UML Statechart图的操作语义

面向对象标准建模语言UML(unified modeling language)缺乏精确的动态语义.根据UML1.1语义文档,提出描述对象状态机的UML Statechart图的形式化操作语义.该语义覆盖了UML Statechart图的绝大部分特征,为UML Statechart图的代码产生、模拟和测试用例生成奠定了基础.根据上述语义,基于Rose98完成了UML Statechart图的测试用例生成和测试过程的模拟.     

UML活动图在组件系统测试用例生成中的应用研究

近年来，基于UML的测试成为组件系统测试的研究热点。为了从UML活动图模型中自动生成组件系统的测试用例，本文采用灰盒测试方法，给出了活动图的形式化描述。分析了活动图并发特征所引起的测试场景集数量爆炸问题，提出增加约束条件的解决方法，减少了测试场景集数量。提出了一种基于活动图的组件系统测试场景与测试用例生成方法，使自动化生成测试用例可行性有一定的提高。     

基于形式化方法的测试驱动开发研究

对测试驱动开发中测试用例的自动生成和管理问题进行了研究,并时现有方法进行了分析和比较.给出了一种基于形式化方法的测试用例生成和管理方案.该方案通过形式化语言描述软件规约,并通过相应工具生成和管理测试用例,从而提高了测试驱动开发的效率.最后给出了该方案在极限编程各个开发阶段的应用.     

一种编译优化测试用例自动生成方法的设计与实现

编译器的质量保证对提高软件产品的质量有着重要作用,对编译优化的测试是其中的核心部分.对编译优化的测试需要大量的测试用例程序.要构造这些测试用例,使用传统手工构造方法面临着效率低的问题,而基于文法的构造方法则针对性不足.从对优化的形式化描述出发来自动构造测试用例能克服这些缺点.本文设计并实现了一种基于形式化描述的编译优化测试用例程序生成方法.该方法基于编译优化的时序逻辑描述构造关键顶点控制流图,逐步转换为控制流图并得到用例程序.针对GCC(版本4.1.1)进行的覆盖率测试实验表明,该方法可以生成具有较高针对性的测试用例,并达到相当的覆盖程度.     

基于输入/输出动作的协议形式化描述和测试用例生成方法

通信协议的形式化描述及在其基础之上的协议测试用例生成,一直是协议工程的重要研究内容。为此尝试将RSL引入协议形式化描述：首先探讨了一种基于输入/输出动作模型的协议形式化描述方法;随后对基于RSL描述的协议测试技术展开了讨论,提出了一种基于输入/输出动作的协议测试序列生成法则以及基于此法则的测试用例生成方法,并对使用该方法生成的测试用例的性质进行了讨论。     

基于UML Statechart语义的测试序列生成方法

UML Statechart是UML的一个主要组成部分，与其他类型的Statechart相比，由于采用事件队列的调度方式，UML Statechart有着更多的不确定性，使得针对UML Statechart 模型的测试非常困难。本文给出了一个形式化的语义模型，并将Stateehart转化为一个比较简单的标志变迁系统，利用路径选择算法得到一个基于标志变迁系统的测试集，然后通过判断得到的测试集中每个测试用例是否满足UML Statechart执行步的语义，从而得到一个满足UML Statechart执行步的语义的、可执行的测试集。     

一个面向对象软件自动测试框架的设计和实现

介绍了一个测试用例驱动的面向对象软件自动化测试框架(简称为TCDA).TCDA使用UML作为形式化的分析和设计规格说明,从UML的体系结构视图中自动获取测试用例,并以XML的形式保存这些测试用例.TCDA可以根据具体编程语言,将测试用例翻译成由一系列源文件组成的测试脚本.测试执行过程中,测试脚本首先会被编译和链接,生成可执行文件,接着这些可执行文件将被运行,同时测试结果将被记录和分析,并最终生成一个结果分析报告.TCDA的原型系统使用Java实现.该系统包括测试配置、测试用例生成、测试脚本生成、测试执行和结果分析五个模块,分别支持以上描述的过程.     

基于场景的测试用例自动生成方法

为实现测试用例的自动生成,提出一种基于场景的测试用例生成方法.首先分解被测软件系统,根据分解后的系统,建立系统场景模型.重点分析了测试场景的提取,给出了顺序、平行以及循环三种分解图结构的测试场景生成算法.最后给出了从测试场景到测试用例的转换算法.     

基于SDL和MSC模型的一致性测试生成方法

本文提出了一种基于协议的SDL和MSC描述的一致性测试生成方法。这种方法从协议的形式化描述出发，用形式化的语言定义测试目的和测试组，通过本文提出的算法自动生成一致性测试套。     

基于UML集成测试用例的算法研究

对基于状态图生成集成测试用例的方法进行了研究,通过构造集成测试模型,重点描述了两个对象或组件的状态图进行合并的方法,并给出了状态图的形式化描述,以及如何对组合状态图进行展开用于集成测试用例的生成.为了验证该方法的实用性,又以实际项目研究为例,实现了基于状态图集成测试用例的生成工具,对该方法进行了验证,并给出了算法的部分实现代码.该方法将系统设计和测试用例的设计统一起采,是软件测试自动化的一个探索.     

Formal firewall conformance testing: an application of test and proof techniques

Firewalls are an important means to secure critical ICT infrastructures. As configurable off‐the‐shelf products, the effectiveness of a firewall crucially depends on both the correctness of the implementation itself as well as the correct configuration. While testing the implementation can be done once by the manufacturer, the configuration needs to be tested for each application individually. This is particularly challenging as the configuration, implementing a firewall policy, is inherently complex, hard to understand, administrated by different stakeholders and thus difficult to validate. This paper presents a formal model of both stateless and stateful firewalls (packet filters), including NAT , to which a specification‐based conformance test case generation approach is applied. Furthermore, a verified optimisation technique for this approach is presented: starting from a formal model for stateless firewalls, a collection of semantics‐preserving policy transformation rules and an algorithm that optimizes the specification with respect of the number of test cases required for path coverage of the model are derived. We extend an existing approach that integrates verification and testing, that is, tests and proofs to support conformance testing of network policies. The presented approach is supported by a test framework that allows to test actual firewalls using the test cases generated on the basis of the formal model. Finally, a report on several larger case studies is presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interaction semantics with refusals,divergence, and destruction

Formal methods for testing the conformance of a software system to its specification are considered. The interaction semantics determines the testing capabilities, which are reduced to the observation of actions and refusals (absence of actions). The semantics is parameterized by the families of observable and unobservable refusals. The concept of destruction as a prohibited action that should be avoided in the course of interaction is introduced. The concept of safe testing, the implementation safety hypothesis, safe conformance, and generation of a complete test suite based on the specification are defined. Equivalences of traces, specifications, safety relations, and interaction semantics are examined. A specification completion is proposed that can be used to remove from the specification irrelevant (not included in the safely testable implementations) and nonconformal specification traces is proposed. The concept of total testing that detects all the errors in the implementation (rather than at least one error as is the case in complete testing) is introduced. On the basis of the analysis of dependences between errors, a method for the minimization of test suites is proposed. The problem of preserving the conformance under composition (the monotonicity of conformance) is investigated, and a monotone transformation of the specification solving this problem is proposed.     

PPP协议一致性测试集生成方法研究

测试集的生成方法是一致性测试技术的核心.介绍了形式化描述技术在测试集生成过程中的应用,针对PPP协议介绍其协议实现时的状态迁移.使用形式化描述语言SDL对PPP协议进行形式化描述,并以此为基础生成测试集,这些测试集能有效地应用于PPP功能实现模块.     

一种形式化的基于TTCN的测试执行方法

探讨基于形式化技术的测试执行方法是开展形式化的协议一致性测试活动的关键环节．本文提出了一种形式化的基于测试描述语言ＴＴＣＮ的操作语义的测试执行方法，并使用标号变迁系统刻画了这一方法的整个执行过程，同时讨论了这个方法的一个具体实现．这种形式化的基于ＴＴＣＮ的测试执行方法非常适合于构造通用的协议测试系统，同时也是进行测试集的自动验证的有效手段.     

Generating semantically valid test inputs using constrained input grammars

ContextGenerating test cases based on software input interface is a black-box testing technique that can be made more effective by using structured input models such as input grammars. Automatically generating grammar-based test inputs may lead to structurally valid but semantically invalid inputs that may be rejected in early semantic error checking phases of a system under test.ObjectiveThis paper aims to introduce a method for specifying a grammar-based input model with the model’s semantic constraints to be used in the generation of positive test inputs. It is also important that the method can generate effective test suites based on appropriate grammar-based coverage criteria.MethodFormal specification of both input structure and input semantics provides the opportunity to use model instantiation techniques to create model instances that satisfy all specified constraints. The input interface of a subject system can be specified using a high-level specification scheme such as attribute grammars, and a transformation function from this scheme to an instantiable formal modeling language can generate the desired model instances.ResultsWe propose a declarative grammar-based input specification method that is based on a variation of attribute grammars and allows the user to specify input constraints in addition to input structure. The model can be instantiated automatically to generate structurally and semantically valid test inputs. The proposed method has the capability to specify test requirements and coverage criteria and use them to generate valid test suites that satisfy test coverage criteria requirements.ConclusionThe work presented in this paper provides a black-box test generation method for grammar-based software inputs that can automatically generate criteria-covering test suites.     

邻居发现协议的形式化测试

Neighbor Discovery(邻居发现 ,ND)协议是下一代互联网协议 IPv6协议中的一个重要组成部分 .随 IPv6在我国的推广应用 ,各种设备蜂拥而来 ,由于各协议实现厂家对协议的不同理解 ,通信设备的协议非一致性问题将日趋严重 ,为了检查各个不同生产厂家的实现是否与标准文本相一致 ,进而确保不同厂家的 IPv6实现之间能够互操作 ,提出了一种协议一致性测试的方法 ,并开发了 IPv6协议实现一致性测试系统 .给出了该测试系统的结构 ,并利用自定义的一种形式化描述语言 ,实现了邻居发现协议一致性测试集的形式化 .并通过对 Solaris8上的 IPv6协议实现进行测试 ,给出测试报告和结果分析 .     

基于XML的测试用例自动生成方法

提出一种基于XML描述的测试用例自动生成方法:采用XML语言来描述报文接口信息,根据域测试策略生成域测试表,通过组合覆盖生成算法生成最终的测试用例包.该方法产生的测试用例具有数量少、能实现报文接口的最大限度覆盖的特点,从而在保证软件质量的同时,降低成本,提高效率.     

Validation of SDL specifications using EFSM-based test generation

Existing methods for testing an SDL specification mainly allow for either black box simulation or conformance testing to verify that the behavior of an implementation matches its corresponding model. However, this relies on the potentially hazardous assumption that the model is completely correct. We propose a test generation method that can accomplish conformance verification as well as coverage criteria-driven white box testing of the specification itself. We first reformat a set of EFSMs equivalent to the processes in an SDL specification and identify “hot spots” – nodes or edges in the EFSM which should be prioritized during testing to effectively increase coverage. Then, we generate test sequences intended to cover selected hot spots; we address the possible infeasibility of such a test sequence by allowing for its rejection decided by a constraint solver and re-generation of an alternate test sequence to the hot spot. In this paper, we present our test generation method and tool, and provide case studies on five SDL processes demonstrating the effectiveness of our coverage-based test sequence selection.