多核学习纹理特征的立体图像质量评价

为了有效地评价各种失真类型双目立体图像的质量,提出利用多核学习机学习立体图像平面纹理信息和3D映射信息的通用无参考立体图像质量评价IQA方法。该方法首先利用立体匹配模型对左右视图进行处理,获得相应的视差图DM和误差能量图DMEE;对左右视图、视差图和误差能量图进行相位一致性和结构张量变换,获得它们的平坦区和边缘区;分别提取左右视图两个区域纹理特征作为平面信息,提取视差图的纹理特征和误差能量图的统计特征作为3D信息;将所有特征作为多核学习机的输入,利用多核学习的信息融合能力预测待测失真立体图像质量。由于充分利用了立体图像的左右视图、视差图和误差能量图的失真信息,以及多核学习的信息融合能力,该方法具有很好的前景。在LIVE 3D图像质量数据库上的实验表明,该方法与主观质量有较高一致性,与现有的双目立体质量评价方法相比有很大的竞争力。     

基于相位与区域分割的视差估计算法

提出一种结合小波变换与图像分割的立体匹配算法。该算法利用双树复小波多通道提取立体像对带通相位信息作为匹配基元,求取初始视差场。针对单独通道提出一个相位匹配程度方程式,将视差计算归结为求解该方程的极大值。结合图像分割与视差平面拟合的方法对初始视差场进行修正,从而得到精度较高的密集视差图。实验结果表明,该算法结构简单,能快速有效地产生密集视差场。     

小波域多方向信息融合的纹理图像检索

由于能提供较多的方向信息,双树复小波变换在纹理图像检索中的检索率高于传统小波变换,但传统小波变换与双树复小波变换得到的方向子带不同。针对该问题,提出一种融合传统小波和双树复小波变换的一阶统计信息从而提取特征进行纹理图像检索的方法。对Brodatz图像库的仿真实验表明,该方法优于传统小波和双树复小波方法。     

基于单目和双目视觉信息的全参考立体图像质量评价模型

在立体图像质量评价领域,有效地模拟人类视觉系统对图像质量进行评价具有重要意义,考虑到人眼的视觉感知特性,基于单目和双目视觉信息构建一种立体图像质量评价模型MB-FR-SIQA。采用基于结构相似性的立体视差算法得到参考和失真立体图像的视差矩阵,结合Gabor能量响应图、显著性图和视差矩阵生成中间视图,并优化左右眼加权系数计算方法,以提高生成中间视图的准确性。分别利用单目图像和中间视图提取单目和双目视觉信息,计算单目质量分数和双目质量分数,并融合得到立体图像的质量分数,达到评价立体图像质量的目的。实验结果表明,MB-FR-SIQA模型在LIVE-I数据库上具有较高的预测精度,其斯皮尔曼等级相关系数、皮尔森线性相关系数、均方根误差分别为0.945、0.951、5.318,且预测的质量分数符合人类主观评估。     

基于双树复小波的图像修复

小波变换技术已被广泛应用于图像修复领域,但其在图像修复过程中出现的边缘部分模糊或不连接的情况成为了一个难点。针对此问题,提出了基于双树复小波变换的图像修复算法。该算法使用双树复小波变换对破损图像进行多尺度和多方向的分解,对各个高频方向子带使用全变分(Total Variation,TV)模型进行快速修复,各个低频分量使用改进了的曲率驱动扩散(Curvature-Driven-Diffusions,CCD)模型进行迭代修复,最后通过小波逆变换得到最终的修复图像。实验结果表明,该方法很好地推广了双树复小波变换在图像修复领域中的应用,并且在图像纹理的修复以及在结构部分的填充都有较好的效果。     

基于视差图和复数轮廓波变换的无参考立体图像质量评价

现有的2D图像质量评价方法并不能很好地应用于立体图像质量评价中。为了有效评价不同失真立体图像的质量,提出了一种基于视差图和复数轮廓波变换的无参考图像质量评价方法。首先提取了能够反映3D信息的视差图,然后对左右失真图像和视差图进行复数轮廓波变换,计算能量和能量差特征,最后通过支持向量回归SVR模型训练学习,预测图像质量分数。实验结果表明,此方法优于当前文献报道的立体图像质量评价方法。     

基于双树复小波域的马尔可夫随机场样本修补算法

为了消除大目标图像修补过程中,修补区域由于累积误差引起的马赛克和振铃效应,提出基于双树复小波域的马尔可夫随机场(MRF)样本修补算法。首先应用双树复小波变换(DTCWT)将待修补图像变换到复频域,通过合理的置信度和数据项计算待修补块的修补顺序;然后应用MRF样本修补算法在不同尺度、不同方向下修补未知区域;最后利用双树复小波逆变换重构图像。实验结果表明,与传统离散小波修补方法相比,双树复小波域MRF样本修补算法能更好地保持修补区域纹理和结构信息。     

基于双树复小波变换的图像融合方法

为获得更好的融合效果,提出基于双树复小波变换的图像融合方法。双树复小波变换具有平移不变性、方向选择性等特点,适合进行图像融合,优于传统离散小波变换方法。给出多策略的融合规则,源图像小波变换后低频采用区域清晰度,高频采用区域标准差。灰度多聚焦图像和彩色多聚焦图像的融合实验测试以及评价指标的统计结果,表明了双树复小波变换方法的优势和所用融合规则的有效性。     

基于改进双树复小波和灰度-梯度共生矩阵的纹理图像检索算法

针对双树复小波变换缺少不同尺度纹理的空间分布特征的缺陷,提出了一种改进双树复小波和灰度-梯度共生矩阵相融合的纹理图像检索新算法。首先,该算法将图像进行非均匀分块,并对分块的图像进行双树复小波变换,以此增加不同尺度下的空间信息;其次,利用灰度-梯度共生矩阵提取4个统计量特征;然后, 融合 两种方法提取的纹理特征以得到图像检索的纹理特征;最后,用Canberra距离进行相似性度量并输出图像检索的结果。实验结果表明,该方法对纹理图像有较好的检索效果。     

基于卷积神经网络的视差图生成技术

针对裸眼三维中视差图生成过程中存在的高成本、长耗时以及容易出现背景空洞的问题，提出了一种基于卷积神经网络（CNN）学习预测的算法。首先通过对数据集的训练学习，掌握数据集中的变化规律；然后对输入卷积神经网络中的左视图进行特征提取和预测，得到深度值连续的深度图像；其次将预测所得到的每一个深度图和原图进行卷积，将生成的多个立体图像对进行叠加，最终形成右视图。仿真结果表明：该算法的像素重构尺寸误差相比基于水平视差的三维显示算法和深度图像视点绘制的算法降低了12.82%和10.52%，且背景空洞、背景粘连等问题都得到了明显改善。实验结果表明，卷积神经网络能提高视差图生成的图像质量。     

Perceptual quality assessment of stereoscopic images based on local and global visual characteristics

The quality assessment of stereoscopic images has attracted considerable attention and become an important issue in 3D multimedia applications. The 3D image quality assessment (IQA) encounters many challenges and simple extension of the 2D quality metrics to the 3D case is not satisfying. In this paper, we propose a new perceptual quality assessment scheme for stereoscopic 3D images by considering the local and global visual characteristics. The design of this scheme is motivated by studies on the perception of distorted stereoscopic images. To be more specific, after the log-Gabor filter processing, the local amplitude and phase from the left and right views of the reference and distorted 3D images are utilized as features in local quality evaluation. Meanwhile, the global structure changes of the left and right views are also incorporated into the final quality pooling. The overall 3D quality score is obtained by combining the local and global quality indexes together. The effectiveness of the designed metric is verified on publicly available 3D image quality assessment databases. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme exhibits better performance than other related algorithms in terms of consistency with subjective assessment of stereoscopic 3D images.

     

Quality assessment of 3D synthesized images based on structural and textural distortion

Depth image based rendering (DIBR) is a popular technique for rendering virtual 3D views in stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays. The quality of DIBR-synthesized images may decrease due to various factors, e.g., imprecise depth maps, poor rendering techniques, inaccurate camera parameters. The quality of synthesized images is important as it directly affects the overall user experience. Therefore, the need arises for designing algorithms to estimate the quality of the DIBR-synthesized images. The existing 2D image quality assessment metrics are found to be insufficient for 3D view quality estimation because the 3D views not only contain color information but also make use of disparity to achieve the real depth sensation. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for evaluating the quality of DIBR generated images in the absence of the original references. The human visual system is sensitive to structural information; any deg radation in structure or edges affects the visual quality of the image and is easily noticeable for humans. In the proposed metric, we estimate the quality of the synthesized view by capturing the structural and textural distortion in the warped view. The structural and textural information from the input and the synthesized images is estimated and used to calculate the image quality. The performance of the proposed quality metric is evaluated on the IRCCyN IVC DIBR images dataset. Experimental evaluations show that the proposed metric outperforms the existing 2D and 3D image quality metrics by achieving a high correlation with the subjective ratings.

     

用户多维感知的3D图像体验质量评价

目的 符合用户视觉特性的3维图像体验质量评价方法有助于准确、客观地体现用户观看3D图像或视频时的视觉感知体验,从而给优化3维内容提供一定的思路。现有的评价方法仅从图像失真、深度感知和视觉舒适度中的一个维度或两个维度出发对立体图像进行评价,评价结果的准确性有待进一步提升。为了更加全面和准确地评价3D图像的视觉感知体验,提出了一种用户多维感知的3D图像体验质量评价算法。方法 首先对左右图像的差异图像和融合图像提取自然场景统计参数表示失真特征;然后对深度图像提取敏感区域,对敏感区域绘制失真前后深度变换直方图,统计深度变化情况以及利用尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）关键点匹配算法计算匹配点数目,两者共同表示深度感知特征;接下来对视觉显著区域提取视差均值、幅值表示舒适度特征;最后综合考虑图像失真、深度感知和视觉舒适度3个维度特征,将3个维度特征归一化后联合成体验质量特征向量,采用支持向量回归（SVR）训练评价模型,并得到最终的体验质量得分。结果 在LIVE和Waterloo IVC数据库上的实验结果表明,所提出的方法与人们的主观感知的相关性达到了0.942和0.858。结论 该方法充分利用了立体图像的特性,评价结果优于比较的几种经典算法,所构建模型的评价结果与用户的主观体验有更好的一致性。     

Image correction based on homography in stereoscopic projection display

Abstract— Stereoscopic and autostereoscopic projection‐display systems use projector arrays to present stereoscopic images, and each projector casts one parallax image of a stereoscopic scene. Because of the position shift of the projectors, the parallax images have geometric deformation, which influences the quality of the displayed stereoscopic images. In order to solve this problem, a method based on homography is proposed. The parallax images are pre‐transformed before they are projected, and then the stereoscopic images without geometric distortion can be obtained. An autostereoscopic projection‐display system is developed to present the images with and without calibration. Experimental results show that this method works effectively.     

Depth‐map generation for multi‐view autostereoscopic 3‐D displays based on the SIFT algorithm constrained by boundary

Abstract— A depth‐map estimation method, which converts two‐dimensional images into three‐dimensional (3‐D) images for multi‐view autostereoscopic 3‐D displays, is presented. The proposed method utilizes the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) matching algorithm to create the sparse depth map. The image boundaries are labeled by using the Sobel operator. A dense depth map is obtained by using the Zero‐Mean Normalized Cross‐Correlation (ZNCC) propagation matching method, which is constrained by the labeled boundaries. Finally, by using depth rendering, the parallax images are generated and synthesized into a stereoscopic image for multi‐view autostereoscopic 3‐D displays. Experimental results show that this scheme achieves good performances on both parallax image generation and multi‐view autostereoscopic 3‐D displays.     

Eye movements and visual discomfort when viewing stereoscopic 3D content

The visual brain fuses the left and right images projected onto the two eyes from a stereoscopic 3D (S3D) display, perceives parallax, and rebuilds a sense of depth. In this process, the eyes adjust vergence and accommodation to adapt to the depths and parallax of the points they gazed at. Conflicts between accommodation and vergence when viewing S3D content potentially lead to visual discomfort. A variety of approaches have been taken towards understanding the perceptual bases of discomfort felt when viewing S3D, including extreme disparities or disparity gradients, negative disparities, dichoptic presentations, and so on. However less effort has been applied towards understanding the role of eye movements as they relate to visual discomfort when viewing S3D. To study eye movements in the context of S3D viewing discomfort, a Shifted-S3D-Image-Database (SSID) is constructed using 11 original nature scene S3D images and their 6 shifted versions. We conducted eye-tracking experiments on humans viewing S3D images in SSID while simultaneously collecting their judgments of experienced visual discomfort. From the collected eye-tracking data, regions of interest (ROIs) were extracted by kernel density estimation using the fixation data, and an empirical formula fitted between the disparities of salient objects marked by the ROIs and the mean opinion scores (MOS). Finally, eye-tracking data was used to analyze the eye movement characteristics related to S3D image quality. Fifteen eye movement features were extracted, and a visual discomfort predication model learned using a support vector regressor (SVR). By analyzing the correlations between features and MOS, we conclude that angular disparity features have a strong correlation with human judgments of discomfort.     

考虑双目竞争视觉现象的非对称失真立体图像质量评价方法

目的 现有方法存在特征提取时间过长、非对称失真图像预测准确性不高的问题,同时少有工作对非对称失真与对称失真立体图像的分类进行研究,为此提出了基于双目竞争的非对称失真立体图像质量评价方法。方法 依据双目竞争的视觉现象,利用非对称失真立体图像两个视点的图像质量衰减程度的不同,生成单目图像特征的融合系数,融合从左右视点图像中提取的灰度空间特征与HSV （hue-saturation-value）彩色空间特征。同时,量化两个视点图像在结构、信息量和质量衰减程度等多方面的差异,获得双目差异特征。并且将双目融合特征与双目差异特征级联为一个描述能力更强的立体图像质量感知特征向量,训练基于支持向量回归的特征—质量映射模型。此外,还利用双目差异特征训练基于支持向量分类模型的对称失真与非对称失真立体图像分类模型。结果 本文提出的质量预测模型在4个数据库上的SROCC （Spearman rank order correlation coefficient）和PLCC （Pearson linear correlation coefficient）均达到0.95以上,在3个非对称失真数据库上的均方根误差（root of mean square error,RMSE）取值均优于对比算法。在LIVE-II（LIVE 3D image quality database phase II）、IVC-I（Waterloo-IVC 3D image qualityassessment database phase I）和IVC-II （Waterloo-IVC 3D image quality assessment database phase II）这3个非对称失真立体图像测试数据库上的失真类型分类测试中,对称失真立体图像的分类准确率分别为89.91%、94.76%和98.97%,非对称失真立体图像的分类准确率分别为95.46%,92.64%和96.22%。结论 本文方法依据双目竞争的视觉现象融合左右视点图像的质量感知特征用于立体图像质量预测,能够提升非对称失真立体图像的评价准确性和鲁棒性。所提取双目差异性特征还能够用于将对称失真与非对称失真立体图像进行有效分类,分类准确性高。     

Perceived quality measurement of stereoscopic 3D images based on sparse representation and binocular combination

Measurement of the perceived quality of stereoscopic three-dimensional (S3D) images has attracted an increasing amount of research interest in recent years. This paper proposes a S3D image quality measurement (IQM) metric based on sparse representation and binocular combination. The proposed method involves learning binocular and monocular dictionaries from a training database such that the sparse features of binocular combination can be expressed by a linear combination of a few selected basis feature vectors. Following this, scores for the similarity of these sparse features between reference and distorted S3D images are measured. Based on the observation that sparse features are invariant against weak degradations, similarity scores of the features of the gradient magnitude of binocular combination are then computed and used as a complementary feature. Finally, by using kernel-based support vector regression (SVR), these similarity scores are integrated into an overall quality value. Experimental results on three public S3D-IQM datasets show that in comparison with the relevant existing metrics, the devised metric attains significantly high consistency alignment with subjective quality assessment.     

基于空域自然场景统计的无参考立体图像质量评价模型

针对现有的评价方法大都将图像变换到不同的坐标域问题,提出一种基于空域自然场景统计(NSS)的通用型无参考立体图像质量评价模型。在评价中为了更好地结合人类双目视觉特性, 将左右图像融合成一幅独眼图;评价模型首先统计独眼图归一化亮度(CMSCN)系数分布规律,进而对独眼图提取空域自然场景统计特征;其次,统计视差图归一化亮度(DMSCN)系数的分布规律,并对用光流法得到的视差图提取同样的特征;最后,通过支持向量回归(SVR)建立立体图像特征信息与主观评价值(DMOS)之间的关系,从而预测得到图像质量的客观评价值。实验结果表明,该评价模型对立体数据测试库进行评价,其Pearson线性相关系数(PLCC)和Spearman等级相关系数(SROCC)值均在0.94以上;对于非对称立体图像库,PLCC和SROCC值分别接近0.91和0.93。该模型能够很好地预测人眼对立体图像的主观感知。