面向对象的高分辨率影像分类与信息提取

采用面向对象遥感影像分类方法对高分辨率遥感影像进行了信息提取实验,并将其与基于像元方法的信息提取结果进行了对比分析。实验研究表明,在目视效果上,传统方法的分类结果图中"椒盐现象"非常明显,而面向对象方法可以有效地避免"椒盐现象";在分类精度上,面向对象方法分类结果的总体精度、Kappa系数、生产者精度、用户精度、Hellden精度和Short精度均明显高于传统方法,各类地物提取效果显著提高,总分类精度提高21.76%,Kappa系数提高0.2756。面向对象方法在高分辨率遥感影像信息提取中具有明显的优势。     

基于面向对象技术的鄱阳湖湿地地物分类研究

使用Radarsat-2全极化雷达数据,基于面向对象技术对图像进行分割,分析各类地物的散射特征,并对分割对象进行特征提取,依此设计各类地物的提取因子并对鄱阳湖湿地进行地物信息提取,最后利用实地采样数据和同期的高分一号影像数据对分类结果进行验证。研究表明:采用面向对象技术并结合地物散射特征设计的提取因子,可以有效克服雷达图像分类中常见的斑点现象,提高湿地分类精度。     

南方地区复杂条件下的耕地面积遥感提取方法

针对我国南方地区植被类型复杂、地形复杂和地块破碎等原因导致耕地信息提取精度较低问题,提出了一种面向对象和CART决策树结合的复杂条件下耕地面积提取方法。以广西南宁市隆安县与武鸣县地区为研究区,采用Sentinel-2A影像,结合数字高程数据（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）及归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）等多源数据,利用面向对象分割技术识别地块信息,然后以地块为单位采用CART（Classification And Regression Tree,CART）决策树分类法,依据不同地类的形状、光谱特征,提取研究区的耕地。结果表明：面向对象的CART决策树分类方法分类总体精度和Kappa系数分别为96.1%和0.94,相比较于未加入面向对象分割的CART决策树耕地信息提取总体精度提高Kappa系数提高0.54,面向对象的分割方法有利于减少复杂背景对耕地提取的影响。基于面向对象的CART决策树分类方法相比较于传统方法对研究区耕地信息的提取有较好的精确性,能够提高耕地信息的提取精度。     

基于影像融合和面向对象技术的植被信息提取研究

高分辨率影像具有丰富的光谱信息和空间信息。采用不同的图像融合技术融合GeoEye影像全色波段和多光谱波段,用建立的参考多边形和对应多边形残差法评价分割质量,以确定研究区各地物类型的最优分割参数组合,选择目标地物分类特征,建立分类规则,在此基础上实现研究区内不同地物类型的面向对象信息提取。结果表明:Gram-Schmidt(GS)融合法具有最优的融合效果,所选特征能够很好地实现目标地物信息提取,并且具有明确的地学意义,面向对象信息提取总体精度达到90.3%,Kappa系数为0.86,该研究为高精度植被信息的提取提供了有效的方法。     

地物大小、对象尺度、影像分辨率的关系分析

遥感数据的分辨率越来越高, 给地物信息提取提出了新的挑战。利用基于像元的分类技术和基于多尺度分割的面向对象分类技术对高分辨率影像进行分类实验, 分析地物大小、对象尺度与影像分辨率的关系。实验结果表明不同地物由于其空间尺度不同, 与之相适宜的空间分辨率和对象尺度也不同, 在适宜分辨率的影像提取有较高的精度, 在适宜的对象尺度上提取对象信息有更高的精度。分析也表明面向对象的多尺度影像分类技术适应了不同地物有其相适宜的空间分辨率, 在适宜尺度影像层中提取地物, 其分类精度大大高于基于像元的分类方法。     

面向对象的高光谱遥感影像分类方法研究

在基于像素的高光谱影像分类方法的基础上,结合面向对象图像分析理论与方法,提出面向对象的高光谱遥感影像分类方法,并具体分析探讨了面向对象高光谱遥感影像分类的关键技术,包括多尺度分割、最优波段选择、人机交互和知识库的建立等。试验表明,面向对象的分类方法应用于高光谱影像较传统分类方法有较高的精度,有很大的应用潜力。     

基于面向对象方法的遥感土壤盐渍化信息监测——以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例

遥感技术由于具有观测范围广、实时强等特点适合用来研究土壤盐渍化现象。利用遥感手段提取盐渍土信息已经取得了一定的成效。利用面向对象方法,以TM卫星图像数据和野外实地数据为数据源进行提取盐渍地信息。首先,对遥感影像进行预处理,预处理包括几何校正和辐射校正,然后对图像进行图像分割,图像分割使用了分割方法的多尺度分割法、特征选择、面向对象分类和分类图像进行精度评价。对面向对象方法和传统的基于像元分类（最大似然法和最小距离法）结果进行对比分析。结果表明：利用面向对象方法对TM遥感图像进行分类,能有效抑制“椒盐现象”的发生,分类精度比传统的分类方法更高,为盐渍地信息的自动提取提供了广阔的前景。     

一种高分辨率遥感图像单木树冠信息提取方法

单木树冠信息是森林管理和相关科学研究的基础数据。为解决面向对象方法在树冠相互连接时无法有效提取单木树冠信息的问题,提出了一种基于面向对象技术和水文分析的高分辨率遥感图像单木树冠信息提取方法。方法首先对图像进行预处理,然后利用面向对象方法从融合图像获取树冠的分布范围,利用水文分析技术从全色波段图像获取单木树冠的潜在分布范围,最后将提取的数据进行叠加相交处理,完成单木位置信息提取和单木树冠描绘。实验结果表明,所提出的方法能有效提取单木位置和描绘单木树冠;采用修改的遥感分类精度评价指标进行的精度评价结果为,单木探测总体精度为87.63%,单木树冠描绘总体精度为84.89%。     

基于决策树规则的面向对象遥感影像分类

高分辨率影像包含了丰富的空间信息,这使得基于像素的传统分类方法的分类精度受到局限.基于此,本文对面向对象的分类方法进行了探讨.首先,利用图像的光谱和形状因子对图像进行合理的分割.然后,建立决策树分类判别知识库,将对象归属到某一类上并进行分类.结果显示,面向对象方法的分类精度较传统分类方法有了很大程度的提高,这为通过建立决策树知识库对地物光谱混杂的城区分类提供了一种有益的尝试.     

基于多特征的城市用地高分辨率影像分类与提取

利用高分辨率影像对象的多特征信息，采用面向对象的影像分析技术与多尺度影像分割技术，建立基于多特征的遥感影像分类模型，提取城市用地信息，为城市用地的合理规划与有效管理提供信息支撑。该方法分类速度快、精度高，为遥感影像信息的分类与提取提供了新的思路。     

基于多层分割的面向对象遥感影像分类方法研究

利用ALOS数据,在Definiens Developer 7软件中用分形网络演化法(FNEA)进行多级分割,获取影像对象。综合运用对象的光谱、空间特征和不同层对象之间的关系,提取了湖北省洪湖市试验区土地覆盖与土地利用信息。最后,用一种基于单层分割的面向对象分类方法和基于像素的最大似然法与这种基于多级分割的面向对象分类方法进行了对比分析。结果表明,基于多级分割的面向对象分类方法,不仅克服了基于像素的最大似然法出现的"椒盐"现象,在分类精度上较这两种分类方法也有大幅度的提高。     

A hybrid method combining pixel-based and object-oriented methods and its application in Hungary using Chinese HJ-1 satellite images

Pixel-based and object-oriented processing of Chinese HJ-1-A satellite imagery (resolution 30 m) acquired on 23 July 2009 were utilized for classification of a study area in Budapest, Hungary. The pixel-based method (maximum likelihood classifier for pixel-level method (MLCPL)) and two object-oriented methods (maximum likelihood classifier for object-level method (MLCOL) and a hybrid method combining image segmentation with the use of a maximum likelihood classifier at the pixel level (MLCPL)) were compared. An extension of the watershed segmentation method was used in this article. After experimenting, we chose an optimum segmentation scale. Classification results showed that the hybrid method outperformed MLCOL, with an overall accuracy of 90.53%, compared with the overall accuracy of 77.53% for MLCOL. Jeffries–Matusita distance analysis revealed that the hybrid method could maintain spectral separability between different classes, which explained the high classification accuracy in mixed-cover types compared with MLCOL. The classification result of the hybrid model is preferred over MLCPL in geographical or landscape ecological research for its accordance with patches in landscape ecology, and for continuity of results. The hybrid of image segmentation and pixel-based classification provides a new way to classify land-cover types, especially mixed land-cover types, using medium-resolution images on a regional, national, or global basis.     

基于多特征融合和条件随机场的道路分割

针对复杂交通场景图像中路面分割难度大和分割边缘粗糙的问题,提出了一种基于多特征融合和条件随机场的道路分割方法.首先,提取图像的纹理基元特征与颜色特征;然后,将道路分割问题视为一个基于像素的二分类问题,融合所提取的两种特征,使用SVM分类器实现对交通场景图像中路面区域与背景区域的粗糙划分;最后,利用全连接条件随机场中的颜色与位置约束,对分割结果进行优化,获得更加平滑的分割边缘,并与其他分割算法进行对比.实验结果表明,基于多特征融合与条件随机场的道路分割算法获得了95.37%的平均分割准确率和94.55%的平均像素精度.     

Object-oriented change detection for the city of Harare,Zimbabwe

Object building and the extraction of homogeneous landscape units on which spatial statistics can be applied is useful in assessing land use and land cover change. Object-oriented processing techniques are becoming more popular compared to traditional pixel-based image analysis. A hierarchical image segmentation approach was adopted to extract the objects from multi-temporal Landsat images over Zimbabwe. The spatial arrangement of t₀ and t₁ objects was independent as the segmentation process was independently applied, although object change of t₁ was based on t₀ boundaries. We applied a Standardized, Object Oriented, Automatic Classification (SOOAC) method based on fuzzy logic. The error matrix for the TM image had an overall accuracy of 95.6% and a KIA value of 94.7%, the ETM showed slightly lower overall accuracy. Various LULC changes were identified over the 13 year period per object and also per class, mainly vegetation decrease. Object-oriented change information is necessary in decision support systems and uncertainty management strategies. This approach addresses some of the major issues in object-based GIS change analysis as it is based on stable object geometry.     

Comparison and improvement of methods for identifying waterbodies in remotely sensed imagery

This article first examines three existing methods of delineating open water features, i.e. the normalized difference water index (NDWI), the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) and a method combining the near-infrared (NIR) band and the maximum likelihood classification. We then propose two new methods for the fast extraction of water features in remotely sensed imagery. Our first method is a pixel-based procedure that utilizes indices and band values. Based on their characteristic spectral reflectance curves, waterbodies are grouped into three types – clear, green and turbid. We found that the MNDWI is best suited for identifying clear water. Green water has its maximum reflectance in Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) band 4 (NIR band), whereas turbid water has its maximum reflectance in TM band 5 (mid-infrared band). Our second method integrates our pixel-based classification with object-based image segmentation. Two Landsat scenes in Shaanxi Province, China, were used as the primary data source. Digital elevation models (DEMs) and their derived slope maps were used as ancillary information. To evaluate the performance of the proposed methods, extraction results of the three existing methods and our two new methods were compared and assessed. A manual interpretation was made and used as reference data. Results suggest that our methods, which consider the diversity of waterbodies, achieved better accuracy. Our pixel-based method achieved a producer's accuracy of 92%, user's accuracy of 90% and kappa statistics of 0.91. Our integrated method produced a higher producer's accuracy (95%), but a lower user's accuracy (72%) and kappa statistics (0.72), compared with the pixel-based method. The advantages and limitations of the proposed methods are discussed.     

Integration of orthoimagery and lidar data for object-based urban thematic mapping using random forests

Using high-spatial-resolution multispectral imagery alone is insufficient for achieving highly accurate and reliable thematic mapping of urban areas. Integration of lidar-derived elevation information into image classification can considerably improve classification results. Additionally, traditional pixel-based classifiers have some limitations in regard to certain landscape and data types. In this study, we take advantage of current advances in object-based image analysis and machine learning algorithms to reduce manual image interpretation and automate feature selection in a classification process. A sequence of image segmentation, feature selection, and object classification is developed and tested by the data sets in two study areas (Mannheim, Germany and Niagara Falls, Canada). First, to improve the quality of segmentation, a range image of lidar data is incorporated in an image segmentation process. Among features derived from lidar data and aerial imagery, the random forest, a robust ensemble classifier, is then used to identify the best features using iterative feature elimination. On the condition that the number of samples is at least two or three times the number of features, a segmentation scale factor has no particular effect on the selected features or classification accuracies. The results of the two study areas demonstrate that the presented object-based classification method, compared with the pixel-based classification, improves by 0.02 and 0.05 in kappa statistics, and by 3.9% and 4.5% in overall accuracy, respectively.     

基于影像认知和地学理解的面向对象分类研究

以遥感影像认知和地学理解为主要分析视角,在图像多尺度分割的基础上,充分挖掘目标地物的光谱特征、形状特征、纹理特征和语义特征信息,明确对象的特征信息与地物之间的对应关系。在此基础上,合理选择目标地物的分类特征,建立分类规则,实现研究区地物的逐级分层分类。结果表明:所选特征能够很好地实现目标地物的信息提取,并具有明确的地学意义,便于理解。与传统的基于像素的最大似然法分类相比较,该方法分类精度有明显提高。     

地物提取的多尺度特征遥感应用分析

通过空间尺度效应分析,阐述不同属性景观地物在同一分辨率或同一尺度影像中提取的不合理性。为获得精确的地表信息,提出多尺度遥感影像分析方法,解决不同地物在不同空间尺度影像数据中提取的难题。通过多种分辨率影像的多尺度影像信息提取的应用实践,分析地物提取中的多尺度特性、尺度与分辨率关系等。     

MESMA与面向对象组合的土地利用分类方法

混合像元是制约传统组合分类方法精度提高的主要因素之一。为此,文章提出一种基于多端元混合像元分解(multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis,MESMA)与面向对象分类组合的分类方法,利用混合像元分解提高分类精度,借助组合方法降低“椒盐”现象影响。首先,使用MESMA技术分解混合像元,提取丰度信息,并将丰度信息作为特征变量应用到像素分类;然后,将像素和面向对象的分类结果进行组合,获得最优分类结果;最后,以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市乌审旗纳林河二号矿井Landsat-8影像为数据源进行相关实验。结果表明:组合方法分类精度最高,与基于像素、面向对象和传统组合方法相比,分类精度分别提高4.56%、5.66%、4.05%;同时,该方法可以有效降低“椒盐”现象影响。     

A modified object-oriented classification algorithm and its application in high-resolution remote-sensing imagery

High-resolution satellite images offer abundant information on the Earth's surface for remote-sensing applications. The traditional pixel-based image classification method only used by spectral information has been proved to have several drawbacks. To satisfactorily interpret high-resolution imagery, other important information such as geometry, texture and semantics must be used, which are represented not only in single pixels but in meaningful image objects. So, a modified high-resolution image classification algorithm with multi-characteristics based on objects is presented in this article. First, image objects are extracted by multi-scale multi-characteristic segmentation. Second, characteristics such as spectral information, geometry, texture and semantics are extracted by the corresponding extraction algorithm. Finally, the image objects are classified by means of fuzzy-logic classification with a weighted average calculation method. Preliminary results show promise in terms of classification quality and accuracy.