一种基于概率模型的预测性时空区域查询处理

提出了一种基于概率模型的预测性时空区域查询处理方法.该方法采用Filter-Refinement方式来处理查询.首先,从数据库中选择所有可能满足查询的候选移动对象;然后,根据概率模型中定义的方法来计算候选移动对象满足查询的概率;最后,根据查询中指定的最小概率阈值过滤候选移动对象并返回查询结果.该概率模型将移动对象未来可能出现的位置定义为一个随机变量,并给出了计算移动对象在两种不同的运动模式下满足查询的概率值的方法.还提出了一种通过对大量历史轨迹抽样来获得概率密度函数(probability density function,简称PDF)的轨迹分析算法,并设计了概率密度函数索引STP-Index(spatio-temporal PDF-index).该索引能够有效地提高轨迹分析算法和概率计算的效率.实验结果表明,该查询处理方法能够有效地支持预测性时空区域查询的处理,提高查询结果的正确性,特别适合于具有较小的空间区域和长时间范围的预测性时空区域查询.     

一种移动对象数据库全时态区域查询处理方法

全时态区域查询方法是可以同时支持对于移动对象过去、现在以及预测性未来信息区域查询处理的方法,是移动对象数据管理的一个重要方面.在移动对象数据库领域,大量技术被提出以支持历史信息查询或未来信息预测,但是缺乏对于全时态区域查询方法的研究.提出一个可以支持精确区域查询的移动对象全时态查询方法,并支持对于历史信息的轨迹查询.为提高查询效率,提出索引结构PPF-index.在PPF-index中,首先在移动对象信息到达时,利用提出的TB_TPR-tree结构来索引移动对象现在以及预测性未来信息;其次,历史轨迹信息经过轨迹切分后利用3D R-tree进行索引;最后,提出基于PPF-index索引结构的全时态区域查询算法.全时态区域查询算法中的时间范围不同,需要访问的索引结构也不同.实验结果表明,PPF-index可以高效支持全时态查询,并具有很高的更新效率.     

时空相点移动对象数据索引PM-Tree

随着移动定位技术和无线通讯技术发展,移动对象的应用领域越来越广阔.位置随时间而变化的移动对象产生的时空数据具有规模大、多维性、结构复杂和关系复杂等特点.由于移动对象的运动轨迹大多被限定在特定的交通网络中,因此基于路网的移动对象索引成为时空数据索引研究的一个重要应用分支.目前,针对移动对象历史数据的区域查询优化的研究重点是如何提高窗口查询的效率.这类索引通常以同一线路为单位来组织轨迹数据的存储.索引通常采用两层的R-tree索引结构,上层的2D R-tree用于索引在某个区域内的线路,下层的2D R-tree用于索引某个时间段内在这些区域的移动对象.这类索引在处理轨迹信息的时间维度的时候,仅仅是把时间维度等同于空间的维度来进行R树维度的扩展.由于R树算法不能有效地降低最小限定矩形的空间堆叠问题,尤其是在数据量较大、数据维数增加时表现得更为明显.所以,为了提高路网中移动对象时空信息的存储以及查询的效率,本文则将轨迹信息中的时间数据和空间数据整合起来,提出了一种移动对象数据索引PM-tree(Phase-point Moving Object Tree).首先运用映射函数把路网中移动对象运动轨迹的二维时空矩形投影成带参数的一维"时空相点",并讨论了时空相点之间的偏序关系,建立了基于相点偏序划分的相点序分枝结构,为索引的建立提供了理论支撑.接着论文以MON-tree索引为基础,以相点序分枝结构来改进其下层索引结构,提出了时空相点移动对象数据索引,该索引能完成运动轨迹时空的一体化查询,能避免类R-tree索引中最小限定矩形堆叠导致的效率低下的问题,有效地缩小搜索空间.最后论文实现了索引的增量式动态更新管理.通过实验的对比分析,表明PM-tree索引不但能有效提高储存空间的利用率,"一次一集合"的查询模式还提高了查询性能.     

利用覆盖区域设计与实现移动对象索引

对移动对象索引频繁更新问题进行了研究,提出了一种基于区域覆盖的空间索引结构虚拟网格四分树(virtual grid quadtree,VGQ);通过索引移动对象所在的区域而非移动对象本身来减少由于移动对象位置的改变而引起的索引结构的改变,并给出了近似连续范围查询算法及增量和自底向上优化策略。实验结果表明,VGQ在查询效率和空间使用上是一种有效的索引方法。     

网络受限移动对象不确定性轨迹的索引

近年来,人们对于如何表示和处理移动对象的不确定性进行了研究,提出了一些较为有效的模型和算法.但是,在如何索引移动对象的不确定时空轨迹方面,相关的研究工作十分有限.为了解决上述问题,本文提出了一种网络受限移动对象不确定轨迹的索引结构(UTR-Tree),并给出了相关的索引更新及查询算法.在该索引结构的支持下,移动对象数据库不仅可以快速地处理对移动对象过去可能位置的查询,而且能够对其现在及将来的可能位置进行高效的查询处理.     

基于Quadtree和Hash表的移动对象全时态索引

为解决大量移动对象位置频繁更新所带来的性能下降问题,提出一种基于改进的Quadtree和Hash表的QH全时态索引结构。这种新的索引结构可以支持移动对象全时态索引,在Hash表中通过存储移动对象指针来支持移动对象标识查询,并对Quadtree的叶子节点采用适时合并的方法来防范分支太深而造成的查询效率低下。实验证明,QH索引与TPR-tree相比,移动对象的更新效率更高、对象标识查询较优、范围查询性能相近。     

基于移动阅读器的RFID概率空间范围查询技术的研究

在智能交通运输系统和人员物品跟踪等基于位置服务的领域中,对于移动对象位置上的索引建立和查询处理已经成为比较热门的研究内容.文中主要研究利用一种新颖的RFID系统的框架结构,依靠位置相对固定的标签来定位携带移动式的阅读器监控对象,从而支持高效的移动范围查询.该结构能够缩小监控对象可能的位置区域,但还是存在位置的不确定性,所以文中提出了此场景下的移动对象位置查询的一种概率模型,给出了有效的定位方法,并在此基础之上讨论了基于虚拟网格划分的m<'2>ROvgP-MRQ优化算法和CU-grid索引结构.实验结果验证了此模型和方法的性能及有效性.     

分布式环境下大规模移动对象范围查询算法

移动对象的连续范围查询是许多基于位置的服务的核心问题。针对该问题,提出一种面向大规模移动对象并发范围查询的分布式搜索方法。首先,设计了一种由全局网格索引（GGI）和局部弹性四叉树构成的移动对象分布式动态索引（DDI）结构。其次,提出了一种基于DDI结构的分布式查询算法（DSA）,该算法首先引入了一种在移动对象和查询点的位置连续变化的情况下的查询结果增量更新策略;然后,在增量更新过程中引入一种面向多并发查询的共享计算优化策略,该策略能够根据已有计算结果对移动对象范围查询结果进行增量搜索。最后,基于德国路网模拟了3个具有不同空间分布的移动对象数据集,将DSA与NS(Naive Search)、GI(Grid Index)和分布式混合索引（DHI）进行对比。实验结果表明,与性能最好的对比算法DHI相比,DSA的初始查询时间减少了22.7%,增量查询时间减少了15.2%,性能优于对比算法。     

移动对象XML数据库的存储与索引

如何对移动对象的XML数据记录进行快速的查找,关键在于合理地存储模型与索引结构。为了减少时空条件索引时的文件I/O操作,提出一个移动对象XML数据存储模型（时空XML存储模型）,基于这个模型给出了通过一定时空条件对XML数据记录进行聚集的ATS（Append Track node to Spatial node）算法。针对3DR树的缺点与时态条件在移动对象索引中的重要性,提出了HSTR（Hashing-Spatio-Temporal-Rtree）与HC3DR（Hashing-Changing-3DRtree）两种复合索引结构,能够有效地支持涉及时空条件的查询。实验结果表明,时空XML存储模型与两种索引提高了查询效率。     

基于U-tree的不确定移动对象索引策略

通过在U-tree中添加时间戳和速度矢量等时空因素,提出一种基于U-tree的高效率当前及未来不确定位置信息检索的索引结构TPU-tree,可以支持多维空间中不确定移动对象的索引,并提出了一种改进的基于p-bound的MP_BBRQ(modifiedp-bound based range query)域查询处理算法,能够引入搜索区域进行预裁剪以减少查询精炼阶段所需代价偏高的积分计算.实验仿真表明,采用MP_BBRQ算法的TPU-tree概率查询性能极大地优于传统的TPR-tree索引,且更新性能与传统索引大致相当,具有良好的实用价值.     

An efficient approach for continuous density queries

In location-based services, a density query returns the regions with high concentrations of moving objects (MOs). The use of density queries can help users identify crowded regions so as to avoid congestion. Most of the existing methods try very hard to improve the accuracy of query results, but ignore query efficiency. However, response time is also an important concern in query processing and may have an impact on user experience. In order to address this issue, we present a new definition of continuous density queries. Our approach for processing continuous density queries is based on the new notion of a safe interval, using which the states of both dense and sparse regions are dynamically maintained. Two indexing structures are also used to index candidate regions for accelerating query processing and improving the quality of results. The efficiency and accuracy of our approach are shown through an experimental comparison with snapshot density queries.     

一种高效的移动对象连续多范围查询处理框架

针对连续多范围查询处理,结合多核多线程技术和大容量内存技术,通过将移动对象和查询放在内存中处理,提出了一种基于多线程的连续多范围查询处理框架.该框架基于多核处理器平台采用多线程技术周期性地处理查询和移动对象的更新,并周期性地计算多范围查询的结果.提出了基于移动对象数据均匀划分的多线程连续多范围查询处理算法,该算法以为查询建立的格网索引为基础.给出了该索引的构建思想和更新算法.考虑到基于内存的算法受Cache访问性能影响,提出了基于空间填充曲线的移动对象存储优化方法.实验证明,基于多核平台的多线程处理能够高效地处理连续多范围查询,同时通过移动对象存储优化能够提高算法运行中Cache访问命中率,进而提高算法性能.     

Processing moving queries over moving objects using motion-adaptive indexes

This paper describes a motion-adaptive indexing scheme for efficient evaluation of moving continual queries (MCQs) over moving objects. It uses the concept of motion-sensitive bounding boxes (MSBs) to model moving objects and moving queries. These bounding boxes automatically adapt their sizes to the dynamic motion behaviors of individual objects. Instead of indexing frequently changing object positions, we index less frequently changing object and query MSBs, where updates to the bounding boxes are needed only when objects and queries move across the boundaries of their boxes. This helps decrease the number of updates to the indexes. More importantly, we use predictive query results to optimistically precalculate query results, decreasing the number of searches on the indexes. Motion-sensitive bounding boxes are used to incrementally update the predictive query results. Furthermore, we introduce the concepts of guaranteed safe radius and optimistic safe radius to extend our motion-adaptive indexing scheme to evaluating moving continual k-nearest neighbor (kNN) queries. Our experiments show that the proposed motion-adaptive indexing scheme is efficient for the evaluation of both moving continual range queries and moving continual kNN queries.     

Fast Nearest-Neighbor Query Processing in Moving-Object Databases

A desirable feature in spatio-temporal databases is the ability to answer future queries, based on the current data characteristics (reference position and velocity vector). Given a moving query and a set of moving objects, a future query asks for the set of objects that satisfy the query in a given time interval. The difficulty in such a case is that both the query and the data objects change positions continuously, and therefore we can not rely on a given fixed reference position to determine the answer. Existing techniques are either based on sampling, or on repetitive application of time-parameterized queries in order to provide the answer. In this paper we develop an efficient method in order to process nearest-neighbor queries in moving-object databases. The basic advantage of the proposed approach is that only one query is issued per time interval. The time-parameterized R-tree structure is used to index the moving objects. An extensive performance evaluation, based on CPU and I/O time, shows that significant improvements are achieved compared to existing techniques.     

Main Memory Evaluation of Monitoring Queries Over Moving Objects

In this paper we evaluate several in-memory algorithms for efficient and scalable processing of continuous range queries over collections of moving objects. Constant updates to the index are avoided by query indexing. No constraints are imposed on the speed or path of moving objects or fraction of objects that move at any moment in time. We present a detailed analysis of a grid approach which shows the best results for both skewed and uniform data. A sorting based optimization is developed for significantly improving the cache hit-rate. Experimental evaluation establishes that indexing queries using the grid index yields orders of magnitude better performance than other index structures such as R*-trees.     

面向不确定移动对象的连续K近邻查询算法*

近年来,位置服务等领域急需解决的一个难点问题是不确定移动对象连续K近邻查询.基于此情况,文中提出高效的面向不确定移动对象的连续K近邻查询算法.首先提出2种预测移动对象可能区域算法MaxMin与Rate,利用最近一段时间窗口内的位置采样、速度和方向预测移动对象在查询时刻到未来I区间可能的位置区域.同时使用最小距离与最大距离区间描述移动对象到查询对象的距离.然后采用优化的基于模糊可能度判定的排序方法查找查询对象的K近邻.最后在真实和合成的大规模移动对象数据集上验证文中方法的有效性.     

面向移动对象连续k近邻查询的双层索引结构

移动对象连续k近邻（CKNN）查询是指给定一个连续移动的对象集合,对于任意一个k近邻查询q,实时计算查询q的k近邻并在查询有效时间内对查询结果进行实时更新.现实生活中,交通出行、社交网络、电子商务等领域许多基于位置的应用服务都涉及移动对象连续k近邻查询这一基础问题.已有研究工作解决连续k近邻查询问题时,大多需要通过多次迭代确定一个包含k近邻的查询范围,而每次迭代需要根据移动对象的位置计算当前查询范围内移动对象的数量,整个迭代过程的计算代价占查询代价的很大部分.为此,提出了一种基于网络索引和混合高斯函数移动对象分布密度的双重索引结构（grid GMM index,GGI）,并设计了移动对象连续k近邻增量查询算法（incremental search for continuous k nearest neighbors,IS-CKNN）.GGI索引结构的底层采用网格索引对海量移动对象进行维护,上层构建混合高斯模型模拟移动对象在二维空间中的分布.对于给定的k近邻查询q,IS-CKNN算法能够基于混合高斯模型直接确定一个包含q的k近邻的查询区域,减少了已有算法求解该区域的多次迭代过程;当移动对象和查询q位置发生变化时,进一步提出一种高效的增量查询策略,能够最大限度地利用已有查询结果减少当前查询的计算量.最后,在滴滴成都网约车数据集以及两个模拟数据集上进行大量实验,充分验证了算法的性能.     

多用户连续k近邻查询多线程处理技术研究

针对面向移动对象集的多用户连续k近邻查询处理,提出了基于多线程的多用户连续查询处理(MPMCQ)框架,采用流水线处理策略,将连续查询处理过程分解为可同时作业的查询预处理、查询执行以及查询结果分发三个执行阶段,利用多线程技术来提高多用户连续查询处理的并行性;基于MPMCQ框架和移动对象内存格网索引,提出了基于多线程的连续k近邻查询处理(MCkNN)算法。实验结果与分析表明,基于MPMCQ框架的MCkNN算法在多核平台上优于CPM、YPK-CNN等现有算法。     

Efficient Processing of Continual Range Queries for Location-Aware Mobile Services

Efficient processing of continual range queries is important in providing location-aware mobile services. In this paper, we study a new main memory-based approach to indexing continual range queries to support location-aware mobile services. The query index is used to quickly answer the following question continually: “Which moving objects are currently located inside the boundaries of individual queries?” We present a covering tile-based (COVET) query index. A set of virtual tiles are predefined, each with a unique ID. One or more of the virtual tiles are used to strictly cover the region defined by an individual range query. The query ID is inserted into the ID lists associated with the covering tiles. These covering tiles touch each other only at the edges. A COVET index maintains a mapping between a covering tile and all the queries that contain that tile. For any object position, search is conducted indirectly via the covering tiles. More importantly, a COVET-based query index allows query evaluation to take advantage of incremental changes in object locations. Computation can be saved for those objects that have not moved outside the boundaries of covering tiles. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the COVET index and compare virtual tiles of different shapes and sizes.     

PRISMO: predictive skyline query processing over moving objects

Skyline query is important in the circumstances that require the support of decision making. The existing work on skyline queries is based mainly on the assumption that the datasets are static. Querying skylines over moving objects, however, is also important and requires more attention. In this paper, we propose a framework, namely PRISMO, for processing predictive skyline queries over moving objects that not only contain spatio-temporal information, but also include non-spatial dimensions, such as other dynamic and static attributes. We present two schemes, RBBS (branch-and-bound skyline with rescanning and repacking) and TPBBS (time-parameterized branch-and-bound skyline), each with two alternative methods, to handle predictive skyline computation. The basic TPBBS is further extended to TPBBSE (TPBBS with expansion) to enhance the performance of memory space consumption and CPU time. Our schemes are flexible and thus can process point, range, and subspace predictive skyline queries. Extensive experiments show that our proposed schemes can handle predictive skyline queries effectively, and that TPBBS significantly outperforms RBBS.