广义容积卡尔曼滤波

传统CKF采用三阶球面径向容积定律来计算非线性积分,该定律将球面数值积分与径向积分相结合,难以构造高阶CKF算法。此外,CKF在许多非线性问题上表现出估计精度低等问题。为了解决以上问题,提出了一种广义CKF族,所提算法彻底抛弃了球面径向积分定律。进一步指出,传统CKF是这种滤波算法的特殊形式。实验结果表明,高阶CKF比传统的非线性滤波器准确性更高。     

基于容积卡尔曼滤波的神经网络训练算法

针对现有的利用非线性滤波算法对神经网络进行训练中存在滤波精度受限和效率不高的缺陷, 提出一种基于容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF) 的神经网络训练算法. 在算法实现过程中, 首先构建神经网络的状态空间模型; 然后将网络连接权值作为系统的状态参量, 并采用三阶Spherical-Radial 准则生成的容积点实现神经网络中节点连接权值的训练. 理论分析和仿真结果验证了所提出算法的可行性和有效性.

     

自适应混合阶SSRCKF及其在组合导航中的应用

传统的容积卡尔曼滤波（CKF）在处理强非线性系统时存在精度低甚至发散的问题,高阶容积卡尔曼滤波（HCKF）提高精度的同时也会大幅度提高计算复杂度,同时在高维系统中存在负权值影响算法的稳定性。针对以上问题提出了一种自适应混合阶球面最简相径容积卡尔曼滤波（AMSSRCKF）,该算法采用混合阶最简相径容积规则（MSSR）采样获得了比CKF更高的精度,同时结合了多重渐消因子强跟踪滤波算法,提高了算法的鲁棒性。最后,将该算法应用于组合导航系统仿真,结果表明,AMSSRCKF可以有效抑制系统状态突变的影响,提高了组合导航系统的定位精度和鲁棒性。     

基于均方根容积卡尔曼的δ-GLMB多目标跟踪算法

在非线性高杂波密度场景下,高斯混合(Gaussian Mixture,GM)实现的δ-广义标签多伯努利滤波器(δ-Generalized Labeled Multi-Bernoulli Filter,δ-GLMB)难以准确地估计目标数目及运动状态。针对这一问题,提出基于均方根容积卡尔曼滤波(Square-rooted Cubature Kalman Filter,SCKF)的δ-GLMB高斯混合实现算法。基于三阶球面-径向容积准则选取一组等权的容积点集,对GM-δ-GLMB滤波器的伯努利分量传递过程中的高斯参量进行预测及更新,实现非线性模型系统下的目标跟踪。仿真结果表明,与现有的δ-GLMB滤波器的扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filter,EKF)高斯混合实现及无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF)高斯混合实现相比,该算法可提高非线性高杂波密度环境下的目标跟踪精度。     

改进型CKF算法及其在GNSS/INS中的应用

针对容积卡尔曼滤波算法(CKF)在高阶非线性系统应用中,局部容积点采样不准确及系统状态突变导致滤波精度降低甚至发散的问题,提出一种改进型CKF(TSCKF)算法.采用新的容积点采样规则提高非线性函数映射准确性,进而提高滤波精度;引入强跟踪滤波(STF)的渐消因子,提升算法在状态突变时的鲁棒性.将此算法应用于GNSS/INS(Global Navigation Satellite System/Inertial Navigation System)紧组合导航系统中,仿真结果表明,该算法能够显著提高导航精度,鲁棒性强,在状态突变情况下依然可以满足导航精度要求.     

基于正交变换的改进CKF算法

为了解决容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)算法在处理高维问题时出现的非局部采样问题,提出基于采样点正交变换的改进CKF算法(TCKF).从数值积分近似角度导出无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)和CKF两种近似滤波算法,并指出CKF只是UKF的一个特例;基于多元Taylor级数展开分析,揭示CKF在克服UKF数值不稳定性问题的同时,引入非局部采样问题;对Cubature点集进行正交变换得到TCKF算法,并从理论上证明,在高维、强非线性等非局部采样问题突出的滤波模型中,TCKF具有比CKF更高的估计精度.仿真实例验证了所提出算法的有效性.     

加性噪声下增广容积卡尔曼滤波及其目标跟踪应用

传统容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)有良好的滤波精度和较低的计算复杂度,使其广泛被应用于目标跟踪系统。但在高维非线性和波动性大的目标跟踪系统中,3阶和高阶CKF分别存在滤波精度不足和稳定性低的问题。为提高CKF的滤波精度并保证稳定性,讨论和给出加性噪声下的增广容积卡尔曼滤波(ACKF)。在仿真中,将CKF、UKF和ACKF应用于5维高非线性目标跟踪,并分析比较三者的目标跟踪性能。研究结果表明,在高维非线性目标跟踪系统中,3阶ACKF可以获得更好目标跟踪精度和稳定性,以及可接受的计算复杂度。     

简化高阶强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波及其在组合导航中的应用

针对传统容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)在面对系统模型失配和状态突变滤波精度下降的问题,将强跟踪滤波器(STF)和高阶容积卡尔曼滤波(HCKF)相结合,提出一种简化高阶强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波(RHSTCKF)算法.该算法具有比传统CKF更高的滤波精度,并且利用滤波模型的特点,简化HCKF的计算步骤,同时在HCKF中引入多重渐消因子增强算法的自适应性和应对状态突变的能力.将所提算法应用到SINS/GPS组合导航系统中进行仿真实验,结果表明,RHSTCKF可以准确估计出突变状态的真实值,能够抑制滤波器状态异常的干扰,滤波性能明显优于HCKF,能够提高组合导航系统的自适应性和定位精度.     

一种改进的高精度组合导航滤波算法仿真

在INS/GPS组合导航系统的研究中,为了解决非线性滤波算法在系统模型不确定情况下出现的滤波精度低、鲁棒性差的问题,提出了一种将强跟踪滤波算法与容积卡尔曼滤波算法(CKF)相结合的组合导航滤波算法(SMFCKF).SMCKF算法将强跟踪滤波算法中的多重次优渐消因子引入到CKF算法的状态预测协方差矩阵中,对不同的状态通道进行相应的渐消.通过建立INS/GPS组合导航系统的非线性模型,对改进的滤波算法进行仿真,结果表明改进的滤波算法提高了滤波精度和鲁棒性,滤波效果优于CKF算法,适合应用于INS/GPS组合导航系统中,为飞行器组合导航优化提供了参考.     

相关噪声下非线性滤波及在动力定位中的应用

针对实际系统状态估计具有互相关噪声的情况,研究了互相关噪声下非线性系统状态估计问题.首先基于贝叶斯理论推导出新的互相关噪声下的贝叶斯估计算法.然后使用三阶球面径向基(spherical-radial)规则计算贝叶斯估计中的非线性积分,当噪声互相关时,基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的思想分别计算状态矩阵和观测矩阵的Jacobi矩阵,可得互相关噪声下的容积卡尔曼滤波(cubature Kalman filtering with one-step auto-correlated and two-step crosscorrelated noise,CKF--CCN);当噪声不相关时,可得容积卡尔曼滤波(cubature Kalman filtering,CKF)及其平方根形式(SCKF).最后通过动力定位系统仿真实验,表明提出的CKF-CCN的估计精度要高于SCKF和仅考虑一步互相关的平方根容积卡尔曼滤波(SCKF-CN).     

有色量测噪声下的改进求容积卡尔曼滤波器

为解决标准求容积卡尔曼滤波器在有色量测噪声条件下滤波精度退化的问题,提出改进求容积卡尔曼滤波器及其平方根形式.首先利用一阶马尔科夫模型白化非线性离散随机系统中有色量测噪声,将有色量测噪声下非线性离散随机系统转化为白噪声下非线性时滞系统.然后根据所得非线性时滞系统推导其高斯域的贝叶斯滤波框架,最后基于3度Spherical-Radial规则将该滤波框架近似为改进的求容积卡尔曼滤波器和其平方根形式.机动目标跟踪仿真试验结果表明两种改进求容积卡尔曼滤波算法在标准白噪声条件下与标准求容积卡尔曼滤波算法的估计精度相同,而在有色量测噪声背景下滤波精度和鲁棒性更优.     

A New Derivation of the Cubature Kalman Filters

This paper investigates the cubature Kalman filtering (CKF) for nonlinear dynamic systems. This third‐degree rule based filter employs a spherical‐radial cubature rule to numerically compute the integrals encountered in nonlinear filtering problems, thereby removing the requirements of explicitly computing the Jacobians. The cubature rule, however, requires computing the intractable integrals over a high‐dimensional spherical region for multidimensional applications. Moreover, the cubature formula that has been used to construct the spherical cubature formula has some demerits, most notably its inconvenient properties in computation and low estimation accuracy. Aimed at these issues, a general class of CKFs that uses only cubature rules is derived in this paper. It can be shown that the conventional CKF is a special case of the proposed algorithm. The paper also includes higher‐degree CKFs, especially two representative types of the fifth‐degree CKFs. Performance of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated via two target tracking problems. The experimental results, presented herein, illustrate the superior performance of higher‐degree CKFs to conventional nonlinear filters.     

High-degree cubature Kalman filter

The cubature Kalman filter (CKF), which is based on the third degree spherical–radial cubature rule, is numerically more stable than the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) but less accurate than the Gauss–Hermite quadrature filter (GHQF). To improve the performance of the CKF, a new class of CKFs with arbitrary degrees of accuracy in computing the spherical and radial integrals is proposed. The third-degree CKF is a special case of the class. The high-degree CKFs of the class can achieve the accuracy and stability performances close to those of the GHQF but at lower computational cost. A numerical integration problem and a target tracking problem are utilized to demonstrate the necessity of using the high-degree cubature rules to improve the performance. The target tracking simulation shows that the fifth-degree CKF can achieve higher accuracy than the extended Kalman filter, the UKF, the third-degree CKF, and the particle filter, and is computationally much more efficient than the GHQF.     

Cubature Kalman Filters

In this paper, we present a new nonlinear filter for high-dimensional state estimation, which we have named the cubature Kalman filter (CKF). The heart of the CKF is a spherical-radial cubature rule, which makes it possible to numerically compute multivariate moment integrals encountered in the nonlinear Bayesian filter. Specifically, we derive a third-degree spherical-radial cubature rule that provides a set of cubature points scaling linearly with the state-vector dimension. The CKF may therefore provide a systematic solution for high-dimensional nonlinear filtering problems. The paper also includes the derivation of a square-root version of the CKF for improved numerical stability. The CKF is tested experimentally in two nonlinear state estimation problems. In the first problem, the proposed cubature rule is used to compute the second-order statistics of a nonlinearly transformed Gaussian random variable. The second problem addresses the use of the CKF for tracking a maneuvering aircraft. The results of both experiments demonstrate the improved performance of the CKF over conventional nonlinear filters.      

Effective cubature FastSLAM: SLAM with Rao-Blackwellized particle filter and cubature rule for Gaussian weighted integral

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is a key technology for mobile robot autonomous navigation in unknown environments. While FastSLAM algorithm is a popular solution to the large-scale SLAM problem, it suffers from two major drawbacks: one is particle set degeneracy due to lack of measurements in proposal distribution of particle filter; the other is errors accumulation caused by inaccurate linearization of the nonlinear robot motion model and the environment measurement model. To overcome the problems, a new Jacobian-free cubature FastSLAM (CFastSLAM) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The main contribution of the algorithm lies in the utilization of third-degree cubature rule, which calculates the nonlinear transition density of Gaussian prior more accurately, to design an optimal proposal distribution of the particle filter and to estimate the Gaussian densities of the feature landmarks. On the basis of Rao-Blackwellized particle filter, the proposed algorithm is comprised by two main parts: in the first part, a cubature particle filter (CPF) is derived to localize the robot; in the second part, a set of cubature Kalman filters is used to estimate environment landmarks. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated and compared with that of FastSLAM2.0 and UFastSLAM in simulations and experiments. Results verify that the CFastSLAM improves the SLAM performance.     

Distributed fusion cubature Kalman filters for nonlinear systems

This paper is concerned with the distributed fusion estimation problem for multisensor nonlinear systems. Based on the Kalman filtering framework and the spherical cubature rule, a general method for calculating the cross‐covariance matrices between any two local estimators is presented for multisensor nonlinear systems. In the linear unbiased minimum variance sense, based on the cross‐covariance matrices, a distributed fusion cubature Kalman filter weighted by matrices (MW‐CKF) is presented. The proposed MW‐CKF has better accuracy and robustness. An example verifies the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.     

A Seventh‐Degree Cubature Kalman Filter

The fifth‐degree cubature Kalman filter (CKF) has been proved to be a kind of algorithm that has higher precision than the third‐degree CKF and unscented Kalman filter (UKF). In order to further improve the performance of CKF, the seventh‐degree CKF is proposed in this paper by expanding the spherical‐radial rule, and a new kind of deterministic sampling method is derived based on the seventh‐degree cubature rule. Through the comparison in target tracking simulation, the seventh‐degree CKF methods are shown to be able to enhance filtering precision compared to the fifth‐degree CKF, the third‐degree CKF and the UKF filter.     

Adaptive Gaussian filters for nonlinear state estimation with one-step randomly delayed measurements

This paper proposes new algorithms of adaptive Gaussian filters for nonlinear state estimation with maximum one-step randomly delayed measurements. The unknown random delay is modeled as a Bernoulli random variable with the latency probability known a priori. However, a contingent situation has been considered in this work when the measurement noise statistics remain partially unknown. Due to unavailability of the complete knowledge of measurement noise statistics, the unknown measurement noise covariance matrix is estimated along with states following: (i) variational Bayesian approach, (ii) maximum likelihood estimation. The adaptation algorithms are mathematically derived following both of the above approaches. Subsequently, a general framework for adaptive Gaussian filter is presented with which variants of adaptive nonlinear filters can be formulated using different rules of numerical approximation for Gaussian integrals. This paper presents a few of such filters, viz., adaptive cubature Kalman filter, adaptive cubature quadrature Kalman filter with their higher degree variants, adaptive unscented Kalman filter, and adaptive Gauss–Hermite filter, and demonstrates the comparative performance analysis with the help of a nontrivial Bearing only tracking problem in simulation. Additionally, the paper carries out relative performance comparison between maximum likelihood estimation and variational Bayesian approaches for adaptation using Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed algorithms are also validated with the help of an off-line harmonics estimation problem with real data.     

均方根嵌入式容积粒子PHD多目标跟踪方法

针对基于概率假设密度算法（Probability hypothesis density,PHD）的非线性多目标跟踪精度低、滤波发散等问题,提出了一种新的PHD算法——改进的均方根嵌入式容积粒子PHD算法（Advanced square-root imbedded cubature particle PHD,ASRICP-PHD）.新的算法在初始化采样时将整个采样区域等概率划分为若干个区域,然后利用既定的准则从每个区域抽取粒子,并利用均方根嵌入式容积滤波方法对每个粒子进行滤波,来拟合重要密度函数,预测和更新多目标状态的PHD.仿真结果表明该算法能对多目标进行有效跟踪,相比拟随机采样法和伪随机采样,等概率采样的方法在多目标位置估计和数目估计上有更高的精度.     

基于MCC的鲁棒高阶CKF在组合导航中的应用

针对高阶容积卡尔曼滤波器在非高斯噪声情况下滤波精度下降的问题,提出了一种新的基于Maximum Correntropy Criterion（MCC）的鲁棒高阶容积卡尔曼滤波算法。考虑到高阶容积规则可以较好地解决非线性问题,在高阶容积滤波的基础上,结合统计线性回归模型对量测更新过程进行重构,利用MCC估计算法实现状态的量测更新,同时解决了系统的非线性和非高斯问题。将所提算法应用到SINS/GPS组合导航系统中,仿真结果表明,核宽的选取对算法的滤波性能有较大的影响,在高斯混合噪声条件下,所提算法相比传统高阶容积卡尔曼滤波算法具有更强的鲁棒性和更高的滤波精度。