基于数据库的多分辨率地形索引结构的研究

当空间应用进入到网络化后，人们迫切需要利用数据库的约束机制为空间数据提供更好的保护，目前数据库系统只能管理单一分辨率的地形空间数据。该文提出了一种可在关系数据库顶端实现的、支撑动态多分辨率地形与可视化数据调用的关系模型。该模型解决了在大规模地形可视化程序中，数据库系统客户端/服务器间的数据交换问题，利用了X树索引技术将多分辨率地形映射到关系模型中，利用特征空间将累进查询过程转换为几个简单的一维范围查询的联合，在各表中每个帧分别进行一次索引扫描，即可获得全部必要的数据，使其更好地处理大规模的地形数据。实验结果表明，利用该模型能够获得良好的检索效果。     

矢栅一体化的三维地形可视化研究

三维地形可视化是三维GIS中的一个重要功能。由于传统的地形可视化仅仅考虑了三维地形的真实显示,因此忽略了GIS中对空间数据的分析功能,文章探讨了适合在三维地形上矢量栅格数据一体化显示的方法,使用空间插值的方法在栅格纹理上叠加矢量图形。矢量数据的加入为在三维地形上进行空间分析提供了可能性。笔者将该方法应用于荆江地区的三维地形显示,取得了较好的效果。     

Terrain simplification simplified: a general framework for view-dependent out-of-core visualization

We describe a general framework for out-of-core rendering and management of massive terrain surfaces. The two key components of this framework are: view-dependent refinement of the terrain mesh and a simple scheme for organizing the terrain data to improve coherence and reduce the number of paging events from external storage to main memory. Similar to several previously proposed methods for view-dependent refinement, we recursively subdivide a triangle mesh defined over regularly gridded data using longest-edge bisection. As part of this single, per-frame refinement pass, we perform triangle stripping, view frustum culling, and smooth blending of geometry using geomorphing. Meanwhile, our refinement framework supports a large class of error metrics, is highly competitive in terms of rendering performance, and is surprisingly simple to implement. Independent of our refinement algorithm, we also describe several data layout techniques for providing coherent access to the terrain data. By reordering the data in a manner that is more consistent with our recursive access pattern, we show that visualization of gigabyte-size data sets can be realized even on low-end, commodity PCs without the need for complicated and explicit data paging techniques. Rather, by virtue of dramatic improvements in multilevel cache coherence, we rely on the built-in paging mechanisms of the operating system to perform this task. The end result is a straightforward, simple-to-implement, pointerless indexing scheme that dramatically improves the data locality and paging performance over conventional matrix-based layouts.     

基于嫦娥一号CCD相机和激光测距数据的月球三维可视化系统

嫦娥一号成功地获取了月球表面高分辨率和高清晰的地形和影像数据,为建立全月球三维场景的可视化提供了真实而丰富的数据源.通过分析大规模空间数据的三维可视化,介绍了所设计和实现的月球三维可视化系统的功能、体系结构和工作流程,并对系统的关键技术进行了重点讨论.实例结果表明,月球三维可视化系统在空间数据可视化建模、栅格数据和矢量数据的组织方式、极区数据的三维表现,以及数据的动态调度和三维场景的实时渲染技术等方面都有独特的解决方案,实现了全月球大规模数据的无缝组织、高效访问和无缝浏览.     

Managing the complexity of digital terrain models

Today, the surface of our planet can be sampled extremely accurately. Also, the need for information about the topography within specified regions becomes increasingly important in geographic information systems. Meaning can often only be extracted from certain data in combination with the digital terrain models. In particular, visualization techniques and image mapping methods in geographic information systems require this kind of information. And now there are very densely sampled grids of height data available—too dense in many areas of the terrain, since most sampling techniques are nonadaptive.

We have developed algorithms to cope with the complexity of such digital terrain models. They analyze each given model and reduce the number of points while preserving the accuracy as good as possible. In our research, we compared three basic approaches and implemented methods to minimize emerging errors. This paper describes the necessary steps for reducing regularly sampled height grids or given triangular meshes to meet specified quality or quantity criteria.     

Robot navigation in an unexplored terrain

Navigation planning is one of the most vital aspects of an autonomous mobile robot. Robot navigation for completely known terrain has been solved in many cases. Comparatively less research dealing with robot navigation in unexplored obstacle terrain has been reported in the literature. In recent times this problem has been addressed by adding learning capability to a robot. The robot explores terrain using sensors as it navigates, and builds a terrain model in an incremental manner. In this article we present concurrent algorithms for robot navigation in unexplored terrain. The performance of the concurrent algorithms is analyzed in terms of planning time, travel time, scanning time, and update time. The analysis reveals the need for an efficient data structure to store an obstacle terrain model in order to reduce traversal time, and also to incorporate learning. A modified adjacency list is proposed as a data structure for storing a spatial graph that represents an obstacle terrain. The time complexities of the algorithms that access, maintain, and update the spatial graph are estimated, and the effectiveness of the implementation is illustrated.     

创建超大可扩展地形模型的方法

超大场景的三维地形可视化模型是虚拟现实系统平台的重要组成部分。由于地形模型的复杂性,致使计算机硬件水平一直难以满足超大规模地形模型的实时显示需求。目前的超大场景三维表现上存在数据处理速度慢,可扩展性差等问题。为此,提出了一种新的地形创建方法,该方法以许多小的地形分片为基础,采用逆时针旋转的方式拼接出超大的地形,采用矩阵的思想进行索引值搜索。实验结果表明,该方法创建的地形具有可扩展性。     

GPU Tessellation全球地形可视化方法

目的 目前全球大规模地形可视化问题基本都衍生于分块LOD(level of detail)方法,该方法在快速地表漫游中依然存在GPU-CPU的数据传输瓶颈,其基于裙边的缝隙修复方法既需要额外资源,还存在依然无法完全消除的痕迹。为解决这些问题,提出了一种GPU网格生成的地形可视化方法。方法 结合GPU Tessellation方法、基于视点与屏幕空间误差的LOD方法、局部坐标系渲染等算法,使得全球地形可视化的生成效率有明显提高。结果 实现了一个全球地形可视化系统GTVS,提供全球高精度地形数据与多分辨率高清卫星影像数据的调度与渲染等。论文对该系统进行了详实的实验和数据分析,相比传统基于GPU的分块LOD方法,FPS(frames per second)提升100%以上,很好地解决了系统瓶颈问题。结论 结果表明所提方法实用、鲁棒、扩展性好,可广泛地适用于大规模的全球渲染系统中。     

COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND REMOTE SENSING – A SYNTHESIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

This paper presents efforts undertaken in the field of photo-realistic visualization of natural landscapes using digital elevation models (DEM) and images generated by remote sensing techniques. The remote sensing systems used in this work include Landsat Thematic Mapper, SPOT HRV and aerial photographs. After an appropriate preprocessing, including radiometric corrections and image enhancement procedures, a precise geometric correction is performed in order to achieve a very high co-registration of the images with the elevation model. A mosaic of several images at various resolutions is stored together with the DEM in a data set covering an extensive area. These data are then input to an efficient hardware-independent terrain rendering algorithm based on a forward projection. Atmospheric effects can be simulated. The concept of a virtual scene allows an automated embedding of raytraced 3D objects. The results show that these methods can be used in the field of environmental planning, civil engineering and other applications where terrain visualization is required.     

大区域地形可视化技术的研究

近年来，地形场景的实时绘制已受到人们越来越广泛的关注，目前已经提出的一系列场景加速绘制算法,虽然在不同的应用场合也取得了一定的效果，但都存在着局限性，尚不能满足大区域地形环境的实时高速绘制的要求，而与其密切相关的技术主要涉及到地形多分辨率表示、海量地形数据和纹理数据的分页管理、地形和纹理数据的LOD控制、地形和纹理数据的快速存取和更新等．为了能够对地形场景进行实时绘制，在对大区域地形数据管理和实时绘制技术进行研究和试验的基础上，对构建视相关动态多分辨率模型的方法进行了改进，实现了地形模型多分辨率表示与视相关的有机结合，并提出了一种高效的场景数据存取方法，进而实现了一个整合自适应三角网剖分、地形场景数据分页管理和动态更新等相关技术于一体的地形三维可视化系统，试验结果表明，该算法能够实时绘制地形场景，且质量较好．