一种基于单目视觉的微型无人机姿态算法

针对无人机在连续飞行过程中的姿态求取问题,提出一种基于单目视觉的微型无人机姿态算法。基于无人机摄像机获得序列图像,利用图像尺度不变特性变换获取特征点信息,结合对极几何约束关系,运用随机采样一致性原理求解载体位姿变换信息,从而获得载体的导航信息。实验结果表明,通过单目序列图像获得的姿态角度变化精度优于0.1°,在180°旋转情况下的误差累加值小于1°。     

利用地平线与跑道边缘线估计无人机着陆参数

研究了一种基于机器视觉的无人机着陆参数计算方法,通过利用图像处理得到的地平线、跑道两条边缘线在图像像素坐标系下的直线方程,可以获得无人机着陆过程中的5个飞行参数:高度、侧偏距、滚转角、俯仰角、偏航角.介绍了视觉测量的一般理论;给出了飞行姿态角测量方法;提出了无人机高度和与机场跑道中线的距离的计算方法.利用实拍的一段无人机着陆视频验证了提出的方法,实验研究表明:该方法可以有效地获得5个飞行参数,为无人机自主着陆提供着陆参数.     

基于仿斑马鱼和仿鹰眼视觉的复杂背景下目标识别

针对反制无人机识别系统在公共场所内部复杂背景下的无人机识别问题,本文研究了一种基于仿斑马鱼模板匹配视觉识别和仿鹰眼视觉注意的目标识别方法,通过建立不同姿态的无人机模板数据库,采用仿鹰眼视觉搜索机制,结合尺度不变特征变换将姿态模板图像与目标进行匹配,获得粗略的目标区域。然后计算模板姿态与目标姿态的 Hausdorff 距离比较相似性,获得最相似姿态。采用仿鹰眼视觉注意机制对遮挡图像进行处理,提高目标识别的显著性。实验结果表明,该方法能够在不同复杂背景下实现无人机的准确识别,与光谱残差的显著性目标识别方法相比,平均运行时间提高23.5%,相比差异哈希算法具有更高的结构相似性指数。     

基于视频图像的飞行姿态检测方法研究

利用流场实验平台对仿生实验的风洞环境进行模拟,以航模飞机为检测对象,给出了一种基于双摄像机的视频图像飞行姿态检测方法。利用颜色特征分别提取两路视频图像中的飞行航模目标,采用提取直线的方法获得航模目标中的直线参数,通过直线参数的变化分别解算飞行的横滚角和俯仰角姿态。与AHRS航姿参考系统MIN—IVA900的数据进行对比表明：该方法检测结果的最大偏差小于1°,取得了飞行姿态检测结果的一致性。     

针对无人机图像特殊性的图像融合技术

为提高无人机图像拼接效果,降低机身抖动和环境色差对图像融合的影响,提出了一种基于透视变换的改进图像拼接融合算法,该算法针对无人机采集图像的特殊性,利用直方图规定化和直方图均衡化对图像进行预处理,由surf算法提取特征点信息并构建变换矩阵,再使用三种融合方法融合拼接图像。对比了透视变换与传统仿射变换,改进的加权平均融合法与传统融合方法,通过对多组样本进行测试和评价,证明该模型有效解决了无人机图像拼接色差、错位和畸变的问题,提升了拼接和融合的视觉效果。     

四旋翼无人机控制系统设计

目前无人机已广泛应用到各行各业,其中无人机的稳定控制一直是研究的核心。在飞控系统中各参数的选择对无人机的稳定控制有着至关重要的作用。以STM32微控制器为核心,利用MPU9250采集四旋翼无人机的姿态数据,配合卡尔曼滤波算法对传感器所采集的数据进行融合滤波,从而实现精准的姿态测量。根据飞行姿态结合PID控制算法,完成对四旋翼无人机飞行姿态的控制。     

基于SURF特征的航空序列图像位置估计算法

视觉传感器在航空无人机导航和定位任务中应用越来越广泛。针对无人机位置参数估计问题,提出了一种基于SURF特征的图像配准算法,该算法能够适应航空序列图像的旋转、尺度变换及噪声干扰,实现无人机位置的精确估计。构建了SURF尺度空间,运用快速Hessian矩阵定位极值点,计算出航空图像的64维SURF特征描述子;基于Hessian矩阵迹完成特征点匹配;使用RANSAC算法剔除出格点,实现位置参数的精确估计。通过航空图像序列实测数据位置估计实验,验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于粒子滤波的无人机自主轨迹视觉导航控制方法研究

针对现有无人机导航控制方法存在的控制效果不佳的问题,本文提出一种基于粒子滤波的无人机自主轨迹视觉导航控制方法研究。利用粒子滤波算法,实现对无人机自主轨迹视觉导航控制方法的优化设计。采用栅格法构建无人机飞行环境地图,根据无人机的机械组成结构和工作原理,构建运动状态模型。利用内置的摄像机设备采集视觉图像,执行图像灰度转换、几何校正、滤波等预处理步骤。通过对视觉图像的特征提取,判断当前环境是否存在障碍物。利用粒子滤波算法确定无人机位姿,结合障碍物识别结果规划无人机的自主飞行轨迹。将位置、速度和姿态角的控制量计算结果,输入到安装的导航控制器中,完成无人机的自主轨迹视觉导航控制任务。通过实测分析得出结论：应用设计的导航控制方法,其位置误差、速度误差以及姿态角误差均维持在预设值以下,即设计的导航控制方法具有良好的控制效果。     

融合小波变换与KPCA的分块人脸特征抽取与识别算法

鉴于小波多尺度变换对高维图像特征具有良好的压缩和表达能力,提出了一种融合小波变换与KPCA(核主成分分析)方法的分块人脸特征抽取与识别算法。该算法首先对人脸图像进行分块小波变换,再根据图像块的位置分布选取不同的频率分量;然后对此分量进行KPCA特征抽取,并通过对抽取到的特征进行融合来得到最终人脸鉴别特征;最后利用支持向量机分类器进行特征分类与识别。通过对ORL和Yale标准人脸图像库的实验仿真结果表明,该算法不仅在识别性能和分类速度上明显高于传统的PCA方法及融合小波特征的KPCA方法,而且对于人脸光照、姿态和表情变化均具有良好的鲁棒性。     

基于雷达–扫描器/惯性导航系统的微小型无人机室内组合导航

本文提出一种基于雷达–扫描器/惯性导航系统(radar-scanner/INS)的微小型无人机室内导航方法.为提高算法的实时性,采用基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)的DC同步定位与构图技术(SLAM)实现定位和构图;在更新状态值的扫描匹配过程中提出启发性逻辑来筛选激光雷达数据,以提高算法对无人机因姿态和高度变化而引起的轮廓地图波动的抗干扰性;在特征匹配的过程中选取合理的地图轮廓特征,并利用扫描匹配的结果和特征匹配的传递性提出了精度较高的引导配对,以提高特征配对在三维环境下的准确性;最后,将DC SLAM与惯性导航系统进行基于EKF的组合滤波,给出无人机的全状态估计.通过与GPS/INS组合导航对比以及室内飞行验证,本文提出的方法能够满足无人机飞行控制对导航实时性和精度的要求.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。