Stable control strategy for a second-order nonholonomic planar underactuated mechanical system

This paper presents a stable control strategy for a planar four-link active–passive–active–active (APAA) underactuated mechanical system. The control objective is to move its end-point from any initial position to any target position. First, the controllers are designed to move the first link to the target angle which ensures the target position is within the reachable area of the planar three-link passive–active–active (PAA) system. Meantime, the system is reduced to a planar virtual Pendubot. Then, the periodic controllers are designed based on the nilpotent approximation model to make the first link return to the target angle and all angular velocities converge to zeroes, where the fuzzy modulating is added to adjust the convergence of angular velocities. Thus, the system is reduced to a planar virtual PAA system. Next, the control is divided into two stages, and based on the angle constraint relationships, the target angles of the planar virtual PAA system for the target position are obtained by using the online particle swarm optimisation algorithm. Each stage controllers are designed according to the target angles, so the end-point of the planar APAA system is controlled to the target position. Finally, the validity of the control strategy is demonstrated via simulations.     

Fuzzy MTEJ controller with integrator for control of underactuated manipulators

This paper presents control of underactuated robot manipulators in task space utilizing novel algorithm called fuzzy modified transpose effective Jacobian (MTEJ) with integrator term which ensures tracking trajectory in task space with high-quality performance. Although non-model base MTEJ have been introduced before and evaluated for underactuated robots, this method has poor operation against non-linear factors in actuators and joints observed in practical tests like deadband, backlash or Coulomb damping. The contributions of this paper are in twofold. First, to introduce improved MTEJ algorithm with additional integrator term that is efficient to eliminate effects of mentioned factors or other source of steady state error (SSE). Second, using new fuzzy rules to manage its terms to stabilize system with better control properties, the controller is used to make the endeffector to both track a predefined trajectory or set on an exact point. Global stabilization of this control method is proved. Simulation and experimental results are offered which compared tracking performance of the improved fuzzy MTEJ with integrator to other methods for both tracking and point to point (P.T.P) control. Outcomes of these experiments reveal privileges of using fuzzy improved MTEJ in various areas like removing SSE with better control characteristics and low computational efforts.     

基于模型退化的平面四连杆欠驱动机械系统位置控制

针对第2关节为被动的平面四连杆欠驱动机械系统,提出基于模型退化的分阶段控制策略。首先,建立系统的数学模型,并通过控制第1杆维持初始状态,使系统模型退化;然后,根据第1关节为被动的平面连杆系统的积分特性,得到系统角度约束关系,基于角度关系和目标位置,利用粒子群优化算法获得驱动杆的目标角度;最后,基于Lyapunov函数分阶段设计控制律,实现系统从初始位置到目标位置的控制目标。仿真结果验证了所提出控制策略的有效性。     

Classical framework for nonholonomic mechanical control systems

With this paper we recall some of the formal framework developed in classical analytical mechanics with emphasis on constrained systems. It can be used in describing nonholonomic control systems and serve as a starting point for further differential-geometric investigations.     

Control of three-link underactuated manipulators using a switching method of fuzzy energy regions

In general, manipulators used for industry and in academic laboratories have actuators to drive each joint. On the other hand, underactuated manipulators handled by our research have some passive or free joints without actuators and brakes. We recently developed a switching method of fuzzy energy regions to control such manipulators. In such a method, it is necessary to design parameters related to energy regions and the gains of some partly stable controllers based on the computed torque method. Here, the switching method is applied for a three-link underactuated manipulator. We optimize such design parameters related to fuzzy energy regions by a genetic algorithm. The effectiveness of the present method is illustrated with some simulations. This work was presented in part at the 12th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 25–27, 2007     

基于遗传优化的水平欠驱动机械臂分层滑模控制

针对二自由度水平欠驱动机械臂系统,提出一种基于等效控制理论和李雅普诺夫反馈函数法的分层滑模变结构控制方法.同时,为解决由于欠驱动系统控制缺少通用的参数计算方法而产生控制精度低的问题,提出了针对水平欠驱动系统的遗传算法在全局参数空间进行全参数寻优的改进控制方法.仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性,并且优化后的控制器具有较好的适应性和控制效果.     

Tracking control design for nonholonomic mechanical systems with affine constraints

The trajectory tracking control is considered for nonholonomic mechanical systems with affine constraints and dynamic friction. A new state transformation is proposed to deal with affine constraints, and then an integral feedback compensation strategy is used to identify the dynamic friction. The proposed controller ensures that the output tracking errors converge to zero as t →∞.As an application, a detailed example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the control scheme.     

垂直三连杆欠驱动机械臂通用控制策略设计

本文针对一类含单一欠驱动关节的垂直三连杆欠驱动机械臂提出一种基于振荡衰减轨迹的通用控制策略.与传统的分区控制策略相比,本文控制策略无需采用分区方式就能快速地实现将机械臂末端点由垂直向下初始位置开始移动,并最终稳定在垂直向上目标位置的控制目标.首先,根据驱动连杆的初始和目标状态,为驱动连杆规划含可调参数的振荡衰减轨迹.该轨迹能够在一定调节时间内将驱动连杆直接由初始状态移动至目标状态.基于连杆状态间的耦合关系,利用粒子群优化算法优化轨迹参数使欠驱动连杆在相同调节时间内也运动至目标状态.接着,利用滑模方法设计跟踪控制器使驱动连杆跟踪优化后的振荡衰减轨迹,这样,系统末端点将由初始位置移动至目标位置.进一步利用极点配置方法设计镇定控制器克服重力的作用将末端点稳定在目标位置.最后,通过仿真实验验证所提控制策略的有效性.     

非完整力学系统相对运动的稳定性

研究了非完整力学系统相对运动的稳定性.首先,建立了系统的受扰运动微分方程,进而推导了系统的能量变化方程;其次,基于能量变化方程,给出了非完整力学系统相对运动的稳定性的一个判据;最后,举例说明结果的应用.     

Continuous sliding-mode control for underactuated systems: Relative degree one and two

This paper deals with the design of sliding-mode controllers for the stabilization of some types of underactuated systems. The proposed method takes advantage of the mechanical properties of three different types of underactuated systems instead of using nonlinear transformations. In order to design the controller, some sliding variables with relative degree one and two are introduced. The theoretical differences between these approaches are discussed and some simulation results show the practical differences. Experimental results on a cart–pole system are presented to validate the proposed control strategy.     

A soft computing-based approach to optimise queuing-inventory control problem

In this paper, a multi-product continuous review inventory control problem within batch arrival queuing approach (M^Qr/M/1) is developed to find the optimal quantities of maximum inventory. The objective function is to minimise summation of ordering, holding and shortage costs under warehouse space, service level and expected lost-sales shortage cost constraints from retailer and warehouse viewpoints. Since the proposed model is Non-deterministic Polynomial-time hard, an efficient imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) is proposed to solve the model. To justify proposed ICA, both ganetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm are utilised. In order to determine the best value of algorithm parameters that result in a better solution, a fine-tuning procedure is executed. Finally, the performance of the proposed ICA is analysed using some numerical illustrations.     

一种基于齐次系统理论的二阶离散超螺旋控制算法

相比于传统滑模控制算法,超螺旋控制算法可以对系统的干扰进行精确估计并补偿,因此可以显著提高闭环系统的抗干扰能力.然而,对于采样控制系统,由于采样频率的限制,离散超螺旋控制算法在性能方面受到限制.本文基于齐次系统理论提出了一种改进的离散超螺旋控制算法.通过引入一个可自由调节的分数幂参数,基于齐次系统理论,证明了所提出的改进控制算法可以使得闭环系统具有更高的控制精度.仿真实例验证了理论的正确性.     

欠驱动桥式吊车系统自适应控制

针对桥式吊车这类非线性欠驱动系统, 提出了一种基于耗散理论的自适应控制器. 它能够有效地抑制运输过程中负载的摆动, 并将其快速准确地运送到指定的位置. 相比其他吊车控制系统, 这种控制器无需准确测量台车和负载质量以及吊绳长度, 可以根据系统响应情况来对这些参数进行在线估计, 这将极大地方便控制器在实际吊车系统中的推广应用. 对于闭环系统的稳定性, 文中通过李雅普诺夫理论及拉塞尔不变性原理进行了证明, 仿真结果也证实了这种自适应控制器能够对吊车系统进行良好的控制.     

基于可靠度的计算机系统优化问题的研究

分析了计算机系统硬件优化配置问题,给出了该问题的优化模型,并利用模拟退火算法和遗传退火算法对求解该问题进行了具体设计。通过实例仿真比较,遗传退火算法能得到比文献中算法和模拟退火算法更好的结果,表明算法是非常有效的。     

欠驱动多轴机械节能控制系统误差时域分析

分析节能控制系统误差会受到地域和空间环境限制,导致传统方法分析结果精准度较低,针对该问题,提出了时域方法对欠驱动多轴机械节能控制系统误差进行分析。从系统控制时域响应角度出发,研究控制系统在静态响应和动态响应两方面的控制误差。通过静态响应特点构流程图,并计算静态误差,以计算结果为依据分析输入信号对静态误差影响,可改善空间限制问题;通过动态响应特点绘制过程曲线,并计算动态误差,以计算结果为依据研究不同时间段对动态误差影响,可改善地域限制问题。由实例对比结果可知,时域方法对系统控制误差分析结果精准度较高,最高可达到90%,为工业控制系统提供时域方面信息。     

Robust disturbance attenuation for uncertain nonlinear networked control systems

This paper considers the problem of robust disturbance attenuation for a class of uncertain nonlinear networked control systems. Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models are firstly employed to describe the nonlinear plant. Markov processes are used to model the random network-induced delays and data packet dropouts. The Lyapunov-Razumikhin method has been used to derive such a controller for this class of nonlinear systems such that it is stochastically stabilizable with a disturbance attenuation level. Sufficient conditions for the existence of such a controller are derived in terms of the solvability of bilinear matrix inequalities. An iterative algorithm is proposed to change this non-convex problem into quasi-convex optimization problems, which can be solved effectively by available mathematical tools. The effectiveness of the proposed design methodology is verified by a numerical example.     

无线网络化系统自适应能量调度与协同控制

无线网络化系统（wireless networked control system,WNCS）中节点能量受限是影响系统性能的重要因素．本文提出了一种自适应能量调度方法解决节点能量与控制需求问的矛盾,在采样周期与能量消耗之间关系的基础上,利用动态采样周期实现能耗的实时调节,满足节点生存时间的需求．进而,将自适应采样的WNCS建模为一类具有短暂不确定切换信号的离散切换系统,采用切换状态反馈控制律,利用切换系统理论分析了系统的稳定性,给出了系统渐近稳定时控制器增益与滞留时间需要满足的约束条件．最后在Truetimel．5和MATLAB仿真平台上验证了文中提出的方法和结论．     

The Boltzmann–Hamel equations for the optimal control of mechanical systems with nonholonomic constraints

In this paper, we generalize the Boltzmann–Hamel equations for nonholonomic mechanics to a form suited for the kinematic or dynamic optimal control of mechanical systems subject to nonholonomic constraints. In solving these equations one is able to eliminate the controls and compute the optimal trajectory from a set of coupled first‐order differential equations with boundary values. By using an appropriate choice of quasi‐velocities, one is able to reduce the required number of differential equations by m and 3m for the kinematic and dynamic optimal control problems, respectively, where m is the number of nonholonomic constraints. In particular we derive a set of differential equations that yields the optimal reorientation path of a free rigid body. In the special case of a sphere, we show that the optimal trajectory coincides with the cubic splines on SO(3). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

临近空间太阳能飞行器能源系统控制综述

临近空间太阳能飞行器是由太阳能驱动、可在临近空间连续飞行的长航时无人飞行器,近年来其相关研究已成为各国关注的焦点.能源系统是支撑太阳能飞行器长时驻空的关键,实现连续跨昼夜的不间断能量供给是能源系统领域研究的首要目标.围绕临近空间太阳能飞行器集群化能源系统发展过程中的主要问题和研究现状,首先梳理飞行器应用场景下能源系统的控制目标与多重约束,进而系统论述集群化能源系统结构、功能及建模方法;然后,总结集群化能源系统功率分配、储能均衡以及通信受限下能流控制的发展现状,阐述基于强化学习的能量在线调度策略的最新成果,分析现有策略的有效性及不足之处;最后,结合太阳能飞行器的实际需求,探讨能源系统的未来发展趋势与研究方向.     

Optimal design for robust control of uncertain flexible joint manipulators: a fuzzy dynamical system approach

A novel fuzzy dynamical system approach to the control design of flexible joint manipulators with mismatched uncertainty is proposed. Uncertainties of the system are assumed to lie within prescribed fuzzy sets. The desired system performance includes a deterministic phase and a fuzzy phase. First, by creatively implanting a fictitious control, a robust control scheme is constructed to render the system uniformly bounded and uniformly ultimately bounded. Both the manipulator modelling and control scheme are deterministic and not IF-THEN heuristic rules-based. Next, a fuzzy-based performance index is proposed. An optimal design problem for a control design parameter is formulated as a constrained optimisation problem. The global solution to this problem can be obtained from solving two quartic equations. The fuzzy dynamical system approach is systematic and is able to assure the deterministic performance as well as to minimise the fuzzy performance index.