异构无线网络中TCP Vegas算法的研究与改进

异构无线网络是将不同接入技术、不同性能的网络融合到一起构成的单个逻辑网络。异构无线网络中,TCP端到端的拥塞控制机制对网络的健壮性和稳定性具有非常重要的作用,因此是网络研究的一个热点问题。针对异构无线网络中移动节点发生垂直切换时传输层性能下降的特点,提出了一种基于TCP Vegas的传输层拥塞控制算法B-Evegas。给出了垂直切换发生时的传输控制方法,垂直切换后拥塞窗口的恢复采用带宽估计与分段增加策略,并引入了快速恢复机制,在拥塞窗口过大时根据链路的时延指数性地减小拥塞窗口。仿真结果表明,该算法是合理的,可以有效提高垂直切换发生后TCP连接的吞吐量或者减小数据包的传输时延。     

用于分层移动IPv6网络拥塞控制的新机制

针对在IPv6无线网络切换过程中, 短暂的链路连接断开会导致反复丢包; 同时在切换过程中, 由于带宽的改变, 在新的接入点就有可能发生丢包或资源浪费以及拥塞。提出一种以TCP协议为基础的路径损耗确认（TCP-PLACK）机制来代替TCP选择确认机制（TCP-SACK）。每当一个TCP接收方在断开或切换后而连接到一个新的接入点时, 上述的TCP-PLACK机制就会发送一个特殊的确认, 其中包含有在新接入点丢包的详细信息和可用带宽。收到这个确认, 发送方会重新发送丢失的包, 并在新接入点根据带宽的可用性调整发送速率。实验结果表明, 该机制有利于改善IPv6网络切换过程中的丢失恢复和速率控制问题。     

一种新的流媒体拥塞控制算法

提出一种新的拥塞控制算法(TCP MS).该算法更适用于流媒体应用,有更高的带宽利用率、公平性,传输速率也更平滑.不同于传统的利用丢包率和排队延迟来探测拥塞的TCP拥塞控制算法,该算法通过确认数据包的速率来探测拥塞,并在每一轮往返时间内及时调整窗口.该算法提供的拥塞窗口变化更准确,传输速率抖动更小.因此,提高了网络带宽的利用率以及传输速率的平滑性.最后,文章将TCP MS与典型的基于丢包率的TCP Reno算法和基于排队延迟的TCP Vegas算法在带宽利用率、速率抖动以及公平性等方面分别做了比较,仿真结果表明TCP MS是一种理想的流媒体拥塞控制算法.     

Modeling two-windows TCP behavior in differentiated services networks

Two important issues in assured services within differentiated services architecture are bandwidth guarantee and fair sharing of unsubscribed bandwidth among TCP flows with and without bandwidth reservations. Although the subscribed bandwidth can be guaranteed by increasing network capacity or deploying strict admission control mechanisms, the costs of such solutions are very high. The issue of fair sharing of excess bandwidth is also not well solved. To address those issues, a modified TCP, named two-windows TCP, has been proposed. The performance of the protocol is evaluated by simulations. But its effectiveness is not validated theoretically under general network conditions, which is important for understanding the benefits and costs of using the protocol. In this paper, an analytical model is developed for the purpose. The model characterizes throughput of individual two-windows TCP flow as a function of contract rate, round trip time, loss rates of In and Out packets. Extensive simulations validate the analytical model. It's shown two-windows TCP is effective not only on solving the issues of bandwidth guarantee and fair sharing of unsubscribed bandwidth, but also on increasing the utilization of bottleneck link bandwidth. Moreover, its performance is robust to network conditions, which is important for wide deployment over Internet.     

Enhancing TCP for networks with guaranteed bandwidth services

In this paper, we consider TCP based applications with bandwidth guarantees, but can also benefit from any additional best-effort service offered by the network. Through simulations we show that default TCP cannot offer such applications the ideal throughput – the aggregate throughput of the reserved bandwidth and the best effort bandwidth. To illustrate the reasons for its degraded performance, we study TCP’s congestion window adaptation and self-clocking mechanisms in detail. Based on the insights obtained from the study, we propose an adaptation of TCP called GTCP that employs changes to TCP’s congestion control mechanisms to provide applications the optimal aggregate throughput of best-effort and reserved bandwidth. Compared with TCP, GTCP does not involve any additional implementation overhead, and only the sender need to be changed (the receiver remains to be a default TCP implementation). Through simulations and experiments over the Internet we show that GTCP achieves significantly better performance than default TCP in the target environment.     

Improving TCP performance in heterogeneous mobile environments by exploiting the explicit cooperation between server and mobile host

In recent years, many different kinds of wireless access networks have been deployed and become inseparable parts of the Internet. But TCP, the most widely used transport protocol of the Internet, was designed for stationery hosts. It faces severe challenges when user moves around in these networks and handoff occurs frequently. In this paper, we investigate the potential benefits of bringing explicit cooperation between TCP server and mobile host.For this purpose, TCP HandOff (TCP-HO), a practical end-to-end mechanism, is designed for improving TCP performance in heterogeneous mobile environments. TCP-HO assumes that a mobile host is able to detect the completion of handoff immediately and has a coarse estimation of new wireless link’s bandwidth. When a mobile host detects handoff completion, it will immediately notify the server through two duplicate ACKs, whose TCP option also carries the bandwidth of new wireless link. After receiving this notification, the server begins to transmit immediately and keeps updating ssthresh according to the bandwidth from mobile host and its new RTT samples. This update will end after four RTT samples or after congestion is detected.TCP-HO has been implemented in FreeBSD 5.4. Experimental results indicate that in heterogeneous mobile environments, TCP-HO can improve TCP performance a lot without adversely affecting cross traffic even when mobile host only has a coarse estimation of new wireless link’s bandwidth. Considering that more and more users are accessing the Internet through heterogeneous wireless networks and mobile host could have a coarse estimation of wireless link’s bandwidth, it should be worthwhile to change both server and mobile host for improving TCP performance.     

蓝牙技术的快速连接转移模式

由于一个移动设备所属的微微网只有10 m距离,因此就有可能发生频繁的连接转移.连接转移需要移动设备与新的基站之间建立连接,这在频跳系统中是费时的过程,这种状态将引起许多连接的丢失从而影响网络性能.提出了一种新的模式用来改善连接转移的性能.模拟的结果显示,提出的模式显著的减少了连接转移的延时.     

Analysis and enhancement of TCP Vegas congestion control in a mixed TCP Vegas and TCP Reno network scenario

Its more refined congestion control mechanisms, also based on the estimation of round trip delays, allow TCP Vegas to outperform the more widespread TCP Reno congestion control, based only on the packet loss detection, in a number of network environments. However, these mechanisms make TCP Vegas less aggressive with respect to TCP Reno; thereby TCP Vegas sources show high weakness in taking the available bandwidth when competing with other TCP Reno sources. This is a major reason that hinders the spread of TCP Vegas among Internet users. In this work, after a preliminary analytic study about the limits of TCP Vegas in mixed network environments, we describe a new adaptive mechanism for TCP Vegas, called TCP NewVegas, designed in order to improve its performance even in heterogeneous network scenarios. The large number of simulations, presented in this paper, show that TCP NewVegas guarantees good performance even in mixed network environments, without canceling the desirable features (e.g. fairness) that TCP Vegas exhibits in homogeneous environments.     

基于Myrinet的用户空间精简协议

通信子系统是影响工作站机群系统整体性能的主要因素.文章在分析和比较了3种常用的网络性能之后,指出上层协议的处理是影响工作站机群系统性能的主要瓶颈.在由640Mbps的Myrinet连接的8台Sun SPARC工作站组成的机群系统上实现了一个用户层的高性能的精简通信协议——RCP(reduced communication protocol).通过精简协议的冗余功能、减少数据拷贝次数和直接操作硬件缓冲区等方法,达到低延迟、高效率.RCP的回路延迟时间比TCP/IP小得多（200μs vs 1 540μs）,     

eHMIP:支持无缝切换的层次移动IP协议

移动主机(MH)在域间切换时延迟较长,不能实现快速切换。为支持MH域间的快速切换,该文在层次移动IP(HMIP)协议的基础上,提出了一种扩展的层次移动IP(eHMIP)协议,使得域间切换分组丢失延迟与MH到家乡网络之间的距离无关。以注册信令开销、切换分组丢失延迟为性能评价指标,对基于HMIP和eHMIP协议的切换性能进行分析。仿真实验结果表明:基于eHMIP协议的平均切换分组丢失延迟低于HMIP,但注册信令开销略高于HMIP。     

Case study on handoff strategies for wireless overlay networks

One of the most challenging topics for next‐generation wireless networks is the process of vertical handoff since many of wireless technologies overlap each other and build a heterogeneous topology. Several parameters, pertaining to user/application requirements and network conditions, such as data rate, service cost, network latency, speed of mobile, and etc. must be considered in the handoff process of heterogeneous networks along with RSSI information. In this paper, adaptive fuzzy logic‐based vertical handoff decision‐making algorithms are presented for wireless overlay networks which consist of GSM/GPRS/Wi-Fi/UMTS/WiMAX technologies. The parameters data rate, monetary cost, speed of mobile and RSSI information are processed as inputs of the proposed fuzzy‐based systems. According to these parameters, an output value, which varies between 1 and 10, is produced. This output value is utilized to determine whether a handoff process is necessary or not and to select the best candidate access point in the vicinity. The results show that, compared to the traditional RSSI‐based algorithm significantly enhanced outcomes can be achieved for both user and network as a consequence of the proposed fuzzy‐based handoff systems. The simulation results are also compared with those of classical MADM (Multiple Attribute Decision Making) method, i.e. SAW (Simple Additive Weighting). According to the results obtained, the proposed vertical handoff decision algorithms are able to determine whether a handoff is necessary or not, properly, and select the best candidate access network considering the aforementioned parameters. Moreover, fuzzy‐based algorithm noticeably reduces the number of handoffs compared to SAW‐based algorithm.     

基于MIPv6的TCP性能增强方法

TCP协议假定链路上的数据丢失率极小，所以当数据传输中出现丢包情况时，它认为是由于网络拥塞而导致的，并且相应地采取拥塞避免机制。然而在无线网络中，由于信道比特差错率高，移动主机切换等原因，经常会导致数据的丢失。如果把这种情况下的数据报丢失错误归因于网络拥塞而采取拥塞控制机制，则不必要地降低了吞吐量，导致自身性能下降。文章首先介绍了针对无线移动网络所常用的TCP性能增强方法，然后提出了一种基于MIPv6的移动主机切换情况下TCP性能增强的方法并进行了分析。     

A high-speed and low-cost storage architecture based on virtual interface

Over the years, the network storage bandwidth has increased rapidly while the node-to-node latency has not decreased much. This is because the latency is dominated by the protocol software execution time in the kernel, instead of by the raw transmission time over the link. Virtual Interface (VI) protocol has been proposed to overcome the software overhead of the TCP/IP. In this paper, we introduce another new technology vSCSI (VI-attached SCSI) to compete with iSCSI in LAN (Local Area Networks) environment, and compare performance of vSCSI and iSCSI experimentally. Meanwhile, we present a Virtual Interface Storage Architecture (VISA) as a new network storage architecture which uses vSCSI as the network communication protocol. Then, we can take advantage of VI’s superior performance over TCP/IP in LAN environment. Also, actually we have implemented and measured our data transport and Remote Procedure Call (RPC) layer over VI. The aim of our design and implementation is to put forward new techniques to reduce overheads.     

Performance analysis of a novel architecture to integrate heterogeneous wireless systems

Current wireless world witnesses multiple heterogeneous systems such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, UMTS, and satellite networks. These systems are envisioned to coordinate with each other to provide ubiquitous communications to mobile users. A novel architecture, Architecture for ubiquitous Mobile Communications (AMC), is introduced in this paper that integrates these heterogeneous wireless systems. AMC eliminates the need for direct Service Level Agreements (SLAs) among service providers by using a third party, Network Inter-operating Agent (NIA). Instead of developing a new architecture, AMC extends the existing infrastructure to integrate heterogeneous wireless systems. It uses IP as the inter-connection protocol to provide transparency to the heterogeneities of individual systems. Third-party-based authentication and billing algorithms are designed for AMC. New handoff management protocols are also designed to support seamless vertical handoffs between different wireless systems in AMC. Performance analysis is carried out to determine the latency associated with vertical handoffs and the load on the NIA that arises because of these vertical handoffs. Toward this, a network deployment scenario that consists of three types of wireless systems: WLAN, 3G, and satellite networks is considered. Moreover, the number of SLAs required in AMC is also determined for a given number of network operators. It is also shown that by using hierarchical structure, AMC can realize the integration of heterogeneous wireless systems around the globe.     

基于模糊控制的ad hoc网络TCP算法研究

TCP协议是针对固定可靠网络设计的一种传输协议,它把数据包丢失或延迟的原因都归结为网络拥塞。在移动自组网上直接应用TCP 协议,网络性能会因比特出错率高等原因大幅下降。针对无线自组织网络高误码的基本特征,基于TCP Vegas协议和环回时间的均值和方差改变趋势,采用不同的控制策略调节发送端的数据发送速率,从而优化传输控制协议的吞吐量,提高网络资源的利用率。仿真研究结果表明,与传统的传输控制协议相比,该算法具有更高的吞吐量和稳定的拥塞控制窗口。     

Energy-efficient wireless information retrieval

In this paper, we propose an adaptive application-driven power management (AADPM) protocol for wireless information retrieval applications within the IEEE 802.11b infrastructure WLAN environment. Our goal is to minimize energy consumption while achieving low round trip time delay. We discuss the protocol and evaluate its effectiveness using the network simulator NS2. We also draw horizontal comparisons among a variety of PM methods reported in the literature. Experimental results show that, compared to the power save mode supported by 802.11b, AADPM reduces the network interface card energy consumption by 52% while only introducing 3% RTT delay.     

An Efficient Handoff Decision Algorithm for Vertical Handoff Between WWAN and WLAN

Vertical handoff is one significant challenge for mobility management in heterogeneous wireless networks. Compared with horizontal handoff, vertical handoff involves different wireless network technologies varying widely in terms of bandwidth, delay, coverage area, power consumption, etc. In this paper, we analyze the signal strength model of mobile node and present a new vertical handoff decision algorithm. This algorithm can adapt to the change of mobile node＇s velocity and improve the handoff efficiency significantly. We analyze the algorithm＇s performance and the effect of different parameters on handoff triggering. In addition, we propose three performance evaluation models and verify the algorithm＇s feasibility and effectiveness in simulations.     

SABUL: A Transport Protocol for Grid Computing

This paper describes SABUL, an application-level data transfer protocol for data-intensive applications over high bandwidth-delay product networks. SABUL is designed for reliability, high performance, fairness and stability. It uses UDP to transfer data and TCP to return control messages. A rate-based congestion control that tunes the inter-packet transmission time helps achieve both efficiency and fairness. In order to remove the fairness bias between flows with different network delays, SABUL adjusts its sending rate at uniform intervals, instead of at intervals determined by round trip time. This protocol has demonstrated its efficiency and fairness in both experimental and practical applications. SABUL has been implemented as an open source C++ library, which has been successfully used in several Grid computing applications.     

可避免数据包乱序的网络层软切换方法及其性能分析

随着异构无线网络的融合和全IP网络的推广,网络层软切换方法不断演进,用以提高垂直切换的性能.但是,现有的软切换方法在下行垂直切换过程中会造成严重的数据包乱序.为此,文中在讨论下行垂直切换时数据包乱序的原因之后,提出了一种新型网络层软切换方法——SHORDER.该方法根据移动终端与其家乡代理之间的交互信令对终端所收数据包进行适当的缓存,能有效避免移动终端因下行垂直切换接收到乱序的数据包.该方法所具有的网络层独立性使其能与各种传输层协议及其改进协议相兼容.此外,文中还从理论上定量地分析了所提方法对TCP应用的切换时延、有效吞吐量及拥塞窗口的影响,并与现有的典型网络层软切换方法进行了比较.通过比较,得出了SHORDER机制的适用条件,并基于此,进一步改进了SHORDER方法.最后,在原型系统上的实验显示出了所提机制便于部署的优点以及该机制在其适用条件下的良好性能.此外,实验结果还显示出与数值分析结果的一致性.     

TCP New Veno:一种改进的TCP拥塞控制机制

TCP Veno协议通过对慢启动、拥塞避免和快速恢复的修改,改进了传统的TCP Reno的性能。然而,TCP的不公平性的问题仍然有待于解决。参与竞争的TCP流之间的不平衡可能造成某些通信源垄断队列空间。例如,当长RTT和短RTT流共存时,网络流量会逐渐集中于短RTT链路上。提出了一种新的TCP拥塞控制机制——TCP New Veno。其基本思路是通过引入带宽预测和动态窗口变化的思想进一步改进TCP Veno的性能,并导出其数学模型。数学分析和仿真实验都证明,改进后的算法在保证吞吐量的基础上提高了原算法的公平性。