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1.
Mark Coeckelbergh 《AI & Society》2011,26(1):61-69
How can we make sense of the idea of ‘personal’ or ‘social’ relations with robots? Starting from a social and phenomenological
approach to human–robot relations, this paper explores how we can better understand and evaluate these relations by attending
to the ways our conscious experience of the robot and the human–robot relation is mediated by language. It is argued that
our talk about and to robots is not a mere representation of an objective robotic or social-interactive reality, but rather
interprets and co-shapes our relation to these artificial quasi-others. Our use of language also changes as a result of our
experiences and practices. This happens when people start talking to robots. In addition, this paper responds to the ethical objection that talking to and with robots is both unreal and deceptive.
It is concluded that in order to give meaning to human–robot relations, to arrive at a more balanced ethical judgment, and
to reflect on our current form of life, we should complement existing objective-scientific methodologies of social robotics
and interaction studies with interpretations of the words, conversations, and stories in and about human–robot relations. 相似文献
2.
New methodologies are needed for modeling of physically cooperating mobile robots to be able to systematically design and
analyze such systems. In this context, we present a method called the ‘P-robot Method’ under which we introduce entities called
the p-robots at the environmental contact points and treat the linked mobile robots as a multiple degree-of-freedom object, comprising
an articulated open kinematic chain, which is manipulated by the p-robots. The method is suitable to address three critical aspects of physical cooperation: a) analysis of environmental contacts,
b) utilization of redundancy, and c) exploitation of system dynamics. Dynamics of the open chain are computed independent
of the constraints, thus allowing the same set of equations to be used as the constraint conditions change, and simplifying
the addition of multiple robots to the chain. The decoupling achieved through constraining the p-robots facilitates the analysis of kinematic as well as force constraints. We introduce the idea of a ‘tipping cone’, similar to
a standard friction cone, to test whether forces on the robots cause undesired tipping. We have employed the P-robot Method
for the static as well as dynamic analysis for a cooperative behavior involving two robots. The method is generalizable to
analyze cooperative behaviors with any number of robots. We demonstrate that redundant actuation achieved by an adding a third
robot to cooperation can help in satisfying the contact constraints. The P-robot Method can be useful to analyze other interesting
multi-body robotic systems as well. 相似文献
3.
The concept of the robot originated, during the 20th century, and then influenced many areas of human activities in the fields
of science, engineering, and economy, but also the arts and culture in general, to a considerable extent. This contribution
sketches very briefly the original meaning of the notion of a robot, and then some of the transformations of the original
meaning, and some of the influences of the concept of robot during the past century. The currently unreflected fact — the
roots of the idea of artificial life as well as the idea of robots in Karel Čapek’s famous play R. U. R. — is also mentioned.
This work was presented in part at the First European Workshop on Artificial Life and Robotics, Vienna, Austria, July 12–13,
2007 相似文献
4.
Michael L. Walters Dag S. Syrdal Kerstin Dautenhahn René te Boekhorst Kheng Lee Koay 《Autonomous Robots》2008,24(2):159-178
This article presents the results of video-based Human Robot Interaction (HRI) trials which investigated people’s perceptions
of different robot appearances and associated attention-seeking features and behaviors displayed by robots with different
appearance and behaviors. The HRI trials studied the participants’ preferences for various features of robot appearance and
behavior, as well as their personality attributions towards the robots compared to their own personalities. Overall, participants
tended to prefer robots with more human-like appearance and attributes. However, systematic individual differences in the
dynamic appearance ratings are not consistent with a universal effect. Introverts and participants with lower emotional stability
tended to prefer the mechanical looking appearance to a greater degree than other participants. It is also shown that it is
possible to rate individual elements of a particular robot’s behavior and then assess the contribution, or otherwise, of that
element to the overall perception of the robot by people. Relating participants’ dynamic appearance ratings of individual
robots to independent static appearance ratings provided evidence that could be taken to support a portion of the left hand
side of Mori’s theoretically proposed ‘uncanny valley’ diagram. Suggestions for future work are outlined.
相似文献
Kheng Lee KoayEmail: |
5.
Selmer Bringsjord 《AI & Society》2008,22(4):539-550
Bill Joy’s deep pessimism is now famous. “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us,” his defense of that pessimism, has been read by,
it seems, everyone—and many of these readers, apparently, have been converted to the dark side, or rather more accurately, to the future-is-dark
side. Fortunately (for us; unfortunately for Joy), the defense, at least the part of it that pertains to AI and robotics,
fails. Ours may be a dark future, but we cannot know that on the basis of Joy’s reasoning. On the other hand, we ought to
fear a good deal more than fear itself: we ought to fear not robots, but what some of us may do with robots.
相似文献
Selmer BringsjordEmail: URL: http://www.rpi.edu/~brings http://www.cogsci.rpi.edu/research/rair |
6.
Alireza Izadbakhsh Ali Akbarzadeh Kalat Mohammad Mehdi Fateh Mohammad Reza Rafiei 《International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems》2011,9(5):1005-1012
A Robust Anti-Windup Control (RAWC) method is proposed for n-Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) electrically driven robots considering the actuator voltage saturation. The actuator’s saturation
is fairly modeled by a smooth nonlinear function and the control design task is developed to avoid windup besides being robust
against both model uncertainties and external disturbances. As a major point, the paper also takes into consideration the
fact that windup phenomenon can be caused by some strong disturbances. As a result, being robust to external disturbances
promises safer situation against windup. The proposed controller needs no saturation output feedback and torque’s measurement
for control implementation. The analytical studies as well as the experimental results produced using MATLAB/SIMULINK External
Mode Control on a 2-DOF robot manipulator driven by geared Permanent magnet DC motors prove the superiority of the proposed
approach. 相似文献
7.
Gert-Jan C. Lokhorst 《Minds and Machines》2011,21(2):261-274
It has been argued that ethically correct robots should be able to reason about right and wrong. In order to do so, they must
have a set of do’s and don’ts at their disposal. However, such a list may be inconsistent, incomplete or otherwise unsatisfactory,
depending on the reasoning principles that one employs. For this reason, it might be desirable if robots were to some extent
able to reason about their own reasoning—in other words, if they had some meta-ethical capacities. In this paper, we sketch
how one might go about designing robots that have such capacities. We show that the field of computational meta-ethics can
profit from the same tools as have been used in computational metaphysics. 相似文献
8.
Let w be a finite word and n the least non-negative integer such that w has no right special factor of length and its right factor of length n is unrepeated. We prove that if all the factors of another word v up to the length n + 1 are also factors of w, thenv itself is a factor ofw. A similar result for ultimately periodic infinite words is established. As a consequence, some ‘uniqueness conditions’ for
ultimately periodic words are obtained as well as an upper bound for the rational exponents of the factors of uniformly recurrent
non-periodic infinite words. A general formula is derived for the ‘critical exponent’ of a power-free Sturmian word. In particular,
we effectively compute the ‘critical exponent’ of any Sturmian sequence whose slope has a periodic development in a continued
fraction.
Received: 6 May 1999 / 21 February 2000 相似文献
9.
Jeffrey Johnson 《Artificial Life and Robotics》1999,3(4):230-235
Autonomous football-playing robots provide a stimulating research challenge in the sciences of complexity and artificial life.
Currently, the game is dominated by problems of making the robots move sufficiently accurately. Even so, the dynamics of robot
football are clearly chaotic, requiring some higher level control strategy. A mathematics of therelations between the robots, the ball, and the pitch is introduced. This mathematics supports a theory of structural time necessary
for higher level dynamics and cognitive functions. In comparison with computer chess, robot football is more complex and may
supplant it as a bench-mark test. Many systems considered to be complex have behaviour which emerges from interacting autonomous
agents.Simulation is a new paradigm on which a science of such systems is being built. However, simulation currently suffers from the “can
you trust it” syndrome: for many systems it is impractical to do experiments to test the simulation. However, robot football
is a system which can be both simulated and built. It is suggested that this makes it an important scientific laboratory subject
for understanding the relationship between simulation and real complex system behaviour.
This work was presented, in part, at the Third International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January
19–21, 1998 相似文献
10.
This paper presents a design of cooperative controllers that force a group of N unicycle-type mobile robots with limited sensing ranges to perform a desired tight formation and that guarantee no collisions
between any robots in the group. The desired formation can be stabilized at any reference trajectories with bounded time derivatives.
The formation control design is based on several nonlinear coordinate changes, the transverse function approach, the backstepping
technique, the Lyapunov direct method, and smooth or p −times differentiable step functions. These functions are introduced and incorporated into novel potential functions to solve
the collision avoidance problem without the need of switchings despite of the robots’ limited sensing ranges. The proposed
formation control system is applied to solve a gradient climbing problem. 相似文献
11.
Retrieval of relevant unstructured information from the ever-increasing textual communications of individuals and businesses
has become a major barrier to effective litigation/defense, mergers/acquisitions, and regulatory compliance. Such e-discovery
requires simultaneously high precision with high recall (high-P/R) and is therefore a prototype for many legal reasoning tasks.
The requisite exhaustive information retrieval (IR) system must employ very different techniques than those applicable in
the hyper-precise, consumer search task where insignificant recall is the accepted norm. We apply Russell, et al.’s cognitive
task analysis of sensemaking by intelligence analysts to develop a semi-autonomous system that achieves high IR accuracy of
F1 ≥ 0.8 compared to F1 < 0.4 typical of computer-assisted human-assessment (CAHA) or alternative approaches such as Roitblat,
et al.’s. By understanding the ‘Learning Loop Complexes’ of lawyers engaged in successful small-scale document review, we
have used socio-technical design principles to create roles, processes, and technologies for scalable human-assisted computer-assessment
(HACA). Results from the NIST-TREC Legal Track’s interactive task from both 2008 and 2009 validate the efficacy of this sensemaking
approach to the high-P/R IR task. 相似文献
12.
This paper considers the problem of how to evaluate an offender’s criminal record. This evaluation is part of the sentencing
process carried out by a judge, and may be complicated in the case of offenders with a heavy record. We give a comprehensive
overview of the approach to an offender’s past record in various (Western) countries, considering the two major approaches:
desert-based and utilitarian. The paper describes the determination of the parameters involved in the evaluation, and the
construction of a decision support system to be used by a judge about to pass sentence in a criminal case. The system may
be used as a stand-alone system, but can also be integrated as a component of a general sentencing support system, e.g. a
statistical sentencing information system. The system is a knowledge-based system. The knowledge base (in rule-form) was created
primarily by eliciting knowledge from experts (judges, lawyers, academics and probation officers), but also by applying statutory
law, case law and legal authoritative texts. It is flexible in the sense, that a user can introduce his1 own preferences (expressed as numerical coefficients) and thereby apply different sentencing principles. The prototype is
at present undergoing testing by some of the participating judges. 相似文献
13.
Miomir Vukobratović Veljko Potkonjak Kalman Babković Branislav Borovac 《Multibody System Dynamics》2007,17(1):71-96
In the last decade we have witnessed a rapid growth of Humanoid Robotics, which has already constituted an autonomous research field. Humanoid robots (or simply humanoids) are expected in all situations of humans’ everyday life, “living” and cooperating with us. They will work in services, in
homes, and hospitals, and they are even expected to get involved in sports. Hence, they will have to be capable of doing diverse
kinds of tasks. This forces the researchers to develop an appropriate mathematical model to support simulation, design, and
control of these systems. Another important fact is that today’s, and especially tomorrow’s, humanoid robots will be more
and more humanlike in their shape and behavior. A dynamic model developed for an advanced humanoid robot may become a very
useful tool for the dynamic analysis of human motion in different tasks (walking, running and jumping, manipulation, various
sports, etc.). So, we derive a general model and talk about a human-and-humanoid simulation system. The basic idea is to start
from a human/humanoid considered as a free spatial system (“flier”). Particular problems (walking, jumping, etc.) are then
considered as different contact tasks – interaction between the flier and various objects (being either single bodies or separate
dynamic systems). 相似文献
14.
The class of software which is “surreptitiously installed on a user’s computer and monitors a user’s activity and reports
back to a third party on that behavior” is referred to as spyware “(Stafford and Urbaczewski in Communications of the AIS
14:291–306, 2004)”. It is a strategic imperative that software vendors, who either embed surreptitious data collection and
other operations in legitimate software applications or whose software is unwittingly used as a delivery vehicle for surreptitious
operations, understand users’ perceptions of trust, privacy, and legal protection of such software to remain competitive.
This paper develops and tests a research model to explore application software users’ perceptions in the use of software with
embedded surreptitious operations. An experiment was undertaken to examine whether the presence of spyware in application
software impacts users’ perceptions and beliefs about trustworthiness of the application software, privacy control of the
software vendor, United States legal protection, and overall trust of the software vendor. The results indicate users of software
with spyware, versus users of software without spyware, have lower trust perceptions of a software vendor. Further examination
of trustworthiness as a multi-dimensional construct reveals a software vendor’s competence in appropriately using private
user information collected and the user’s belief that the vendor will abide by acceptable principles in information exchange
are important influences in gaining users’ overall trust in a vendor. User trust in software utilization is critical for a
software vendor’s success because without it, users may avoid a vendor’s software should the presence of spyware be discovered.
Software vendors should respond to the strategic necessity to gain users’ trust. Vendors must institute proactive and protective
measures to demonstrate that their software should be trusted. These protections could take the form of technological approaches
or government legislation, or both.
相似文献
Burke T. WardEmail: |
15.
On JavaScript Malware and related threats 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Martin Johns 《Journal in Computer Virology》2008,4(3):161-178
16.
David Martin Jacki O’neill Dave Randall Mark Rouncefield 《Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)》2007,16(3):231-264
As a comparatively novel but increasingly pervasive organizational arrangement, call centres have been a focus for much recent
research. This paper identifies lessons for organizational and technological design through an examination of call centres
and ‘classification work’ – explicating what Star [1992, Systems/Practice vol. 5, pp. 395–410] terms the ‘open black box’. Classification is a central means by which organizations standardize procedure,
assess productivity, develop services and re-organize their business. Nevertheless, as Bowker and Star [1999, Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. Cambridge MA: MIT Press] have pointed out, we know relatively little about the work that goes into making classification
schema what they are. We will suggest that a focus on classification ‘work’ in this context is a useful exemplar of the need
for some kind of ‘meta-analysis’ in ethnographic work also. If standardization is a major ambition for organizations under
late capitalism, then comparison might be seen as a related but as-yet unrealized one for ethnographers. In this paper, we
attempt an initial cut at a comparative approach, focusing on classification because it seemed to be the primary issue that
emerged when we compared studies. Moreover, if technology is the principal means through which procedure and practice is implemented
and if, as we believe, classifications are becoming ever more explicitly embedded within it (for instance with the development
of so-called ‘semantic web’ and associated approaches to ontology-based design), then there is clearly a case for identifying
some themes which might underpin classification work in a given domain. 相似文献
17.
Keith Y. K. Leung Timothy D. Barfoot Hugh H. T. Liu 《Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems》2012,66(3):321-342
Communication between robots is key to performance in cooperative multi-robot systems. In practice, communication connections
for information exchange between all robots are not always guaranteed, which adds difficulty in performing state estimation.
This paper examines the decentralized cooperative simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem, in which each robot is required to estimate the map and all robot states under a sparsely-communicating and dynamic
network. We show how the exact, centralized-equivalent estimate can be obtained by all robots in the network in a decentralized
manner even when the network is never fully connected. Furthermore, a robot only needs to consider its own knowledge of the
network topology in order to detect when the centralized-equivalent estimate is obtainable. Our approach is validated through
more than 250 min of hardware experiments using a team of real robots. The resulting estimates are compared against accurate
groundtruth data for all robot poses and landmark positions. In addition, we examined the effects of communication range limit
on our algorithm’s performance. 相似文献
18.
Caregiving robots and ethical reflection: the perspective of interdisciplinary technology assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Michael Decker 《AI & Society》2008,22(3):315-330
Autonomous robots that are capable of learning are being developed to make it easier for human actors to achieve their goals.
As such, robots are primarily a means to an end and replace human actions (or parts of them). An interdisciplinary technology
assessment was carried out to determine the extent to which a replacement of this kind makes ethical sense in terms of technology,
economics and legal aspects. Proceeding from an ethical perspective, derived from Kant’s formula of humanity, in this article
we analyse the use of robots in the care of the elderly or infirm and then examine robot learning in the context of this kind
of cooperation.
相似文献
Michael DeckerEmail: |
19.
This paper presents a series of simulation experiments that incrementally extend previous work on neural robot controllers
in a predator-prey scenario, in particular the work of Floreano and Nolfi, and integrates it with ideas from work on the ‘co-evolution’
of robot morphologies and control systems. The aim of these experiments has been to further systematically investigate the
tradeoffs and interdependencies between morphological parameters and behavioral strategies through a series of predator-prey
experiments in which increasingly many aspects are subject to self-organization through competitive co-evolution. Motivated
by the fact that, despite the emphasis of the interdependence of brain, body and environment in much recent research, the
environment has actually received relatively little attention, the last set of experiments lets robots/species actively adapt
their environments to their own needs, rather than just adapting themselves to a given environment.
This paper is an extended version of: Buason and Ziemke. “Co-evolving task-dependent visual morphologies in predator-prey
experiments,” in Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Cantu-Paz et al. (Eds.), Springer Verlag: Berlin, 2003, pp. 458–469. 相似文献
20.
Experimental investigation into influence of negative attitudes toward robots on human–robot interaction 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Negative attitudes toward robots are considered as one of the psychological factors preventing humans from interacting with
robots in the daily life. To verify their influence on humans‘ behaviors toward robots, we designed and executed experiments
where subjects interacted with Robovie, which is being developed as a platform for research on the possibility of communication
robots. This paper reports and discusses the results of these experiments on correlation between subjects’ negative attitudes
and their behaviors toward robots. Moreover, it discusses influences of gender and experience of real robots on their negative
attitudes and behaviors toward robots.
相似文献
Tomohiro SuzukiEmail: |