基于进化计算的试卷分析中适应度函数的研究

以数据为基础的计算智能是智能领域的研究热点,进化计算作为计算智能一个重要分支有着广泛的应用.适应度函数是决定进化性能的关键因素之一,研究进化计算在试卷分析中的应用,着重研究适应度函数的构造.根据不同的进化阶段来构造不同的适应度函数,在保证群体多样性的同时加快进化速度,从而提高进化性能.     

基于个体密集距离的多目标进化算法

外部种群维护和适应度赋值是多目标进化算法（MOEA）的两个重要部分,该文首先对这两个问题目前已有的处理方法进行了分析,然后提出了基于个体密集距离的外部种群维护方法,并在将所有个体根据Pareto支配关系分成四个层次的基础上,给出了一种由个体密集距离定义的适应度函数,最后将基于个体密集距离的多目标进化算法CMOEA应用于几个常用的测试函数,并和SPEA,SPEA-2进行了比较,计算结果表明CMOEA具有良好的搜索性能．     

基于可进化性的自适应遗传算法

针对传统遗传算法容易陷入局部最优解的问题,提出一个基于可进化性的自适应遗传算法。将个体可进化性作为适应度函数的参数加入到随进化代数动态调整的非线性适应度函数中,动态调整整个种群的交叉与变异概率以逸出局部最优。实验结果表明,该算法可改善适应度不高但具有较好进化能力个体的生存概率,且提高了种群多样性与搜索效率。     

基于非结构化控制流的进化测试方法

结构性测试中,进化测试是一种高效的自动生成高质量测试用例的技术.然而,当程序中出现非结构化特征时,在面向节点的测试标准下,其效率极其低下甚至不及随机测试生成方法.在考虑循环体内部出现跳转(goto、retum)语句的情况下,提出了一种适应度计算方法.该方法在结合传统进化测试适应度计算的基础上,充分考虑了循环次数对于进化搜索的影响.实验结果表明,本适应度函数可以很好地引导进化搜索,并以较小的代价生成测试用例.     

混合性能指标优化问题的进化优化方法及应用

针对混合性能指标优化问题的普遍性及其处理过程中的特点，提出一种混合性能指标优化问题的进化优化方法,首先给出混合性能指标优化问题的定义；然后．确定不同类型和标度的性能指标的转换策略、混合性能指标的个体适应度的赋值方法、以及混合性能指标优化问题的进化优化流程；最后．通过服装设计这一典型的混合性能指标优化问题的仿真验证了算法的有效性．     

协同进化在遗传算法中的应用述评

生态系统中协同进化的含义是几个生存能力相关联的种群的同时进化,在遗传算法中应用协同进化的实质是改变了个体适应度的计算方法:经典遗传算法中个体的适应度由它的染色体所决定,协同进化中个体的适应度却是由个体在协同关系中的表现决定.根据个体之间的适应度关联方式的不同,协同进化在遗传算法中应用可以分为两种:竞争协同进化算法、合作协同进化算法.竞争协同进化算法中的个体适应度由个体在竞争中的表现决定;合作协同进化算法中的个体适应度决定于个体在合作中的表现.对这两种方法的实质以及主要思想进行了述评.     

基于线性变换的变异算子及在机器人进化计算中的应用

进化算子对进化计算行为和性能有直接影响.根据进化阶段的不同和个体适应度的大小,采用线性变换法建立能保持群体多样性和收敛性的自适应的变异算子的表达式,并在Evorobot系统中仿真实现.仿真结果表明,基于线性变换的自适应的变异算子改进了进化计算性能,体现了优越性.     

交互式进化计算的适应值噪声及收敛鲁棒性

噪声是影响进化计算(evolutionary computation,简称EC)算法性能的一个重要因素.对于传统EC中的噪声,已有许多研究成果,但交互式进化计算(interactive evolutionary computation,简称IEC)的噪声研究成果却较少.首先回顾了传统EC中噪声的定义、来源、类型及各种处理噪声的方法;其次,从IEC的理性用户观点出发,研究了IEC的适应值噪声及收敛鲁棒性.其中,空间的映射关系、个体间的占优关系以及IEC的收敛等是研究收敛鲁棒性的两个定理(强条件定理和弱条件定理)的基础.这两个定理表明,理性用户条件下的噪声不会影响算法全局收敛性.在这两个定理的基础上进一步得出了如下结论:有效的适应度尺度变换是弱条件定理的一部分,IEC中"真"适应值是用户偏好等.并以不满足弱条件定理,即破坏算法收敛性为依据,给出了IEC中适应值噪声的狭义定义.实验进一步验证了这两个定理.上述结论为进一步研究IEC作了必要的铺垫.     

理性用户——交互式进化计算全局收敛的一个充分条件

用户对个体的评价和用户满意度之间的关系是影响交互式进化计算(IEC)全局收敛性的重要因素.首先,基于用户对个体评价和用户满意度占优关系,把IEC中的用户分为4类:绝对理性用户、有限理性用户、有限非理性用户和绝对非理性用户.其次,给出关于IEC全局收敛的4个定理及理性用户是IEC全局收敛的充分条件这一结论,并指出IEC的全局收敛需要保留两个最优:适应值最优和满意度最优.最后,通过实验进一步验证上述结论.结论表明,在IEC中,当其它保证算法收敛的条件具备时,用户只要保证理性条件,就能保证算法全局收敛.     

一种遗传算法适应度函数的改进方法

针对简单遗传算法中线性适应度函数随进化过程恒定不变的缺点。提出一种可随进化代数动态调整的非线性适应度函数。以典型的遗传算法测试函数为算例，分别以Goldberg提出的线性拉伸方法与文中提出的改进遗传算法进行计算。计算结果表明文中提出的动态适应度函数对简单遗传算法的改进有较明显的效果。     

Evaluation of integrated software development environments: Challenges and results from three empirical studies

Evidence shows that integrated development environments (IDEs) are too often functionality-oriented and difficult to use, learn, and master. This article describes challenges in the design of usable IDEs and in the evaluation of the usability of such tools. It also presents the results of three different empirical studies of IDE usability. Different methods are sequentially applied across the empirical studies in order to identify increasingly specific kinds of usability problems that developers face in their use of IDEs. The results of these studies suggest several problems in IDE user interfaces with the representation of functionalities and artifacts, such as reusable program components. We conclude by making recommendations for the design of IDE user interfaces with better affordances, which may ameliorate some of most serious usability problems and help to create more human-centric software development environments.     

Investigating the penalty reward calculus of software users and its impact on requirements prioritization

ContextThe current requirements engineering techniques for prioritization of software requirements implicitly assume that each user requirement will have an independent and symmetric impact on user satisfaction. For example, it is assumed that implementing a high priority user requirement will positively impact his satisfaction and not implementing a high priority user requirement will negatively impact his satisfaction. Further, the impacts of implementing multiple user requirements on his satisfaction are expected to be additive. But is this always the case?ObjectiveThis paper empirically examines whether the assumptions of symmetric and multiplicative impacts of user requirements on his satisfaction are valid. Further, the study assesses the relative efficacy of 5 methods of requirements prioritization in managing these effects as reflected by the user satisfaction with the prioritized requirement sets.MethodTo test for existence and mitigation of asymmetric effects an adaptation of the widely accepted PRCA (Penalty Reward Contrast Analysis) method was used for 5 requirements prioritization techniques. To test for existence and mitigation of multiplicative effects MHMR (Moderated Hierarchical Multiple Regression) a well-accepted technique for testing interaction effects was used.ResultsBoth asymmetric and multiplicative effects of software requirements on user satisfaction were observed for requirements prioritized using all 5 requirements prioritization methods raising questions about the efficacy of present day requirements prioritization techniques. Further, the results of the experiment led to proposing a new method for requirements prioritization for managing these effects.ConclusionThe study empirically demonstrates the complexities of prioritizing software requirements and calls for a new generation of methods to address them. Understanding and resolving these complexities will enable software providers to conserve resources by enabling them to parsimoniously selecting only those requirements for implementation in the software product that have maximum incremental impact on user satisfaction.     

A Design Process for a Customer Journey Map: A Case Study on Mobile Services

A customer journey map (CJM) is a widely used tool to represent user experience with a service. Although numerous companies have used this tool to improve existing services or to develop new services, the maps are neither consistent nor mutually compatible because no clear design process for a CJM has been presented. This study aimed to develop a design process and rule sets for a CJM based on a human factors approach. The 10‐step process and the rule sets were built on case studies of 25 categories of mobile services. Large‐scale case studies were conducted with mobile service providers and combined with the result of a user diary method that collected users’ daily activities and the difficulties that the user perceived when performing a task. We suggested various methods for using the CJM to generate new service opportunities. The proposed design process and the way for opportunity discovery can help service designers to develop unified CJMs and to identify innovative service ideas.     

CSCW环境下动态界面生成管理系统

用户管理是保证CSCW系统安全的重要环节.根据CSCW环境下用户界面管理的需求设计了动态用户管理模型,并在用户身份认证、用户权限管理和用户界面生成等三个方面对其实现技术进行了研究.     

移情及其在产品设计中的应用研究

文章对移情及其在产品设计中的应用进行研究，首先从美学和心理学的角度论述了移情的起源，认为设计师可通过移情来透彻理解用户。获取设计信息。激发创作灵感。然后提出移情设计的过程可分为“产生”“沉浸”“联系”“分离”四个阶段。在此基础上分析了移情设计的方法。如“人类学的田野调查”“用户信息的交流”“用户行为的模拟”等。以及这些方法与传统设计方法的不同。最后结合设计实例阐述了移情设计的应用。     

Developing and Verifying a Questionnaire for Evaluating User Value of a Mobile Device

User experience has become a major issue lately with user value as one of its key elements. This study proposes a method to evaluate user value using a questionnaire specialized for a mobile device such as smartphones. The questionnaire was developed considering elements of user value, product features, and context of use. Then, a case study with hundreds of participants was conducted via the Internet to verify and screen out questionnaire items in terms of reliability and validity. Finally, a total of 16 questionnaire items were selected for evaluating elements of user value, consisting of self‐satisfaction, pleasure, sociability, customer need, and attachment. The results of this study are expected to help understand potential users and select design alternatives.     

基于短期记忆与遗忘系数的用户个性化建模方法研究

搜索引擎的一个标准是不同的用户用相同的查询条件检索时,返回的结果相同。为解决准确性问题,个性化搜索引擎被提出,它可以根据用户的不同个性化特征提供不同的搜索结果。然而,现有的方法更注重用户的长时记忆和独立的用户日志文件,从而降低了个性化搜索的有效性。获取用户短时记忆模型来提供准确有效的用户偏好的个性化搜索方法被广泛采用。首先,根据基于查询关键词的相关概念生成短期记忆模型;接着,基于用户的时序有效点击数据生成用户个性化模型;最后,在用户会话中引入了遗忘因子来优化用户个性化模型。实验结果表明,所提出的方法可以较好地表达用户信息需求,较为准确地构建用户的个性化模型。     

DUET — A database user interface design environment

The DUET database user interface management system aims to help database application programmers to create, modify, and maintain interactive graphical user interfaces for different applications. DUET supports the creation of a complete user interface via direct manipulation techniques. It provides a large set of database widgets which are necessary for database applications. DUET provides facilities to step through the validation of a created user interface. A user interface can be saved as C code which can be integrated into a database backend. In this paper, the features and the architecture of DUET are presented.