基于TM和LISS 3数据的地表反射率反演比较研究

为定量比较TM和LISS 3数据的反射率反演结果差异,以北京市2005年5月6日的TM数据和2005年5月2日的LISS 3数据为信息源分别进行了地表反射率反演,首先对图像进行了基于图像特征的大气校正,然后对地表反射率进行了反演,并对反演结果进行了比较。结果表明各波段的rmsd值分别为0.030、0.071、0.072和0.078。各个类别的rmsd值分别为0.008、0.087、0.066、0.079和0.056。     

高分五号高光谱图像自动大气校正方法

高分五号是我国高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项中唯一的高光谱卫星，为有效提高其应用的效能和质量，首先必须对其图像数据进行大气校正。文章提出了一种基于MODTRAN辐射传输模型的高分五号高光谱图像大气校正方法。首先，通过MODTRAN辐射传输模型构建能见度查找表、水汽含量查找表和反射率查找表；其次，分别采用Version 5.2法和大气预处理微分吸收法逐像元反演得到图像能见度和水汽含量；之后，根据反射率查找表逐像元完成高分五号高光谱图像的大气校正，并与FLAASH校正结果进行对比。结果表明，能见度和水汽含量反演效果较好，校正后的光谱曲线与经FLAASH校正的光谱曲线相吻合，3种定量化指标均保持在较高水平，且该方法能够实现高分五号高光谱图像的自动化批量化大气校正，大气校正过程无需其他额外参数，具有一定的应用价值。     

极化合成孔径雷达测量海浪的研究

描述了极化合成孔径雷达海浪成像过程。提出了一种极化雷达反演海浪方向谱的方法,该方法利用合成孔径雷达图像谱与海浪方向谱之间简单的线性关系和最优方法反演得到海浪方向谱,并将结果与现场资料进行了比较。经过对同一海区机载雷达P、L、C 3个波段的图像进行反演,其方向谱相当一致,而且有效波高和波向与实测数据吻合相当好。     

星载微波辐射计AMSR-E在台风分析中的应用

基于洋面上的微波辐射传输模型,采用多元线性回归算法,建立了海洋-大气参数的反演算式,并对其进行了验证。在此基础上,根据AMSR-E的反演结果,结合微波图像,对2005年“麦莎”和“泰利”两次台风的发生发展过程进行了初步分析和比较。结果表明,反演算式的精度接近于美国雪冰数据中心公布的业务产品,反演结果比较符合实际情况,微波图像可以较好地反映台风发生发展过程中的变化特征。     

基于随机森林的高分辨率 PM2.5 遥感反演 ——以广东省为例

细颗粒物(PM2.5)监测是大气污染治理的重要手段,受限于地面观测点的数量,从遥感反演 PM2.5 是常规地面观测的有效补充,是当前的研究热点。通常遥感反演 PM2.5 的思路是先反演大气气溶胶光学厚度,然后基于统计关系由大气气溶胶光学厚度反演 PM2.5。该方法容易造成误差传递,从而 导致反演模型的不稳定。该文提出了一种基于随机森林算法(一种机器学习算法)的 PM2.5 遥感反演方法,直接建立中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)影像与地 面实测 PM2.5 的关系,可以避免传统反演 PM2.5 时先反演大气气溶胶光学厚度带来的误差,最终得到精度更高的 PM2.5 反演结果。该方法先用随机森林算法对 MODIS 影像和经过克里金插值后的地面监测站PM2.5 数据进行训练和测试;然后,根据测试的均方根误差从多个模型中选取最优(均方根误差最小)的模型;最后,将此模型用于整幅 MODIS 影像,得到整个区域的 PM2.5 反演结果。实验选取了广东省 四个季节多幅 MODIS 影像数据进行验证,并通过决定系数和均方根误差两个表现指标进行对比和分析,验证了所提算法的优越性。     

PSO优选参数的SVR水质评价方法

为进一步提高多光谱图像水质反演的评价精度,提出了一种基于PSO优选参数的SVR水质评价方法。该模型利用高分辨率多光谱遥感SPOT-5 数据和水质实地监测数据,用粒子群优化算法对支持向量回归的参数进行了优化。首先,分析和筛选渭河陕西段水质实地监测数据,得到符合条件且具有代表性的四类水质变量。接着,使用五种大气校正方法对遥感影像进行大气辐射校正。然后,对各水质变量与遥感数据波段进行相关性分析和水质反演。最后,运用该模型以渭河水质监测数据为例进行了水质评价。实验结果表明,该方法可以较好地实现水质综合评价,能从整体上准确、客观地反映河流水质情况,为内陆河流环境评价提供了一种新方法。     

利用偏振滤波的自动图像去雾

针对雾天退化图像提出一种自适应图像复原方法。 该方法基于定义的偏振图像暗通道, 自动提取图像中的天空区域, 由此获得大气光的强度和偏振度; 采用偏振滤波提取大气光强信息, 并基于最小归一化互信息原则对估计的大气光偏振度进行优化; 根据大气光强的变化规律, 对大气光强的分布进行修复; 将大气光强作为加性噪声予以扣除, 并补偿因大气衰减带来的影响, 最终复原得到场景的辐射强度信息。 实验结果表明, 该方法能够有效地改善雾天下图像的退化现象, 提高了图像的清晰度。     

基于高亮模型匹配的SAR建筑物高度反演方法

针对高分辨率SAR图像中的建筑物高度提取问题,提出了一种基于高亮模型匹配的建筑物高度反演方法。通过对建筑物的成像特征进行分析构建出高亮特征模型,建立模型与SAR图像之间的匹配度函数,运用多种群遗传算法对匹配度函数进行优化搜索出最优的高度参数。基于模拟和实测SAR图像的实验结果表明该算法可以用于SAR图像建筑物高度反演,并具有较高的反演精度。     

基于Hyperion影像的高光谱水汽含量反演的算法比较研究

基于高光谱遥感图像数据的大气参数反演和一体化辐射校正具有重要研究意义和应用价值。首先,通过6S模型辐射传输计算分析了EO-1/Hyperion遥感影像在940和1 130nm附近水汽吸收区域的光谱吸收特点。其次,采用两通道比值法和三通道比值法,比较了不同波段组合的大气含水量高光谱遥感反演精度并进行了敏感性分析,模拟实验结果表明采用三波段比值算法的相关系数和均方根误差均优于对应的两波段算法。最后,利用张掖地区2008年3景EO-1Hyperion高光谱遥感影像,反演了大气含水量,并与地基CE-318太阳分光光度计测量数据进行对比验证,结果表明:1 124nm水汽吸收通道反演精度优于940nm,两通道和三通道比值法的均方根误差分别为0.369和0.128g/cm2,三通道比值方法优于两通道比值方法,与地面观测结果一致。     

ETM+数据绝对反射率反演方法分析

将传感器原始记录信号反演为地面反射率对于遥感定量化应用非常重要。为了寻找一种简单、精度高的绝对反射率反演方法，本文以新疆哈密为试验区，使用经验线方法和基于模拟大气状况的辐射传输模型方法对1999年8月的ETM 数据进行了反演研究。通过将各反演方法得到的反射率值与地面实测值及星上反射率进行对比来验证反演效果，发现经验线方法精度最高，中误差仅为0．063，而基于模拟大气状况的辐射传输模型方法精度差，甚至不如未经大气校正的数据。这是由于星上定标系数误差、辐射传输方程自身误差以及模拟大气误差综合的结果，本研究也说明今后在使用辐射传输模型进行大气校正时要慎重考虑。     

应用Landsat TM影像估算渤海叶绿素a和总悬浮物浓度

利用23个实测样点的渤海叶绿素a和总悬浮物浓度数据及同步Landsat TM影像数据,分别分析了Landsat TM离水辐射亮度对渤海叶绿素a和总悬浮物浓度的敏感性,选择合适的波段,通过回归分析构建了基于Landsat TM离水辐射亮度的渤海叶绿素a和总悬浮物浓度反演模型。结果表明,TM1、TM2和TM3波段对叶绿素a的敏感性较高,以TM4/TM1和TM3/TM2的对数为自变量,以叶绿素a浓度的对数为因变量的线性估算模型可以有效反演渤海叶绿素a浓度,决定系数R2达到0.97;TM3波段对悬浮物的敏感性最高,以TM2、TM3和TM3/TM2为自变量,以总悬浮物浓度的以10为底的对数为因变量的多元线性模型获得的结果最佳,决定系数R2达到0.91。     

Radiometric homogenisation of aerial images by calibrating with satellite data

The use of very high resolution (VHR) aerial imagery for quantitative remote sensing has been limited by unwanted radiometric variation over temporal and spatial extents. In this paper we propose a simple yet effective technique for the radiometric homogenisation of the digital numbers of aerial images. The technique requires a collocated and concurrent, well-calibrated satellite image as surface reflectance reference to which the aerial images are calibrated. The bands of the reference satellite sensor should be spectrally similar to those of the aerial sensor. Using radiative transfer theory, we show that a spatially varying local linear model can be used to approximate the relationship between the surface reflectance of the reference image and the digital numbers of the aerial images. The model parameters for each satellite pixel location are estimated using least squares regression inside a small sliding window. The technique was applied to a set of aerial images captured over multiple days with an Intergraph Digital Mapping Camera (DMC) system. A near-concurrent Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) nadir bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) adjusted reflectance image was used as the reflectance reference dataset. The resulting DMC mosaic was compared to a near-concurrent Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) 5 reflectance image of a portion of the same area, omitting the blue channel from the DMC mosaic due to its absence in the SPOT 5 data. The mean absolute reflectance difference was found to be 3.43% and the mean coefficient of determination (R²) over the bands was 0.84. The technique allows the production of seamless mosaics corrected for coarse scale atmospheric and BRDF effects and does not require the manual acquisition (or provision) of ground reflectance references. The accuracy of corrections is limited by the resolution of the reference image, which is generally significantly coarser than VHR imagery. The method cannot correct for small scale BRDF or other variations not captured at the reference resolution. Nevertheless, results show a significant improvement in homogeneity and correlation with SPOT 5 reflectance.     

Image-based Material Weathering

The appearance manifold [WTL*06] is an efficient approach for modeling and editing time‐variant appearance of materials from the BRDF data captured at single time instance. However, this method is difficult to apply in images in which weathering and shading variations are combined. In this paper, we present a technique for modeling and editing the weathering effects of an object in a single image with appearance manifolds. In our approach, we formulate the input image as the product of reflectance and illuminance. An iterative method is then developed to construct the appearance manifold in color space (i.e., Lab space) for modeling the reflectance variations caused by weathering. Based on the appearance manifold, we propose a statistical method to robustly decompose reflectance and illuminance for each pixel. For editing, we introduce a “pixel‐walking” scheme to modify the pixel reflectance according to its position on the manifold, by which the detailed reflectance variations are well preserved. We illustrate our technique in various applications, including weathering transfer between two images that is first enabled by our technique. Results show that our technique can produce much better results than existing methods, especially for objects with complex geometry and shading effects.     

Changes in satellite-measured reflectances caused by thinning cuttings in Boreal forest

Reflectance changes caused by thinning cuttings in northern Sweden were measured using multitemporal Landsat TM data. The test area was dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) mixed with Norway spruce (Picea abies) and birch (Betula spp). Landsat TM images from eight sequential summers were relatively calibrated pairwise using regression functions. For each combination of images from different years, local relative changes in digital numbers (DNs) were obtained from the differences between measured data from the late image and a prediction of these data based on the early image. These changes were scaled into units of reflectance using the radiative transfer code 5S. Between 19% and 57% of the basal area was removed in the thinning cuttings. This caused an increase of between 0.001 and 0.004 reflectance in the visible bands and around 0.01 in the middle infrared bands. The best single bands for discrimination of thinned stands from normally developed stands were, in order, TM5, TM7, and TM3. The reflectance changes in these bands increased with thinning grade and with the proportion of pine in the stand. In TM4, the thinning cuttings caused a decrease in reflectance that, to a large degree, could be explained by the proportion of deciduous forest removed. In detected thinning cuttings, around 50% of the variance in the thinning grade, basal area cut, or stem volume cut, could be explained by regression functions based on the TM data only. The reflectance changes caused by thinning cuttings were, in most bands, reduced to half between 4 and 5 years after cutting. The method used for calibration of local changes in DN to changes in reflectance allows data from different image acquisitions to be compared; thus it also may be suitable for creating a knowledge base containing reflectance changes caused by cuttings and local damages in forest.     

Retrieving shape information from multiple images of a specularsurface

In many remote sensing and machine vision applications, the shape of a specular surface such as water, glass, or polished metal must be determined instantaneously and under natural lighting conditions. Most image analysis techniques, however, assume surface reflectance properties or lighting conditions that are incompatible with these situations. To retrieve the shape of smooth specular surfaces, a technique known as specular surface stereo was developed. The method analyzes multiple images of a surface and finds a surface shape that results in a set of synthetic images that match the observed ones. An image synthesis model is used to predict image irradiance values as a function of the shape and reflectance properties of the surface, camera geometry, and radiance distribution of the illumination. The specular surface stereo technique was tested by processing four numerical simulations-a water surface illuminated by a low- and high-contrast extended light source, and a mirrored surface illuminated by a low- and high-contrast extended light source. Under these controlled circumstances, the recovered surface shape showed good agreement with the known input     

Determination of chlorophyll concentration changes in Lake Garda using an image-based radiative transfer code for Landsat TM images

The distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration in Lake Garda (Italy) was estimated using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data acquired at two different times, February 1992 and March 1993. To investigate the waterleaving radiance adequately, the contribution of the atmospheric path radiance reaching the sensor should be removed. In this work a completely image-based atmospheric correction method was applied by means of an inversion technique based on a simplified radiative transfer code (RTC). A semi-empirical approach of relating atmospherically corrected TM spectral reflectances to in situ measurements through regression analysis was used. Limnological parameters were measured near to the TM images dates; some of the in situ measurements were used to define algorithms relating chlorophyll concentration measurements to water surface reflectance and the others too were used to validate the results of the predictive model. The models developed, which performed better (r² = 0.818) when concentrations were higher than > 3.0 mg m³, were used to map chlorophyll concentration throughout the lake. Spatial distribution maps of chlorophyll concentration and concentration changes were produced with contour intervals of 1 mg m³.     

A comparison of contextual classification methods using Landsat TM

The performance of contextual classification methods is evaluated using Landsat TM data. Classes of pixels adjacent to the pixel to be classified are assumed to be conditionally independent given the class of the pixel to be classified. An assumption of autocorrelated spectral reflectance is made in three of the methods. Methods that utilize information from one image and images from two different occasions are compared.Our results indicate that an autocorrelation method utilizing images from two different occasions performs optimally.     

Radiometric correction of multi-temporal Landsat data for characterization of early successional forest patterns in western Oregon

Detecting and characterizing continuous changes in early forest succession using multi-temporal satellite imagery requires atmospheric correction procedures that are both operationally reliable, and that result in comparable units (e.g., surface reflectance). This paper presents a comparison of five atmospheric correction methods (2 relative, 3 absolute) used to correct a nearly continuous 20-year Landsat TM/ETM+ image data set (19-images) covering western Oregon (path/row 46/29). In theory, full absolute correction of individual images in a time-series should effectively minimize atmospheric effects resulting in a series of images that appears more similar in spectral response than the same set of uncorrected images. Contradicting this theory, evidence is presented that demonstrates how absolute correction methods such as Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6 s), Modified Dense Dark Vegetation (MDDV), and Dark Object Subtraction (DOS) actually make images in a time-series somewhat less spectrally similar to one another. Since the development of meaningful spectral reflectance trajectories is more dependant on consistent measurement of surface reflectance rather than on accurate estimation of true surface reflectance, correction using image pairs is also tested. The relative methods tested are variants of an approach referred to as “absolute-normalization”, which matches images in a time-series to an atmospherically corrected reference image using pseudo-invariant features and reduced major axis (RMA) regression. An advantage of “absolute-normalization” is that all images in the time-series are converted to units of surface reflectance while simultaneously being corrected for atmospheric effects. Of the two relative correction methods used for “absolute-normalization”, the first employed an automated ordination algorithm called multivariate alteration detection (MAD) to statistically locate pseudo-invariant pixels between each subject and reference image, while the second used analyst selected pseudo-invariant features (PIF) common to the entire image set. Overall, relative correction employed in the “absolute-normalization” context produced the most consistent temporal reflectance response, with the automated MAD algorithm performing equally as well as the handpicked PIFs. Although both relative methods performed nearly equally in terms of observed errors, several reasons emerged for preferring the MAD algorithm. The paper concludes by demonstrating how “absolute-normalization” improves (i.e., reduces scatter in) spectral reflectance trajectory models used for characterizing patterns of early forest succession.     

Extraction of spectral reflectance images from multi-spectral images by the HIS transformation model

The process is a completely closed system employing only image data, and it can be applied to any digital multi-spectral data set. A computer technique has been developed to produce spectral reflectance images from multi-spectral images. Hue, intensity and saturation (HIS) colour spatial transformation is used to compute the hue of a three-band colour composite image, and the image pixels with the same hue value are taken as a single material. The average brightness values of the pixels with the same hue are calculated for each band separately, and the distribution of the average values is taken as spectral reflectance image. This spectral reflectance image, which is essentially free of topographic modulation function, but includes spectral information, can be used in image classification, or other image processing. This technique has been successfully applied to recognize ore bearing rock in Inner Mongolia, China by Landsat TM images. The HIS transformation model is a new, very simple and practical technique. It is potentially useful for extracting spectral reflectance information and suppressing the terrain effect.     

Fast algorithms for estimating aerosol optical depth and correcting Thematic Mapper imagery

Remotely sensed images collected by satellites are usually contaminated by the effects of atmospheric particles through the absorption and scattering of radiation from the earth's surface. The objective of atmospheric correction is to retrieve the surface reflectance from remotely sensed imagery by removing the atmospheric effects, which is usually performed in two steps. First, the optical characteristics of the atmosphere are estimated and then the remotely sensed imagery is corrected by inversion procedures that derive the surface reflectance. In this paper we introduce an efficient algorithm to estimate the optical characteristics of the Thematic Mapper imagery and to remove the atmospheric effects from it. Our algorithm introduces a set of techniques to significantly improve the quality of the retrieved images. We pay particular attention to the computational efficiency of the algorithm, thereby allowing us to correct large TM images quickly. We also provide a parallel implementation of our algorithm and show its portability and scalability on three parallel machines.