermatrixMij(i,j=1,…,4)canbemeasured[1].Co-polarizedorcross-polarizedbackscatteringsignatureisthefunctionoftheincidencewavewiththeellipticityanglecandorientationangley.Recently,twoflightsofpo-larimetricSARimagedatahavebeenutilizedtogene…     

Polarimetric SAR image classification by Boosted Multiple-Kernel Extreme Learning Machines with polarimetric and spatial features

In this paper, we propose new approach: Boosted Multiple-Kernel Extreme Learning Machines (BMKELMs), a multiple kernel version of Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (KELM). We apply it to the classification of fully polarized SAR images using multiple polarimetric and spatial features. Compared with other conventional multiple kernel learning methods, BMKELMs exploit KELM with the boosting paradigm coming from ensemble learning (EL) to train multiple kernels. Additionally, different fusion strategies such as majority voting, weighted majority voting, MetaBoost, and ErrorPrune were used for selecting the classification result with the highest overall accuracy. To show the performance of BMKELMs against other state-of-the-art approaches, two L-band fully polarimetric airborne SAR images (Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) data collected by NASA JPL over the Flevoland area of The Netherlands and Electromagnetics Institute Synthetic Aperture Radar (EMISAR) data collected by DLR over Foulum in Denmark) were considered. Experimental results indicate that the proposed technique achieves the highest classification accuracy values when dealing with multiple features, such as a combination of polarimetric coherency and multi-scale spatial features.     

The Jeffries–Matusita distance for the case of complex Wishart distribution as a separability criterion for fully polarimetric SAR data

In multidimensional observations, many classification algorithms (supervised or unsupervised) require the selection of optimum bands in which the classes are most distinct. The Jeffries–Matusita (JM) distance is widely used as a separability criterion for optimal band selection and evaluation of classification results. Its original form is based on the assumption of normal distribution of the data. However, in the case of the covariance/coherency matrix of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) polarimetry, the data follow the complex Wishart distribution. In this article, we calculate the JM separability criterion for the case of the complex Wishart distribution. The updated formulation is used for: (1) the estimation of the separability between classes in fully polarimetric SAR data and to evaluate two standard polarimetric SAR classification algorithms, the Wishart and the expectation maximization algorithms, and (2) the classification of fully polarimetric SAR images based on the derived JM separability for the case of complex Wishart distribution. Fully polarimetric RADARSAT-2 images over sea ice in the Canadian Arctic are used to classify different ice surfaces and open water.     

COSMO-SkyMed high resolution fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar exploitation - the ‘strip-spot’ approach

This focused study aimed to generate a fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data set of 1 m resolution based on the spotlight and stripmap COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) satellite data fusion. The results show the feasibility of overcoming the limitation of the nominal 3 m resolution generated by a series of multi-temporal stripmap SAR data observed in all the polarisations. The CSK satellite system does not allow the observation of cross-polar data in the spotlight acquisition mode because only co-polar data are available. In this work, a fully polarimetric scattering matrix is estimated by using two spotlights in the horizontal horizontal (HH) and vertical vertical (VV) polarisations and two stripmaps in the horizontal vertical (HV) and vertical horizontal (VH) polarisations. The stripmaps were resampled and super-resolved by using the amplitude and phase estimation of sinusoids (APES) filter to achieve the spotlight resolution. The results show that the proposed strip-spot approach has immediate operative applications.     

Analysis of the applicability of multi-temporal full polarimetric airborne L-band SAR scattering to paddy rice field mapping

ABSTRACT

A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is an all-weather imaging system that is often used for mapping paddy rice fields and estimating the area. Fully polarimetric SAR is used to detect the microwave scattering property. In this study, a simple threshold analysis of fully polarimetric L-band SAR data was conducted to distinguish paddy rice fields from soybean and other fields. We analysed a set of ten airborne SAR L-band 2 (Pi-SAR-L2) images obtained during the paddy rice growing season (in June, August, and September) from 2012 to 2014 using polarimetric decomposition. Vector data for agricultural land use areas were overlaid on the analysed images and the mean value for each agricultural parcel computed. By quantitatively comparing our data with a reference dataset generated from optical sensor images, effective polarimetric parameters and the ideal observation season were revealed. Double bounce scattering and surface scattering component ratios, derived using a four-component decomposition algorithm, were key to extracting paddy rice fields when the plant stems are vertical with respect to the ground. The alpha angle was also an effective factor for extracting rice fields from an agricultural area. The data obtained during August show maximum agreement with the reference dataset of estimated paddy rice field areas.     

Classification of multi-look polarimetric SAR imagery based on complex Wishart distribution

Multi-look polarimetric SAR (synthetic aperture radar) data can be represented either in Mueller matrix form or in complex covariance matrix form. The latter has a complex Wishart distribution. A maximum likelihood classifier to segment polarimetric SAR data according to terrain types has been developed based on the Wishart distribution. This algorithm can also be applied to multifrequency multi-look polarimetric SAR data, as well as 10 SAR data containing only intensity information. A procedure is then developed for unsupervised classification.

The classification error is assessed by using Monte Carlo simulation of multilook polarimetric SAR data, owing to the lack of ground truth for each pixel. Comparisons of classification errors using the training sets and single-look data are also made. Applications of this algorithm are demonstrated with NASA/JPL P-, L- and C-band polarimetric SAR data.     

全极化SAR影像城区建筑密度分析

针对全极化SAR影像的建筑区特性,提出了一种基于极化特征共生矩阵的城区建筑密度分析方法。首先将极化特征与共生矩阵结合,在考虑建筑区极化散射机理和建筑朝向作用的同时,兼顾了建筑区的空间排列信息,在此基础上为了增强建筑密度的局部区域特性,将共生矩阵特征进行K-means聚类,结合图像分块形成标号直方图统计矢量,进而对该直方图统计矢量进行矢量量化实现SAR影像城区的建筑密度分级。RadarSat-2全极化SAR影像城区建筑密度分析的实验表明,该方法既适用于建筑朝向复杂城区也适用于建筑排列整齐城区的密度信息提取。