基于MODIS遥感数据的宏观土地覆盖特征分类方法与精度分析研究

针对宏观土地覆盖遥感分类的现状,充分利用MODIS相对于AVHRR数据具有的多光谱和分辨率优势,提出了利用MODIS数据进行分类特征选择与提取并结合多时相特征进行宏观土地覆盖分类的分类方法,并在中国山东省进行了分类试验,得出以下结论:①不同比例下的训练样本与验证样本影响着总体分类精度;②从MODIS数据中得到的植被指数EVI、白天地表温度Tday、水体指数NDWI、纹理特征局部平稳Homogeneity等可以作为分类特征配合参与到多波段地表反射率Ref1-7遥感影像中,能明显提高分类精度,而土壤亮度指数NDSI则没有贡献;③提取的分类特征对总体分类精度贡献大小为:EVI贡献最大,提高近6个百分点,其次是Homogeneity、NDWI,均提高近4个百分点,而最少的Tday也贡献了近3个百分点;④各分类特征对不同地物类别具有不同的分离度,在提高某些类别的分离性时,有可能降低了其它类别的分离性。试验结果表明:在没有其它非遥感信息的前提下,仅利用MODIS遥感自身信息对宏观土地覆盖分类就可达到较高精度。     

物候特征辅助下的随机森林宏观尺度土地覆盖分类方法研究

通过遥感技术获取大范围土地覆盖信息对于监测、理解和预测自然资源具有重要的科学意义.MODIS数据是当今宏观尺度土地覆盖研究的主要数据源.本文以河北省为研究区,应用MOD13Q1数据产品,构建MODIS NDVI时间序列,从中反演物候特征作为参与分类的主要辅助信息,并采用随机森林分类方法进行宏观尺度土地覆被分类实验,并与单决策树(CART)进行对比分析.实验结果表明,物候特征辅助下的随机森林宏观尺度土地覆被分类方法的总体精度为87.2％,Kappa系数为0.83,比CART单一决策树精度提高了17.9％;应用物候特征参与分类,使得总体精度提高2.6％;其中,旱地和建筑用地精度分别提高了6.7％和11.9％.     

基于时序MODIS EVI匹配的棉花信息提取以新疆博乐市为例

增强植被指数(EVI)是植被生长状态及植被覆盖度的指示因子,其时序数据也已成为基于物候特征开展大区域植被和土地覆盖分类的基本手段。利用Savitzky-Golay滤波对MODIS EVI 16 d合成时间序列数据进行重建,并利用2006~2010年重建得到的时序数据建立棉花理想时序EVI曲线,通过比较待分类像元与理想曲线欧氏距离的方法,提取新疆博乐市棉花种植分布。使用2011年实地调查的棉花地块为感兴趣区,利用混淆矩阵对2011年棉花种植分布的提取结果进行精度检验,总体精度为82.31%。结果表明:利用多年数据建立的理想时序EVI曲线提取棉花种植分布有效可行。     

基于MODIS产品的区域土壤遥感分类研究——以新疆为例

以新疆维吾尔自治区全境为研究区域，采用中高分辨率MODIS遥感数据和地形数据，在第二次全国土壤普查数据库的支持下，采用自动分类方法，探讨了遥感技术在常规土壤调查工作受限制的干旱地区进行土壤调查的效果和适用性。研究中使用了MODIS地表反射率、植被指数、地表昼夜温度等数据产品，提取了多种图像特征，并结合了DEM生成的地形参数。研究区土壤分类系统在发生学分类的基础上集合遥感信息特征进行了调整，形成了具有26个土壤类型及特殊地表覆被的土壤遥感分类系统。经分类试验，总体精度为70%左右。
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遥感干旱指数在洛川苹果干旱监测中的适用性分析

目前对苹果干旱研究较少且主要运用站点数据,对空间信息表征有限,遥感干旱指数可用于大范围干旱时空动态监测,但在苹果干旱监测中的适用性还有待研究。基于2014~2018年MODIS反射率、地表温度以及地表覆被数据,结合土壤湿度数据和野外调查资料,分析洛川苹果区温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）、归一化植被水分指数（NDWI）、植被供水指数（VSWI）与10 cm深度土壤湿度（SM）的一致性,探索遥感干旱指标对土壤干湿状况表征能力,并进一步研究遥感干旱指标对干旱响应敏感时段。结果表明：①由增强型植被指数（EVI）计算的VSWI与SM的时空一致性最好,其在2014、2017年表现出的干旱特征与实际旱情相符;②VSWI（EVI）和TVDI（EVI）与SM的相关性分别高于VSWI（NDVI）和TVDI（NDVI）与SM的相关性,使用EVI能提高VSWI和TVDI对干旱的表征能力;③TVDI、NDWI、VSWI对SM存在不同时间的反应滞后,滞后3时相（24 d）的VSWI（EVI）与SM的相关性最高,而NDWI对SM滞后时间短,对干旱响应较及时,结合VSWI（EVI）和NDWI可能更有利于监测苹果干旱;④在不同苹果生育期,遥感指标对土壤湿度敏感性不同,VSWI在不同生育期敏感性差异最明显：新梢旺长期（5、6月）对土壤湿度敏感性高于萌芽开花期、果实膨大期、成熟期;该结果符合洛川县苹果不同生育期需水规律和洛川降水、干旱发生特征。研究结果可为遥感监测苹果干旱提供参考依据。     

深度卷积神经网络特征提取用于地表覆盖分类初探

目的 地表覆盖监测是生态环境变化研究、土地资源管理和可持续发展的重要基础,在全球资源监测、全球变化检测中发挥着重要作用。提高中等分辨率遥感影像地表覆盖分类的精度具有非常重要的意义。方法 近年来,深度卷积神经网络在图像分类、目标检测和图像语义分割等领域取得了一系列突破性的进展,相比于传统的机器学习方法具有更强的特征学习和特征表达能力。基于其优越的特性,本文进行了深度卷积神经网络对中分辨率遥感影像进行特征提取和分类的探索性研究。以GF-1的16 m空间分辨率多光谱影像为实验数据,利用预训练好的AlexNet深度卷积神经网络模型进行特征提取,以SVM为分类器进行分类。分析了AlexNet不同层的特征以及用于提取特征的邻域窗口尺寸对分类结果的影响,并与传统的单纯基于光谱特征和基于光谱+纹理特征的分类结果进行对比分析。结果 结果表明在用AlexNet模型提取特征进行地表覆盖分类时,Fc6全连接层是最有效的特征提取层,最佳的特征提取窗口尺寸为9×9像素,同时利用深度特征得到的总体分类精度要高于其他两种方法。结论 深度卷积神经网络可以提取更精细更准确的地表覆盖特征,得到更高的地表覆盖分类精度,为地表覆盖分类提供了参考价值。     

基于遥感和陆表信息集成的广东省土地覆盖分类方法研究

土地覆盖信息是估算地-气间的生物物理过程和能量交换的关键参数,也是区域和全球尺度气候和生态系统过程模型所需要的重要参量。如何高效地利用遥感数据提取土地覆盖信息是当前研究迫切需要解决的问题。面向对象的分类方法不但充分利用了遥感数据的光谱信息,同时也利用了影像的纹理结构信息和更多的地物分布信息关系,在遥感分类中具有较大的潜力。研究基于2010年多时相的环境卫星数据、TM数据以及DEM数据,并结合地表采集的4000多个样点数据,采用面向对象的分类方法对广东省土地覆盖进行分类。经采样验证,广东省土地覆盖平均精度为85%,分类结果精度远高于常规的分类算法,说明结合陆表信息的面向对象分类方法比常规的分类算法更具有优势,可以实现高精度的土地覆盖分类。     

面向宏观地表分类的特征选择算法比较研究

为了成功将土地覆盖进行分类,选择合适的特征是至关重要的。针对利用MODIS数据进行宏观土地覆盖的分类问题,对三种典型的特征选择方法进行了比较研究。研究结果表明：分支定界法（BB）最适合于该土地覆盖分类问题,与此同时,ReliefF和mRMR方法在目标应用中的精度非常接近。研究结果同样表明进行特征选择是非常必要的,它不仅能够大大地降低计算复杂度,而且分类精度能够保持不变,甚至更高。     

基于时序Landsat数据的三江平原植被地表类型变化遥感探测研究

Landsat 卫星遥感数据具有分辨率较高,数据积累时间长的特点,在探测地表覆盖变化和地物分类中得到广泛应用。首先,对获取的Landsat TM/ETM+时间序列数据进行了定量化处理,获取了三江平原七台河市1989~2012年时间序列Landsat地表反射率图像。其次,设计了林地指数和湿地指数,提取了三江平原七台河区域地物光谱和时序特征,同时设计构建了地表覆盖分类和植被地表类型变化探测的决策树算法,实现了1989~2012年七台河区域的植被地表覆盖变化的动态监测,提取了森林覆盖变化的空间分布与变化时间。最后,对七台河区域地表覆盖与植被地表类型变化进行了精度检验,分类总体精度达到90.04%,Kappa系数达0.88。研究结果表明:基于定量化的Landsat时间序列数据的分类算法能克服单时相影像分类的缺陷,实现区域地物自动分类和地表覆盖变化的动态监测。
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基于植被分区的中国植被类型分类方法

高精度的土地覆盖分类产品对定量遥感研究及遥感应用等具有非常重要的意义。目前免费的且全球覆盖的土地分类产品已有很多,但这些产品多为国外研究机构和人员所研发,由于对中国区域地形复杂、植被结构特征差异与农作物种植结构差异等没有进行充分的研究,使得这些产品用于中国区域的分类时其精度尤其是植被类型的分类精度较低。因此,生产一种针对中国区域的植被类型分类产品是非常必要的。针对中国区域地形、土壤等信息,并在借鉴现有的植被区划的基础上,发展了一种基于植被分区的中国植被类型分类方法,该分类方法以长时间序列为基础,能以较高的时间分辨率捕捉地表随时间变化的信息,从而利用地物在时间维上的差异提高分类精度,并利用该方法完成了2012年中国土地覆盖分类。此外还通过分层随机采样的方法对分类结果进行了精度评估,发现本分类产品的总体精度和Kappa系数有较大提高,其中本文产品总体精度为90.78%,Kappa系数为0.86;并通过与MODIS土地覆盖数据产品进行比较,发现该产品精度比MODIS土地覆盖数据产品在植被类型上提高了61.38%。     

Multi-index-based soil moisture estimation using MODIS images

The suitability of using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images for surface soil moisture estimation to investigate the importance of soil moisture in different applications, such as agriculture, hydrology, meteorology and natural disaster management, is evaluated in this study. Soil moisture field measurements and MODIS images of relevant dates have been acquired. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) are calculated from MODIS images. In addition, MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST) data (MOD11A1) are used in this analysis. Four different soil moisture estimation models, which are based on NDVI–LST, EVI–LST, NDVI–LST–NDWI and EVI–LST–NDWI, are developed and their accuracies are assessed. Statistical analysis shows that replacing EVI with NDVI in the model that is based on LST and NDVI increases the accuracy of soil moisture estimation. Accuracy evaluation of soil moisture estimation using check points shows that the model based on LST, EVI and NDWI values gives a higher accuracy than that based on LST and EVI values. It is concluded that the model based on the three indices is a suitable model to estimate soil moisture through MODIS imagery.     

Monitoring Sahelian floodplains using Fourier analysis of MODIS time‐series data and artificial neural networks

Fourier analysis of Moderate Resolution Image Spectrometer (MODIS) time‐series data was applied to monitor the flooding extent of the Waza‐Logone floodplain, located in the north of Cameroon. Fourier transform (FT) enabled quantification of the temporal distribution of the MIR band and three different indices: the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The resulting amplitude, phase, and amplitude variance images for harmonics 0 to 3 were used as inputs for an artificial neural network (ANN) to differentiate between the different land cover/land use classes: flooded land, dry land, and irrigated rice cultivation. Different combinations of input variables were evaluated by calculating the Kappa Index of Agreement (KIA) of the resulting classification maps. The combinations MIR/NDVI and MIR/EVI resulted in the highest KIA values. When the ANN was trained on pixels from different years, a more robust classifier was obtained, which could consistently separate flooded land from dry land for each year.     

Boosted decision tree classifications of land cover over Turkey integrating MODIS,climate and topographic data

This study investigates the impact of using different combinations of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and ancillary datasets on overall and per-class classification accuracies for nine land cover types modified from the classification system of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Twelve land cover maps were generated for Turkey using boosted decision trees (BDTs) based on the stepwise addition of 14 explanatory variables derived from a time series of 16-day MODIS composites between 2000 and 2006 (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and four spectral bands) and ancillary climate and topographic data (minimum and maximum air temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, aspect, elevation, distance to sea and slope) at 500-m resolution. Evaluation of the 12 BDTs indicated that the BDT built as a function of all the MODIS and climate variables, aspect and elevation produced the highest degree of overall classification accuracy (79.8%) and kappa statistic (0.76) followed by the BDTs that additionally included distance to sea (DtS), and both DtS and slope. Based on an independent validation dataset derived from a pre-existing national forest map and Landsat images of Turkey, the highest overall accuracy (64.7%) and kappa coefficient (0.58) among the 12 land cover maps was achieved by using MODIS-derived NDVI time series only, followed by NDVI and EVI time series combined; NDVI, EVI and four MODIS spectral bands; and the combination of all MODIS and climate data, aspect, elevation and distance to sea, respectively. The largest improvements in producer's accuracies were observed for grasslands (+50%), barrenlands (+46%) and mixed forests (+39%) and in user's accuracies for grasslands (+53%), shrublands (+30%) and mixed forests (+28%), in relation to the lowest producer's accuracy. The results of this study indicate that BDTs can increase the accuracy of land cover classifications at the national scale.     

Land‐cover mixing and spectral vegetation indices

Vegetation indices have been widely used as indicators of seasonal and inter‐annual variations in vegetation caused by either human activities or climate, with the overall goal of observing and documenting changes in the Earth system. While existing satellite remote sensing systems, such as NASA's Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), are providing improved vegetation index data products through correcting for the distortions in surface reflectance caused by atmospheric particles as well as ground covers below vegetation canopy, the impact of land‐cover mixing on vegetation indices has not been fully addressed. In this study, based on real image spectral samples for two‐component mixtures of forest and common nonforest land‐cover types directly extracted from a 1.1?km MISR image by referencing a 30?m land‐cover classification, the effect of land‐cover mixing on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) has been quantitatively evaluated. When the areal fraction of forest was lower than 80%, both NDVI and EVI varied greatly with mixed land‐cover types, although EVI varied less than NDVI. Such a phenomenon can cause errors in applications based on use of these vegetation indices. This study suggests that methods that reduce land‐cover mixing effects should be introduced when developing new spectral vegetation indices.     

MODIS数据在树种长势监测中的应用

近年来,世界各国日益重视利用“3S”(遥感、地理信息系统和全球定位系统)技术对陆地表面植被进行研究。利用Terra-MODIS数据,分别采用了归一化植被指数(NDVI)、环境植被指数(EVI)、土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)以及比值植被指数(RVI)对实验区典型树种的长势进行了比较研究;同时对实验区典型树种的植被指数的地域变化和时间变化进行了分析,为探讨我国可燃物的时空变化规律打下了基础。     

Estimating the effect of gypsy moth defoliation using MODIS

The area of North American forests affected by gypsy moth defoliation continues to expand despite efforts to slow the spread. With the increased area of infestation, ecological, environmental and economic concerns about gypsy moth disturbance remain significant, necessitating coordinated, repeatable and comprehensive monitoring of the areas affected. In this study, our primary objective was to estimate the magnitude of defoliation using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery for a gypsy moth outbreak that occurred in the US central Appalachian Mountains in 2000 and 2001. We focused on determining the appropriate spectral MODIS indices and temporal compositing method to best monitor the effects of gypsy moth defoliation. We tested MODIS-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and two versions of the Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDIIb6 and NDIIb7, using the channels centered on 1640 nm and 2130 nm respectively) for their capacity to map defoliation as estimated by ground observations. In addition, we evaluated three temporal resolutions: daily, 8-day and 16-day data. We validated the results through quantitative comparison to Landsat based defoliation estimates and traditional sketch maps. Our MODIS based defoliation estimates based on NDIIb6 and NDIIb7 closely matched Landsat defoliation estimates derived from field data as well as sketch maps. We conclude that daily MODIS data can be used with confidence to monitor insect defoliation on an annual time scale, at least for larger patches (> 0.63 km²). Eight-day and 16-day MODIS composites may be of lesser use due to the ephemeral character of disturbance by the gypsy moth.     

基于压缩数据维的城市建筑用地遥感信息提取

通过压缩数据维的方式，研究城市建筑用地信息准确提取的原理和方法。通过对城市土地利用类型的分析，选取了归一化差异建筑指数、修正归一化差异水体指数和土壤调节植被指数来代表城市建成区的3种最主要地类——建筑用地、水体和植被。通过将ETM 影像原有的7个波段压缩为由它们衍生的这3个采用比值运算构成的指数波段，大大压缩了数据维数、减少了数据的相关度并降低了不同地类的光谱混淆性。因此采用简单的最大似然分类和掩膜处理技术，就可以将城市建筑用地信息提取出来，其精度可达91．2％。     

Analysis of time-series MODIS 250 m vegetation index data for crop classification in the U.S. Central Great Plains

The global environmental change research community requires improved and up-to-date land use/land cover (LULC) datasets at regional to global scales to support a variety of science and policy applications. Considerable strides have been made to improve large-area LULC datasets, but little emphasis has been placed on thematically detailed crop mapping, despite the considerable influence of management activities in the cropland sector on various environmental processes and the economy. Time-series MODIS 250 m Vegetation Index (VI) datasets hold considerable promise for large-area crop mapping in an agriculturally intensive region such as the U.S. Central Great Plains, given their global coverage, intermediate spatial resolution, high temporal resolution (16-day composite period), and cost-free status. However, the specific spectral-temporal information contained in these data has yet to be thoroughly explored and their applicability for large-area crop-related LULC classification is relatively unknown. The objective of this research was to investigate the general applicability of the time-series MODIS 250 m Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) datasets for crop-related LULC classification in this region. A combination of graphical and statistical analyses were performed on a 12-month time-series of MODIS EVI and NDVI data from more than 2000 cropped field sites across the U.S. state of Kansas. Both MODIS VI datasets were found to have sufficient spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions to detect unique multi-temporal signatures for each of the region's major crop types (alfalfa, corn, sorghum, soybeans, and winter wheat) and management practices (double crop, fallow, and irrigation). Each crop's multi-temporal VI signature was consistent with its general phenological characteristics and most crop classes were spectrally separable at some point during the growing season. Regional intra-class VI signature variations were found for some crops across Kansas that reflected the state's climate and planting time differences. The multi-temporal EVI and NDVI data tracked similar seasonal responses for all crops and were highly correlated across the growing season. However, differences between EVI and NDVI responses were most pronounced during the senescence phase of the growing season.