基于模拟退火的贝叶斯网络结构学习算法

贝叶斯网络的学习可分为结构学习和参数学习。基于模拟退火的结构学习算法是一种以搜索最高记分函数为原则的智能优化方法。本文以KL距离、相互信息以及最大相互信息为基础，通过附加合适的约束函数降低学习搜索的复杂度，提出一种附加约束的最大熵优化函数作为模拟退火算法的能量优化函数，并结合贝叶斯网络结构学习的特点设计了适合模拟退火的变量表示和邻近值产生机制。通过与其他用于结构学习的模拟退火算法，以及遗传和进化算法比较分析，结果表明本文中提出的基于模拟退火的贝叶斯网络结构学习算法在时间和精度上都具有较好的效果。     

贝叶斯网络结构学习的简化贪婪算法

基于数据的贝叶斯网络结构学习是一个NP难题.基于条件约束和评分搜索相结合的方法是贝叶斯网络结构学习的一个热点.基于互信息理论提出一种最大支撑树(MWST)机制,并基于最大支撑树结合贪婪搜索的思想提出一种简化贪婪算法.简化贪婪算法不依赖先验知识,完全基于数据集.首先,通过计算互信息建立目标网络的最大支撑树;然后,在最大支撑树的基础上学习初始网络结构,最后,利用简化搜索机制对初始结构进一步优化,最终完成贝叶斯网络的结构学习.数据仿真实验证明,简化贪婪算法不仅具有很高的精度而且具有高效率.     

基于TAN结构的启发式贝叶斯网络结构学习算法

贝叶斯网络结构学习是个NP难题。一种有效且准确性较高的学习算法是K2算法。但K2算法要确定结点次序,在无先验信息时受到很大限制。提出了一种启发式结构学习G算法,该算法以学习树扩展朴素贝叶斯TAN结构作为启发式信息,由该启发式信息生成结点次序,再用K2算法生成贝叶斯网络结构。实验结果表明,G算法可以解决无先验信息时确定结点次序的问题。所添加的弧比较简洁,网络结构比TAN结构更加合理。     

基于TAN结构的启发式贝叶斯网络结构学习算法

贝叶斯网络结构学习是个NP难题。一种有效且准确性较高的学习算法是K2算法。但K2算法要确定结点次序,在无先验信息时受到很大限制。提出了一种启发式结构学习G算法,该算法以学习树扩展朴素贝叶斯TAN结构作为启发式信息,由该启发式信息生成结点次序,再用K2算法生成贝叶斯网络结构。实验结果表明,G算法可以解决无先验信息时确定结点次序的问题。所添加的弧比较简洁,网络结构比TAN结构更加合理。     

贝叶斯网络结构稀疏学习研究进展*

贝叶斯网络结构稀疏化学习因其既能简化结构又能保留原始网络中的重要信息,已经成为当前贝叶斯网络的研究热点.文中首先讨论贝叶斯网络结构稀疏学习的必要性、贝叶斯网络稀疏性的定义,并在此基础上介绍现有的贝叶斯网络结构稀疏学习研究思路.然后,回顾一般的贝叶斯网络结构学习方法,并分析它们在高维背景下存在的问题,进而发现基于评分的方法通常适合于贝叶斯网络结构的稀疏学习,因此重点介绍贝叶斯网络结构稀疏学习的目标函数和优化求解算法.最后,探讨未来贝叶斯网络结构稀疏学习的一些研究方向.     

基于频繁项挖掘的贝叶斯网络结构学习算法BNSL-FIM

贝叶斯网络能够表示不确定知识并进行推理计算表达,但由于实际样本数据存在噪声和大小限制以及网络空间搜索的复杂性,贝叶斯网络结构学习始终会存在一定的误差。为了提高贝叶斯网络结构学习的准确度,提出了以最大频繁项集和关联规则分析结果为先验知识的贝叶斯网络结构学习算法BNSL-FIM 。首先从数据中挖掘出最大频繁项集并对该项集进行结构学习,之后使用关联规则分析结果对其进行校正,从而确定基于频繁项挖掘和关联规则分析的先验知识。然后提出一种融合先验知识的BDeu评分算法进行贝叶斯网络结构学习。最后在6个公开标准的数据集上开展了实验,并对比引入先验/不引入先验的结构与原始网络结构的汉明距离,结果表明所提算法与未引入先验的BDeu评分算法相比显著提高了贝叶斯网络结构学习的准确度。     

具有丢失数据的贝叶斯网络结构学习研究

目前主要基于EM算法和打分-搜索方法进行具有丢失数据的贝叶斯网络结构学习,算法效率较低,而且易于陷入局部最优结构.针对这些问题,建立了一种新的具有丢失数据的贝叶斯网络结构学习方法.首先随机初始化未观察到的数据,得到完整的数据集,并利用完整数据集建立最大似然树作为初始贝叶斯网络结构,然后进行迭代学习.在每一次迭代中,结合贝叶斯网络结构和Gibbs sampling修正未观察到的数据,在新的完整数据集的基础上,基于变量之间的基本依赖关系和依赖分析思想调整贝叶斯网络结构,直到结构趋于稳定.该方法既解决了标准Gi     

面向粒子群优化的贝叶斯网络结构学习算法

提出了一种基于离散粒子群优化的贝叶斯网络结构学习算法——PSBN（Particle Swarm for Bayesian Network）。贝叶斯网络的结构被映射为一种符号编码,通过在迭代过程中对粒子的符号编码进行调整,从而进化得到具有更高适应度值的贝叶斯网络结构。根据贝叶斯网络的结构特点,粒子位置和速度的编码方案和基本操作被设计,使得算法对贝叶斯网络的结构学习有较好的收敛性。实验结果表明,与基于遗传算法的贝叶斯网络结构学习算法相比,PSBN算法具有较好的学习效果。     

基于最大信息系数的贝叶斯网络结构学习算法

在引入最大信息系数的基础上,提出一种改进的贝叶斯网络结构学习算法。在给定数据集的条件下,基于最大信息系数对变量间的关联度进行检测,根据筛选因子和关联度构造贝叶斯网络的初始化结构,并结合贪婪算法对初始网络结构进行局部优化,将局部最优解进行整合形成全局最优解,生成最终的网络结构。在Asia和Car基准网络上的实验结果表明,与基于传统贪婪算法、随机K2算法的贝叶斯网络结构学习算法相比,该算法可以学习到与基准网络更相近的贝叶斯网络结构,并且具有较高的正确边均值和分类准确率。     

类基于蚁群优化的贝叶斯置信网结构学习策略及性能分析*

针对贝叶斯置信网的结构学习问题,提出一种遵循典型ACO算法框架(ACO-TSP)的贝叶斯网结构学习算法（ACO-BN）,并拓展为包括EAS-BN、ACS-BN和MMAS-BN在内的一类算法。用这类算法在若干典型贝叶斯网络结构学习问题上分别与经典贝叶斯网学习算法(K2、B)、用于贝叶斯网学习的通用优化算法（simulated annealing、Tabu searching和genetic searching）以及L. M. de Campos等人提出的基于蚁群优化的贝叶斯网络结构学习算法 Ant-K2SN     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。