高光谱传感器CASI与SASI支持下的水体精准提取

针对水环境监测的实际需求,研究选用具有cm级空间分辨率和nm级光谱分辨率的机载航空高光谱成像仪CASI和SASI数据,在380 ～2450 nm光谱范围内,提出了一种水体精准提取综合模型,建立了一种适用于CASI和SASI数据的水体提取方法体系.有效地解决同谱异物、阴影遮挡和地形起伏等问题,经与七种常规提取方法对比验证,提取精度达到98.41％,k系数达到0.97,在目视效果和制图精度上,都显著高于传统方法,实现了精准提取水体的目标.     

森林树种高光谱波段的选择

高光谱是遥感技术发展的一个重要方向,也是地物识别的重要手段。本研究利用地物光谱仪对杉木、雪松、小叶樟树和桂花树4个树种进行高光谱数据测量,探索不同树种在不同波段上的识别能力。研究采用了逐步判别分析法和分层聚类法对实验数据进行数据分析。结果表明：逐步判别分析法选择的波段主要位于红、绿、蓝、和近红外区;分层聚类法选择的波段除了红、绿、蓝、和近红外波段外,还增加了蓝-绿边缘、绿-红边缘和红边区的波段。所选择的波段比原始波段在树种识别时具有更高的精度,最高识别精度达96．77％;边缘区波段对树种的识别有重要作用;用对数-微分变换处理较其他方法处理对树种识别有更好的效果。     

沙质土壤含水率高光谱预测模型建立及分析

利用HR768型光谱仪,实地测定了古尔班通古特沙漠南缘60个样点的土壤光谱和土壤含水率。对测定的光谱数据选择土壤水分较敏感的红外波段与土壤含水率进行线性回归,结果表明：实测土壤光谱经对数变换后土壤光谱与其含水率拟合效果不理想,用去包络线且一阶微分方法对实测土壤光谱数据进行处理后,再与相应土壤含水率进行回归,其回归效果较好,决定系数R²达0.855该方法具有实用性强、易操作的特点,为沙漠区土壤含水率的反演提供新的方法和思路。     

HJ-1 A高光谱数据的条带噪声去除方法研究

针对环境减灾小卫星的高光谱图像条带的特点,提出了基于光谱空间连续性的倾斜条带去除方法。高光谱数据的光谱分辨率达到纳米级,光谱波段多,在一定范围内可以连续成像,具有光谱空间的连续性,基于光谱空间连续性的条带去除方法利用了光谱空间连续性的这一重要特点。本文在考虑了图像条带噪声的倾斜角度的基础上,成功地将该方法应用于批量的环境减灾小卫星2级高光谱数据,进行了相对辐射校正的研究,并将相邻列均衡方法应用于单幅环境减灾小卫星2级高光谱数据,对比二者的单幅图像条带去除效果,结果证明基于光谱空间连续性的条带去除方法较相邻列均衡方法更适合于对环境减灾小卫星的2级高光谱数据进行条带噪声的去除。     

基于包络线消除的高光谱图像分类方法研究

在高光谱遥感中,包络线消除法一般仅局限于对单个像元的光谱进行光谱分析,从中提取出有助于分类识别的特征波段。而该文则以包络线消除算法为基础,应用VC++语言编程实现了对整个高光谱图像文件去包络、归一化并且提取出分类的特征空间的功能,并且针对原图像文件和去包络线后的图像文件,比较了应用最大似然分类法和光谱角度匹配法进行分类的结果。     

基于CASI影像的黑河中游种植结构精细分类研究

基于CASI高光谱影像资料,计算出NDVI和纹理数据并综合进行SVM(Support Vector Machine)分类,3种信息的组合形成4种分类方案,是为了探讨CASI数据在种植结构精细分类中的应用潜力,为定量研究和监测提供数据基础。数据在分类前利用同步ASD数据和CE|318数据进行了辐射定标和大气校正。分类结果与地面实际调查数据对比验证结果表明:① 4种分类结果均与地面实际调查情况基本一致,并分别取得了96.78%、97.21%、88.00%、88.38% 的分类精度和0.9676、0.9691、0.8674、0.8716的Kappa系数;② CASI数据信息丰富,在植被的精细分类方面具有很大的应用潜力;③ 结合空间特征信息和NDVI数据可以有效地提高分类精度。     

植被覆盖区高光谱蚀变矿物填图

根据典型蚀变矿物诊断性波谱特征,在基岩裸露区利用高光谱遥感技术进行蚀变填图研究取得极大的成功。然而,在植被覆盖严重区,利用高光谱技术进行蚀变矿物填图研究成果较为罕见。本文利用河北省承德市大营子地区Hyperion数据为例,在植被覆盖度大于70％地区,基于综合光谱信息模型,把蚀变矿物信息与背景信息置于相同参考水平理念的基础上,开展了典型蚀变矿物填图研究,蚀变矿物填图结果与野外检查结果吻合较好。最后,根据蚀变矿物组合特征,并结合遥感地质解译结果及地质资料,圈定了找矿有利地段。     

一种高光谱图像条带噪声去除改进算法

传统的矩匹配方法改变了图像在成像行或列方向的均值分布,使原始图像信息发生了较大改变。在分析HJ-1-A星超光谱图像条带噪声的基础上,提出了一种改进的矩匹配方法,将传统矩匹配算法中参考图像的平均值和标准差分别用平滑滤波处理后的列均值和方差来代替。实验结果表明,与传统矩匹配方法相比,该方法能减少图像信息的丢失,并能在保持原始图像特征的前提下有效地去除条带噪声。这种方法在其它多传感器遥感图像的条带噪声去除中也有很强的适用性。     

机载高光谱数据提取冬小麦冠层叶绿素含量的模型分析及验证

遥感提取叶绿素含量的方法是精准农业的重要研究方向之一,但是如何用冠层光谱数据有效地提取叶绿素含量仍然是一个难点。本文用光谱指数TCARI和OSAVI的组合建立提取冬小麦冠层叶绿素含量的关系式,并使用实验田获取的冬小麦冠层光谱以及与之同步的机载高光谱传感器OMIS数据进行了验证。通过误差分析讨论了该方法用于遥感高光谱数据时需要注意的问题,表明大气校正的精度,传感器的信噪比以及波段中心的漂移是模型反演精度的主要制约因素。     

机载高光谱测量地面同步数据管理系统的实现

针对开展机载高光谱测量项目中,地面同步数据管理新需求,建立了地面同步数据管理系统.引入系统动力学原理,通过分析机载高光谱测量的七大子系统状态变量、辅助变量、物质流、信息流以及反馈效果,明确了地面同步数据的应用范围.采用Visual Studio 2010和SQL Server 2008完成了开发,具有入库、维护、查询、处理和应用等功能.研究认为系统为多场地、多时相的业务化光谱信息提取提供了一种可行的技术途径.     

Mapping seagrass species, cover and biomass in shallow waters: An assessment of satellite multi-spectral and airborne hyper-spectral imaging systems in Moreton Bay (Australia)

Understanding, monitoring and modelling attributes of seagrass biodiversity, such as species composition, richness, abundance, spatial patterns, and disturbance dynamics, requires spatial information. This work assessed the accuracy of commonly available airborne hyper-spectral and satellite multi-spectral image data sets for mapping seagrass species composition, horizontal horizontal-projected foliage cover and above-ground dry-weight biomass. The work was carried out on the Eastern Banks in Moreton Bay, Australia, an area of shallow and clear coastal waters, containing a range of seagrass species, cover and biomass levels. Two types of satellite image data were used: Quickbird-2 multi-spectral and Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper multi-spectral. Airborne hyper-spectral image data were acquired from a CASI-2 sensor using a pixel size of 4.0 m. The mapping was constrained to depths shallower than 3.0 m, based on past modelling of the separability of seagrass reflectance signatures at increasing water depths. Our results demonstrated that mapping of seagrass cover, species and biomass to high accuracy levels (> 80%) was not possible across all image types. For each parameter mapped, airborne hyper-spectral data produced the highest overall accuracies (46%), followed by Quickbird-2 and then Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper. The low accuracy levels were attributed to the mapping methods and difficulties in matching locations on image and field data sets. Accurate mapping of seagrass cover, species composition and biomass, using simple approaches, requires further work using high-spatial resolution (< 5 m) and/or hyper-spectral image data. Further work is required to determine if and how the seagrass maps produced in this work are suitable for measuring attributes of seagrass biodiversity, and using these data for modelling floral and fauna biodiversity properties of seagrass environments, and for scaling-up seagrass ecosystem models.     

The delineation of tree crowns in Australian mixed species forests using hyperspectral Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data

In mixed-species forests of complex structure, the delineation of tree crowns is problematic because of their varying dimensions and reflectance characteristics, the existence of several layers of canopy (including understorey), and shadowing within and between crowns. To overcome this problem, an algorithm for delineating tree crowns has been developed using eCognition Expert and hyperspectral Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI-2) data acquired over a forested landscape near Injune, central east Queensland, Australia. The algorithm has six components: 1) the differentiation of forest, non-forest and understorey; 2) initial segmentation of the forest area and allocation of segments (objects) to larger objects associated with forest spectral types (FSTs); 3) initial identification of object maxima as seeds within these larger objects and their expansion to the edges of crowns or clusters of crowns; 4) subsequent classification-based separation of the resulting objects into crown or cluster classes; 5) further iterative splitting of the cluster classes to delineate more crowns; and 6) identification and subsequent merging of oversplit objects into crowns or clusters. In forests with a high density of individuals (e.g., regrowth), objects associated with tree clusters rather than crowns are delineated and local maxima counted to approximate density. With reference to field data, the delineation process provided accuracies > ∼70% (range 48-88%) for individuals or clusters of trees of the same species with diameter at breast height (DBH) exceeding 10 cm (senescent and dead trees excluded), with lower accuracies associated with dense stands containing several canopy layers, as many trees were obscured from the view of the CASI sensor. Although developed using 1-m spatial resolution CASI data acquired over Australian forests, the algorithm has application elsewhere and is currently being considered for integration into the Definiens product portfolio for use by the wider community.     

The topographic normalization of hyperspectral data: implications for the selection of spectral end members and lithologic mapping

Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) hyperspectral data is used to investigate the effects of topography on the selection of spectral end members, and to assess whether the topographic correction improves the discrimination of rock units for lithologic mapping. A publicly available Digital Elevation Model (DEM), at a scale of 1:50,000, is used to model the radiance variation of the scene as a function of topography, assuming a Lambertian surface. Skylight is estimated and removed from the airborne data using a dark object correction. The CASI data is corrected on a pixel-by-pixel basis to normalize the scene to a uniform solar illumination and viewing geometry. The results show that topography has the effect of expanding end member clusters at times resulting in the overlap of clusters and that the correction process can effectively reduce the variation in detected radiance due to changes in local illumination. When topographic effects are embedded in the hyperspectral data, methods typically used for the selection of end members, such as the convex hull method, can miss end members or result in the selection of nonrepresentative pixels as end members. Thus, end members selected by some conventional methods are very likely “incomplete” or “nonrepresentative” if the topographic effect is embedded in the data. As shown in this study, the topographic correction can reveal hidden end members and achieve a better representation of end members via the statistical center of isolated clusters.     

抑郁症患者脑电导联选择算法及分类研究

基于EGI公司64导脑电采集系统,采集了16位青少年抑郁症患者和16位正常人静息态下闭眼4分钟的脑电数据。运用频谱不对称分析法（Spectral Asymmetry Index,SASI）和去趋势波动分析（Detrended Fluctuation Analysis,DFA）算法提取脑电时域和频域特征。针对提取的特征的导联,一方面,选择最佳电极Pz作为分类的导联,另一方面,通过遗传算法对所有导联进行筛选,将筛选后的导联特征用于分类。使用支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）在单导联和多导联的情况下,对抑郁症患者和正常人进行分类,结果发现,单导联下,使用SVM分类器对抑郁组和对照组的SASI和DFA结果进行分类,分类精度分别为45.5%和51.5%,使用遗传算法的分类精度分别为78.1%和90.6%,SASI算法的计算实时性优于DFA算法,DFA算法的准确性优于SASI算法。该研究为抑郁症的计算机辅助诊断提供了理论依据。     

Leaf chlorophyll content retrieval from airborne hyperspectral remote sensing imagery

Hyperspectral remote sensing has great potential for accurate retrieval of forest biochemical parameters. In this paper, a hyperspectral remote sensing algorithm is developed to retrieve total leaf chlorophyll content for both open spruce and closed forests, and tested for open forest canopies. Ten black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.)) stands near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, were selected as study sites, where extensive field and laboratory measurements were carried out to collect forest structural parameters, needle and forest background optical properties, and needle biophysical parameters and biochemical contents chlorophyll a and b. Airborne hyperspectral remote sensing imagery was acquired, within one week of ground measurements, by the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) in a hyperspectral mode, with 72 bands and half bandwidth 4.25-4.36 nm in the visible and near-infrared region and a 2 m spatial resolution. The geometrical-optical model 4-Scale and the modified leaf optical model PROSPECT were combined to estimate leaf chlorophyll content from the CASI imagery. Forest canopy reflectance was first estimated with the measured leaf reflectance and transmittance spectra, forest background reflectance, CASI acquisition parameters, and a set of stand parameters as inputs to 4-Scale. The estimated canopy reflectance agrees well with the CASI measured reflectance in the chlorophyll absorption sensitive regions, with discrepancies of 0.06%-1.07% and 0.36%-1.63%, respectively, in the average reflectances of the red and red-edge region. A look-up-table approach was developed to provide the probabilities of viewing the sunlit foliage and background, and to determine a spectral multiple scattering factor as functions of leaf area index, view zenith angle, and solar zenith angle. With the look-up tables, the 4-Scale model was inverted to estimate leaf reflectance spectra from hyperspectral remote sensing imagery. Good agreements were obtained between the inverted and measured leaf reflectance spectra across the visible and near-infrared region, with R² = 0.89 to R² = 0.97 and discrepancies of 0.02%-3.63% and 0.24%-7.88% in the average red and red-edge reflectances, respectively. Leaf chlorophyll content was estimated from the retrieved leaf reflectance spectra using the modified PROSPECT inversion model, with R² = 0.47, RMSE = 4.34 μg/cm², and jackknifed RMSE of 5.69 μg/cm² for needle chlorophyll content ranging from 24.9 μg/cm² to 37.6 μg/cm². The estimates were also assessed at leaf and canopy scales using chlorophyll spectral indices TCARI/OSAVI and MTCI. An empirical relationship of simple ratio derived from the CASI imagery to the ground-measured leaf area index was developed (R² = 0.88) to map leaf area index. Canopy chlorophyll content per unit ground surface area was then estimated, based on the spatial distributions of leaf chlorophyll content per unit leaf area and the leaf area index.     

Bryophyte cover estimation in a boreal black spruce forest using airborne lidar and multispectral sensors

Bryophytes are the dominant ground cover vegetation layer in many boreal forests and in some of these forests the net primary production of bryophytes exceeds the overstory. Therefore it is necessary to quantify their spatial coverage and species composition in boreal forests to improve boreal forest carbon budget estimates. We present results from a small exploratory test using airborne lidar and multispectral remote sensing data to estimate the percentage of ground cover for mosses in a boreal black spruce forest in Manitoba, Canada. Multiple linear regression was used to fit models that combined spectral reflectance data from CASI and indices computed from the SLICER canopy height profile. Three models explained 63-79% of the measured variation of feathermoss cover while three models explained 69-92% of the measured variation of sphagnum cover. Root mean square errors ranged from 3-15% when predicting feathermoss, sphagnum, and total moss ground cover. The results from this case study warrant further testing for a wider range of boreal forest types and geographic regions.     

Evaluating image-based estimates of leaf area index in boreal conifer stands over a range of scales using high-resolution CASI imagery

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important surface biophysical parameter as a measure of vegetation cover, vegetation productivity, and as an input to ecosystem process models. Recently, a number of coarse-scale (1-km) LAI maps have been generated over large regions including the Canadian boreal forest. This study focuses on the production of fine-scale (≤30-m) LAI maps using the forest light interaction model-clustering (FLIM-CLUS) algorithm over selected boreal conifer stands and the subsequent comparison of the fine-scale maps to coarse-scale LAI maps synthesized from Landsat TM imagery. The fine-scale estimates are validated using surface LAI measurements to give relative root mean square errors of under 7% for jack pine sites and under 14% for black spruce sites. In contrast, finer scale site mean LAI ranges between 49% and 86% of the mean of surface estimates covering only part of the sites and 54% to 110% of coarse-scale site mean LAI. Correlations between fine-scale and coarse-scale estimates range from near 0.5 for 30-m coarse-scale images to under 0.3 to 1-km coarse-scale images but increase to near 0.90 after imposing fine-scale zero LAI areas in coarse-scale estimates. The increase suggests that coarse-scale image-based LAI estimates require consideration of sub-pixel open areas. Both FLIM-CLUS and coarse-scale site mean LAI are substantially lower than surface estimates over northern sites. The assumption of spatially random residuals in regression-based estimates of LAI may not be valid and may therefore add to local bias errors in estimating LAI remotely. Differences between fine-scale airborne LAI maps and 30-m-scale Landsat TM LAI maps suggests that, for sparse boreal conifer stands, LAI maps produced from Landsat TM alone may not always be sufficient for validation of coarser scale LAI maps. In addition, previous studies may have used biased LAI estimates over the study site. Fine-scale spatial LAI maps offer one means of assessing and correcting for effects of sub-pixel open area patches and for characterising the spatial pattern of residuals in coarse-scale LAI estimates in comparison to the true distribution of LAI on the surface.     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.