摄像机位姿的高精度快速求解

目的 针对对应点个数大于等于6的摄像机位姿估计问题,提出一种既适用于已标定也适用于未标定摄像机的时间复杂度为 的高精度快速算法。 方法 首先选取四个非共面虚拟控制点,并根据空间点和虚拟控制点的空间关系以及空间点的图像建立线性方程组,以此求解虚拟控制点的图像坐标及摄像机内参,再由POSIT算法根据虚拟控制点及其图像坐标求解旋转矩阵和平移向量。 结果 模拟数据实验和真实图像实验表明该算法时间复杂度和计算精度均优于现有的已标定摄像机位姿的高精度快速求解算法EPnP。 结论 该算法能够同时估计摄像机内外参数,而且比现有算法具有更好的速度和精度。     

基于平面单应性的单目视觉里程计设计

针对如何准确获取位姿信息来实现移动机器人的避障问题,提出一种可用于实时获取移动机器人位姿的单目视觉里程计算法。该算法利用单目摄像机获取连续帧间图像路面SURF(Speeded Up Robust Features)特征点;并结合极线几何约束来解决路面特征点匹配较难的问题,通过计算平面单应性矩阵获取移动机器人的位姿变化。实验结果表明该算法具有较高的精度和实时性。     

基于2点RANSAC的无人直升机单目视觉SLAM

1点随机抽样一致性(RANSAC)算法是一种准确度高、计算量小的数据关联算法,但是其在摄像机多个轴上的角速度都快速变化时会失效,用在以无人直升机为载体的单目视觉同步定位与地图构建(SLAM)上存在滤波发散的风险.针对该问题,提出2点RANSAC算法,结合EKF运动模型的先验信息,用只抽样2个匹配点的RANSAC去除野点.在微小型无人直升机平台上进行了基于2点RANSAC算法的单目视觉SLAM实验,实验结果表明2点RANSAC算法工作可靠,SLAM的位姿估计精度可以达到自主飞行需要.     

基于光偏振信息的摄像机标定方法研究

摄像机内参数标定直接影响位姿测量精度。在自然光条件下采集图像,由于光照不均匀,使靶标图像产生局部高亮现象,降低了标定点图像坐标提取精度。针对这一问题,提出一种基于光偏振信息的摄像机标定方法,分两步完成摄像机标定,第1步,使用自然光条件下采集的图像完成摄像机标定;第2步,在镜头前加装偏振片,根据第1步得到的标定结果,针对不同偏振角条件下采集得到的图像,计算靶标平面与摄像机像平面之间的2D单应矩阵进而根据相应的重投影误差确定当靶标摆放在不同位置时所对应的最佳偏振角,最终使用该偏振角条件下采集的图像,完成摄像机标定。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效提升摄像机标定精度,进而提升位姿测量精度：在-45°～+45°范围内,平均测量误差低于0.019°,与使用自然光条件下标定参数的位姿测量相比,测量精度提升了0.01°。在0～20 mm范围内,平均测量误差低于0.03 mm,与使用自然光条件下标定参数的位姿测量相比,测量精度提升了0.043 mm。     

单目视觉系统自运动的滚动时域估计算法

单目视觉系统的自运动估计是计算机视觉领域中的一个关键问题.针对包含有建筑、树木等一般景物特征的应用环境,提出一种单目摄像机位姿估计的滚动时域位姿估计算法.首先分析极线约束方程的不同形式,建立多帧图像闭环之间的时空相关位姿约束,归纳全局最优模型.然后,采用滚动时域方法实现时域窗口内多时刻摄像机位姿的优化估计,实现算法复杂程度和精度的折衷.另外,在室外复杂应用环境下,对常规极约束、冗余极约束和滚动时域冗余极约束这3种位姿估计优化算法进行实验对比,验证该方法的有效性.     

基于平面镜的摄像机内参数线性标定方法

提出了一种全新的基于平面镜的摄像机标定方法。该方法无需任何标定物,利用平面镜的反射性质和灭点、灭线等理论,通过移动摄像机或平面镜作至少2次平移运动(各次平移间应存在旋转运动)即可线性地标定摄像机的内参数。模拟图像实验和真实图像实验表明所提出的方法能快速、方便地对摄像机进行标定,具有较好的稳定性和精度。     

高速公路动态环境下的摄像机自标定

提出一种动态环境下高速公路监控系统摄像机的自标定方法.首先利用混合高斯背景建模方法从动态视频图像中获取背景图像和目标频繁出现的目标区域;然后利用不同的直线检测算法检测和估计出目标区域内高速公路上大量存在的各种标志线和虚标志线以及水平线,基于这些线状特征计算出摄像机的灭点;最后根据灭点和线特征之间的几何关系计算出摄像机的内外参数,从而实现摄像机自标定.真实场景的实验结果表明,该算法非常合适于各种高速公路监控系统中摄像机的实时自标定,且精度高、稳定性好.     

单目主动摄像头真实三维重建

由于单目摄像头尺度缺失,导致鲁棒位姿估计结果不准确,为此提出单目主动摄像头真实三维重建方法.通过融合机器人的控制信息和尺寸信息,得到单目相机的位置信息,利用位置信息计算出等效基线,根据变基线等效双目策略理论获取精度更高的深度估计;采用GoDec-RANSAC算法排除样本点中的局外点,估计鲁棒位姿;通过获取的位姿,估计最后一帧图像与第一帧图像之间的相对位姿,得到全局位姿估计,完成单目主动摄像头真实三维重建.仿真实验结果表明,该方法能够准确的估计鲁棒位姿.     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的5-Dof圆位姿估计算法

现有圆位姿估计方法对输入帧进行独立处理,忽略了有价值的目标动态信息,圆位姿估计精度有提升空间,提出一种基于EKF的高精度5-Dof圆位姿估计方法,圆位姿由5自由度向量ξ=(X,Y,Z,α,β)^T表示。该方法引入贝叶斯框架捕获视频连续帧的时间信息,优化圆位姿估计系统。首先,为了与2D椭圆轮廓交互,算法构造出5自由度向量ξ表示的空间圆投影轮廓5-Dof模型,进而设计非线性测量函数。其次,将该测量函数与扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法相结合,用于圆位姿优化。此外,使用简单的线性卡尔曼滤波算法(KF)对圆位姿估计值进行修正。实验表明,针对含有不同方差噪声的图像序列,算法利用图像序列的时间相关性,有效提高圆位姿估计精度。     

视频序列中基于头肩分割的人体位姿估计算法

当前常用3维重构的方法表示和计算视频中的人体位姿,但由于这些方法通常需要多个摄像头,不仅限制条件多,且计算复杂度高,为此,提出了一种基于头肩分割的人体位姿估计算法。该算法首先对视频中的人体进行头肩定位;然后利用人体头部的平面成像特点计算头部位姿,同时利用人体肩部的轮廓变化特点计算躯干位姿;最后结合头部和躯干的位姿估计运动中的人体位姿。实验结果证明,该算法是有效和优越的。     

Computing camera parameters using vanishing-line information from a rectangular parallelepiped

A new approach to camera calibration using vanishing line information for three-dimensional computer vision is proposed. Calibrated parameters include the orientation, the position, the focal length, and the image plane center of a camera. A rectangular parallelepiped is employed as the calibration target to generate three principal vanishing points and then three vanishing lines from the projected image of the parallelepiped. Only a monocular image is required for solving these camera parameters. It is shown that the image plane center is the orthocenter of a triangle formed by the three vanishing lines. From the slopes of the vanishing lines the camera orientation parameters can be determined. The focal length can be computed by the area of the triangle. The camera position parameters can then be calibrated by using related geometric projective relationships. The derived results show the geometric meanings of these camera parameters. The calibration formulas are analytic and simple to compute. Experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed approach for a practical application—autonomous land vehicle guidance.This work was supported by National Science Council, Republic of China under Grant NSC-77-0404-E-009-31.     

Camera position estimation and feature extraction from an incomplete image of a landmark

In the autonomous unmanned helicopter landing problem, the position of the unmanned helicopter relative to the landmark is very important. A camera carried on the unmanned helicopter can capture an image of the landmark. In earlier research, it was reported that the camera position could be estimated by features extracted from the landmark image. However, it is necessary that the landmark image should be complete, or with only slight deficiencies, in order for this estimation process to be possible. In this article, we report on an innovative design for an estimation made from a camera position giving an incomplete single image of the landmark. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is used to construct the mapping relation between the features of complete and incomplete landmark images. It will be verified that it is possible to estimate the camera position from a landmark image more than half of which is defective via the proposed method.     

Using parallel line information for vision-based landmark location estimation and an application to automatic helicopter landing

An approach to landmark location estimation by computer vision techniques is proposed. The objective is to derive the position and the orientation of the landmark with respect to the vehicle by a single image. Such information is necessary for automatic vehicle navigation. This approach requires lower hardware cost and simple computation. The vanishing points of the parallel lines on the landmark are used to detect the landmark orientation. The detected vanishing points are used to derive the relative orientation between the landmark and the camera, which is then utilized to compute the landmark orientation with respect to the vehicle. The size of the landmark is used to determine the landmark position. Sets of collinear points are extracted from the landmark and their inter-point distances are computed. The positions of the collinear point sets are evaluated and used to determine the landmark position. Landing site location estimation by using the identification marking H on the helicopter landing site for automatic helicopter landing is presented as an application of the proposed approach. Simulations and experiments have been conducted to prove the feasibility of the proposed approach.     

Using parallel line information for vision-based landmark location estimation and an application to automatic helicopter landing

An approach to landmark location estimation by computer vision techniques is proposed. The objective is to derive the position and the orientation of the landmark with respect to the vehicle by a single image. Such information is necessary for automatic vehicle navigation. This approach requires lower hardware cost and simple computation. The vanishing points of the parallel lines on the landmark are used to detect the landmark orientation. The detected vanishing points are used to derive the relative orientation between the landmark and the camera, which is then utilized to compute the landmark orientation with respect to the vehicle. The size of the landmark is used to determine the landmark position. Sets of collinear points are extracted from the landmark and their inter-point distances are computed. The positions of the collinear point sets are evaluated and used to determine the landmark position. Landing site location estimation by using the identification marking H on the helicopter landing site for automatic helicopter landing is presented as an application of the proposed approach. Simulations and experiments have been conducted to prove the feasibility of the proposed approach.     

Camera calibration by vanishing lines for 3-D computer vision

A novel approach to camera calibration by vanishing lines is proposed. Calibrated parameters include the orientation, position, and focal length of a camera. A hexagon is used as the calibration target to generate a vanishing line of the ground plane from its projected image. It is shown that the vanishing line includes useful geometric hints about the camera orientation parameters and the focal length, from which the orientation parameters can be solved easily and analytically. And the camera position parameters can be calibrated by the use of related geometric projective relationships. The simplicity of the target eliminates the complexity of the environment setup and simplifies the feature extraction in relevant image processing. The calibration formulas are also simple to compute. Experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed approach     

利用图像中的消失点描述平面直线关系

在三维计算机视觉中，消失点和消失线扮演着极其重要的角色，在此利用场景中常见的平行线和正交线的特点，通过绝对二次曲线图像和消失点的计算，测量场景中其他几何结构的关系，该方法不需要摄像机事先标定，实验表明，在单幅图像中该方法所得结果可以作为一个较好的估计值，在2幅图像中所得结果则较为精确，因此在图像测量中该方法有着一定的实用价值。     

一种快速的人工场景图像消失点检测方法

人工场景中包含了大量的空间平行线以及垂直边,这些空间平行线映射到图像中相交产生的交点即消失点。消失点检测对摄像机标定、三维场景重建等都有着重要的意义。传统的消失点检测算法往往基于二维霍夫参数空间,复杂度高、效率低。因此,提出一种新的方法,先检测图像中较长的边界线,并将检测到的线段进行筛选、分组;然后利用消失点与焦距之间的制约关系,确定三向消失点的位置以及焦距的大小。该方法将传统的二维霍夫参数空间转换为二级一维霍夫参数空间。实验表明,这种方法运算复杂度低、运行时间短。在室外场景图像中,鲁棒性好,且保持较高的准确率。     

高速公路云台相机的自动标定

目的 云台相机因监控视野广、灵活度高,在高速公路监控系统中发挥出重要的作用,但因云台相机焦距与角度不定时地随监控需求变化,对利用云台相机的图像信息获取真实世界准确的物理信息造成一定困难,因此进行云台相机非现场自动标定方法的研究对高速公路监控系统的应用具有重要价值。方法 本文提出了一种基于消失点约束与车道线模型约束的云台相机自动标定方法,以建立高速公路监控系统的图像信息与真实世界物理信息之间准确描述关系。首先,利用车辆目标运动轨迹的级联霍夫变换投票实现纵向消失点的准确估计,其次以车道线模型物理度量为约束,并采用枚举策略获取横向消失点的准确估计,最终在已知相机高度的条件下实现高速公路云台相机标定参数的准确计算。结果 将本文方法在不同的场景下进行实验,得到在不同的距离下的平均误差分别为4.63%、4.74%、4.81%、4.65%,均小于5%。结论 对多组高速公路监控场景的测试实验结果表明,本文提出的云台相机自动标定方法对高速公路监控场景的物理测量误差能够满足应用需求,与参考方法相比较而言具有较大的优势和一定的应用价值,得到的相机内外参数可用于计算车辆速度与空间位置等。     

A study on the dual vanishing point property

Vanishing points and vanishing lines are useful information in computer vision. In this study, an interesting dual property of vanishing point is first introduced. Next, we point out that there also exists a dual property of vanishing line. With the dual vanishing point and vanishing line properties, some 3D intersection inference can be made based on their image lines. Two applications are given to illustrate the usage of the new results. The first one is to derive the 3D pose determination of a circle using two parallel image lines. The second one uses six specially designed 3D lines to adjust the cameras with respect to a fixture in a binocular vision system such that the resultant camera coordinate axes become parallel.     

基于平行线的室内视觉导航

根据一组空间直线上的无穷远线素集在视平面上所形成的消失点对直线的平移具有稳定性的特点，提出了基于平行线的摄像机参数标定和自主移动平台室内视觉导航算法．在对摄像机进行标定时，将摄像机模型简化成关于移动平台航向角和X方向距离的线性模型，并利用走廊左右踢脚线在视平面上的投影直线的斜率、消失点坐标来标定摄像机的内、外参数；在视觉导航时，视走廊左右踢脚线为一组平行线，由其在视平面上的投影直线的斜率、消失点坐标，控制自主移动平台行驶的X方向距离和航向角，实现平台的室内视觉导航．本文采用YIQ彩色模型分割楼道图像，由Hough变换与最小二乘法相结合的方法提取楼道踢脚线．