电泳微芯片进样口与微沟道形状的优化设计

基于电渗流场的理论,建立电泳芯片的不同结构模型,以计算流体力学(CFD)方法来模拟不同设计参数和电压组合下的电泳微芯片微沟道中流体流动现象.最终优化基本型毛细管微沟道交叉口形状为矩形,微沟道宽度为20 μm,进样与分离场强为200～250V/cm.为在有限芯片面积下增加有效分离距离,设计螺旋形沟道电泳芯片模式.     

基于虚拟仪器的电渗流检测系统的设计

为实现微流控芯片的高精度分析,设计了一种基于虚拟仪器的微通道电渗流检测系统.介绍了电渗流测定的常用方法及其优缺点,基于电流监测法原理设计了微通道电渗流检测系统的硬件结构,采用LabVIEW软件开发了人-机界面.并在不同电场强度作用下,完成了微通道电渗流的测定.实验表明:该设计的检测系统能很好地满足微通道内部电渗流检测的需求.     

低电压芯片电泳过程中流场的模拟计算和分析

本文基于一种阵列电极的低工作电压电泳芯片分离模型,在其中微管道的电场模拟的基础上,结合微流体动力学特性,以分离管道侧壁排布电极并等间距施加电压,建立电泳芯片低工作电压分离过程的流场模型,利用CoventorWare软件分析单组分和双组分试样在微分离管道中流场的模拟,发现组分在常规电压和低工作电压两种分离模式下,其迁移速度近似相等;对于双组分,分离电压可大大降低同时,还可保证原来的分离度,低电压电泳过程中,工作电压可降低至30 V.证实了阵列电极和运动梯度场实现低电压电泳的可行性和有效性.     

绝缘体介电电泳细胞分离器件数值分析和优化

绝缘体介电电泳(iDEP)利用微流体管道中均匀绝缘柱阵列产生介电电泳(DEP)所需要的非均匀电场,实现微全分析系统(μTAS)和芯片实验室(LOC)中细胞等生物粒子的分离.对这种新型的iDEP器件进行理论分析,建立了数值计算方法.基于有限元数值计算理论,利用Ansys软件,计算了细胞的介电电泳力,验证了iDEP的富集原理,对iDEP器件的介质形状、尺寸、间距和微管道长度等参数进行了优化,提出了设计准则.选用间距10 μm,圆形,微管道长度3550 μm的5×5绝缘柱阵列,器件性能最优.     

基于微环形阵列电极的细胞分离富集芯片的设计与实验研究

根据介电泳操作原理,设计了微环形阵列电极结构,建立了细胞分离富集芯片模型,采用COMSOL软件分析微环形阵列电极的电场分布和介电泳力方向并确定了最大和最小电场强度的位置,利用ITO玻璃和PDMS制备了细胞分离富集芯片.通过酵母菌细胞的介电泳富集实验和酵母菌细胞与聚苯乙烯小球的分离富集实验,明确了酵母菌细胞的临界频率,实现了酵母菌细胞和聚苯乙烯小球的分离富集.结果显示,在溶液电导率为60μs/cm,交流信号电压为8Vp-p时,酵母菌细胞在1kHz~45kHz频率范围内做负介电泳运动并富集在环形内部,45kHz为酵母菌细胞的临界频率,在45kHz~10MHz频率范围内做正介电泳运动并富集在环形边缘;1.5MHz时聚苯乙烯小球做负介电泳运动并富集在环形内部,富集倍数达到11.66.     

减小压力变送器漂移的方法

扩散硅压力芯片和硅环基座封接采用金硅共熔工艺,硅环通过引压管和底座封接,整个力敏器件的结构是浮动式,这样大大减小了芯片周围的应力。芯片外面是充满硅油的膜盒腔。扩散硅芯片内引线采用高掺杂浓度导电带,外引线用金丝,热压焊和超声焊相结合,保证接点有良好的导电性能。这些措施减小了压力变送器的时漂,提高了可靠性。变送器的零点和灵敏度热漂移经过外电路补偿后显著降低。通过两种不同的外电路分别组成电压电流输出的压力变送器,在-20～70℃范围内,准确度为±0.5％F.S,输出信号可为0～5V,4～20mA,1～5V。可广泛用于宇航,石油化工等领域测气体、液体介质的压力。     

微管道内的剪应力传感器

制作了一个微管道内的剪应力传感器,该传感器通过热传递的原理工作.采用硅微加工技术制作微管道,在玻璃上通过溅射方法形成钛铂合金热膜,最后将两者键合封装,形成埋置了热膜的封闭微管道.测量了热膜的电阻温度系数,确定了热膜处于不同输入功率下的过热比.对该剪应力传感器进行了方波实验,确定其工作在不同过热比下的时间常数.对传感器进行实验标定,得到不同进出口压差下,微管道内的壁面剪应力大小.     

聚二甲基硅氧烷微流体芯片的制作技术

基于MEMS技术的微流体芯片在分析化学和生物医学领域显示了巨大的应用潜力。作为构建微流体芯片的基底材料———聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)已经表现出了许多的优点:良好的电绝缘性、较高的热稳定性、优良的光学特性以及简单的加工工艺等。采用浇注法制作了PDMS电泳微芯片,对PDMS微流体芯片的加工工艺、封装方法和结构特征进行了探讨,并提出了相应的解决方案。     

集成惯性聚焦结构的介电泳微流控芯片的粒子连续分离

设计并制造了一种带有惯性聚焦结构的介电泳微流控芯片,以实现不同介电性质的粒子连续分离.采用MEMS工艺制作了介电泳微流控芯片:通道入口侧壁设置一对梯形结构使经过的粒子受惯性升力的作用聚焦到通道两侧;通道底部光刻一组夹角为90°的倾斜叉指电极产生非均匀电场,利用介电泳力和流体曳力的合力使通道两侧不同的粒子发生角度不同的偏转进入不同通道,从而实现分离.将酵母菌细胞和聚苯乙烯小球作为实验样本,分析了流速和交流电压对分离的影响,确定了二者分离的最优条件并进行分离.实验结果表明,将电导率为20μS/cm的样本溶液以5μL/min的流速注入到通道中,施加6 Vp-p、10 kHz的正弦信号,酵母菌细胞沿电极运动至夹角处后沿通道中心排出,聚苯乙烯小球沿通道两侧排出,成功实现分离,平均分离效率达92.8％、平均分离纯度达90.7％.     

带恒温控制与自校正的硅铝异质结构压力传感器研究

传统硅基压力传感器普遍具有灵敏度低、温漂和时漂明显等半导体器件固有属性.本文提出的硅铝异质结构MEMS压力传感器及其恒温控制和自校正方法可一定程度上解决该问题.采用SOI硅片制造了具有压阻放大效应的新型硅铝异质结构压力传感器芯片,利用有限元仿真验证了其有效性.随后为其设计了恒温控制封装结构和自适应优化目标值PID加热控制策略,采用热稳态分析验证了该恒温控制封装的合理性.传感器采用AD5420可调电流源来模拟传感器的标定压力,在传感器发生一定时漂特性后更新传感器的输出特性,完成自校正操作.实验表明单个应力敏感硅铝异质结构在恒温系统控制下达到0.283 mV/V/kPa的灵敏度,结合温度参考结构的差分输出,传感器的热零点漂移系数从-6.92×10-1％FS/℃减小至-1.51×10-3％FS/℃,且可达到±5.5 kPa的预测误差,同时自校正操作将传感器最大预测误差从-6.1 kPa减小至5.0 kPa.本文提出的硅铝异质结构压力传感器的温度补偿与时漂补偿方案对优化压阻式压力传感器的综合性能有着一定的借鉴意义.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。