往复泵泵阀的状态监测及智能故障诊断综述

往复泵泵阀的状态监测和故障诊断的两个关键问题是有效提取往复泵运行过程中非平稳时变的系统特征信号中的故障特征信息和准确判别泵阀的故障类型并分析其故障原因。本文从故障诊断疗法的角度，提出了利用基于信号处理的方法来提取泵阀的故障特征信息以实现其状态监测以及利用基于知识的方法(尤其是智能故障诊断技术)对泵阀进行智能故障诊断，并评述了每一种方法的具体实现问题     

微小故障诊断方法综述

针对微小故障的特点,提出将微小故障分为缓变微小故障、突变微小故障和间歇性微小故障,并进一步提出微小故障诊断方法的分类框架,将微小故障诊断方法分成了3类,即定性诊断方法、定量诊断方法和半定性半定量诊断方法.对每一类中现有的微小故障诊断方法再次归类,并对每种方法的基本思想、研究进展、适用条件和应用等进行了介绍.最后探讨了微小故障诊断有待解决的问题.     

基于粗集的工程机械现场故障信息预处理

针对工程机械远程(协同)诊断中现存的由于大量无序数据导致的故障信息传输阻塞、延迟等底层瓶颈问题,从工况监测、故障预测及诊断一体化角度,提出了基于粗集的现场故障信息预处理思想及框架;并在相关粗集知识的基础上,分别提出了装备工况监测和故障诊断的信息约简算法,结合混凝土运输车制动系统给予验证其有效性;在结论中对粗集进一步在故障诊断中的应用进行了探讨.     

复合故障诊断技术综述

复合故障诊断是故障诊断技术中的难点问题,因为实际工程和复杂系统中多个故障经常存在.本文对复合故障的故障机理、表现形式、诊断思路进行了概述.将故障模式识别存在多输出可能性的求解问题定义为复合故障诊断的科学问题.分析了复合故障诊断的难点.讨论了复合故障的研究现状,按照基于解析模型、基于定性经验、数据驱动的分类方式分别对现有的典型诊断方法和相关技术进行了综述,指出了这些方法的适用范围和优缺点.并探讨了复合故障诊断技术的发展方向.     

基于案例推理的故障诊断算法

电力系统智能告警研究目前主要集中于规则推理领域,未能充分利用系统内历史故障的案例进行有效的分析与故障处理.本文初步研究了基于案例推理的故障诊断算法,在此基础上提出了一种基于向量计算的案例匹配算法.该算法通过对故障信息进行抽象,并与系统案例库中的案例进行相似度计算的方式,对故障信息与案例信息进行一一匹配.案例库的建立基于经过人工分析的各类历史故障信息.相似案例的故障性质、故障原因分析可对本次故障的分析、诊断和后续处理起到指导作用.     

基于逻辑方程的飞机中央维护系统实时故障诊断方法

中央维护系统(CMS)是对飞机系统进行故障诊断和提供维护信息的主要系统,在提高飞机的测试性和维修性方面起着重要的作用.针对CMS实时故障诊断的问题,研究了基于逻辑方程的实时故障诊断方法.分析了CMS故障诊断功能需求,给出了CMS基于逻辑方程故障诊断的实现方法.通过构建逻辑方程规则知识库,提出了优化的匹配查找方法,并与预处理后的BIT信息匹配确定故障,提升了故障诊断效率.最后以飞机发动机电子控制系统的自检信息为例,建立逻辑方程知识库并进行故障诊断,结果表明该方法能快速准确诊断故障信息,为CMS实现故障诊断提供了有效的方案.     

E级高性能计算机的维护故障诊断系统研究

E级计算机系统规模巨大,使得故障异常总量随之增多,导致诊断发现的难度增加,因此,迫切需要一套更加准确高效的实时维护故障诊断系统,对硬件系统进行全面的异常及故障信息实时检测、故障诊断及故障预测。传统故障诊断系统在面对数万节点规模的诊断时存在执行效率低、异常检测误报率高的问题,异常检测及故障诊断的覆盖率不足。对异常及故障检测、故障诊断与故障预测相关技术进行研究,分析技术原理及适用性,并结合E级高性能计算机实际工程需求,设计一套满足数E级高性能计算机需求的维护故障诊断系统。基于维护系统的结构组成设计可扩展的边缘诊断架构,将高性能计算机系统知识、专家知识与数理统计、机器学习相融合给出故障检测、诊断及预测算法,并针对专用场景建立预测模型。实验结果表明,该系统具有较好的可扩展性,能在10 s内完成对十万个节点规模系统的故障诊断,与传统故障诊断系统相比,异常检测某特定指标误报率从3.3%降低到几乎为0,硬件故障检测覆盖率从90.2%提升至96%以上,硬件故障诊断覆盖率从71%提升至约94%,能较准确地预测多个重要应用场景下的故障。     

Rete算法的应用研究

对专家系统和基于规则的专家系统进行了研究,尤其对基于规则的专家系统中的模式匹配算法进行了深入分析和理解.在此理论基础上,将一种高效的模式匹配算法——Rete算法引入到实际的故障的诊断系统中,以保证故障诊断的高效性和准确性.为此在实际系统中,借助规则引擎将故障信息规则化,并将故障诊断流程以层次分明的XML文档进行表示,来模拟领域专家进行故障诊断和故障排除的功能.实践表明,该故障诊断系统可以提高定位故障的速度和准确度.     

面向分布式应用管理的混合故障诊断模型

由于分布式应用的动态性、复杂性,传统的人工管理已经不能做到很好的故障管理,应用自主计算的思想实现管理成为一种解决问题的方法.研究基于故障诊断技术实现系统自感知.首先,根据对分布式应用故障管理的分析,提出一种混合故障诊断模型,将故障诊断的过程分为应用服务故障诊断和网络服务故障诊断2个阶段;其次,由于对网络故障症状的观察存在不确定和不准确的特点,将故障诊断模型映射到贝叶斯网络上进行不确定性推理;最后,重点研究了在多层FPM模型中进行推理的算法,给出一种基于变量消元算法的改进算法,实验证明改进算法可加速推理过程.     

基于信息融合技术的装备BIT故障诊断系统应用研究

BIT就是系统、设备内部提供的检测、隔离故障的自动测试能力;传统BIT主要面向单一功能设计,不具有同时应对多信息的处理功能,面对复杂电子装备的多信息处理问题,传统BIT故障诊断能力不足,导致系统虚警率过高,测试性与故障诊断能力下降,在BIT系统中运用信息融合技术对多信息进行整合,对于提高BIT综合效能,实现快速高效的故障诊断具有重要意义;文章首先对信息融合基本原理进行了介绍,构建了基于信息融合的装备BIT故障诊断系统结构,接着对信息融合诊断系统进行了建模,并对模型中基于神经网络的BIT诊断技术、基于D—S理论的BIT决策技术的关键技术进行了研究,最后给出了故障诊断程序流程;该技术研究通用性强,适用于多种不同型号的复杂电子装备的BIT快速故障诊断。     

Incipient sensor fault isolation based on augmented Mahalanobis distance

Incipient sensor fault diagnosis is important to an efficient and optimal operating condition for modern industrial systems. Recently, a new fault detection index called augmented Mahalanobis distance (AMD) has been proposed in our previous work for incipient fault detection. Following detection, fault isolation is also quite desired so as to investigate root causes of the occurred fault. In the present work, the AMD statistic is first revisited and a geometric illustration of AMD is provided, which intuitively shows its superiority for incipient fault detection. Then, with available fault direction information, an incipient sensor fault isolation approach is proposed. Its fault isolability condition is analyzed theoretically and compared with that of the conventional method. For complex sensor faults whose fault direction information is unknown, a corresponding fault isolation strategy is also briefly discussed. Case studies on a high-speed train air brake system and the continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) process are carried out, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the AMD based fault detection and isolation methods, in comparison with conventional approaches.     

Fault detection,isolation and identification for hybrid systems with unknown mode changes and fault patterns

This article presents a solution to the problem of multiple fault detection, isolation and identification for hybrid systems without information on mode change and fault patterns. Multiple faults of different patterns are considered in a complex hybrid system and these faults can happen either in a detectable mode or in a non-detectable mode. A method for multiple fault isolation is introduced for situation of lacking information on fault pattern and mode change. The nature of faults in a monitored system can be classified as abrupt faults and incipient faults. Under abrupt fault assumption, i.e. constant values for fault parameters, fault identification is inappropriate to handle cases related to incipient fault. Without information on fault nature, it is difficult to achieve fault estimation. Situation is further complicated when mode change is unknown after fault occurrence. In this work, fault pattern is represented by a binary vector to reduce computational complexity of fault identification. Mode change is parameterized as a discontinuous function. Based on these new representations, a multiple hybrid differential evolution algorithm is developed to identify fault pattern vector, abrupt fault parameter/incipient fault dynamic coefficient, and mode change indexes. Simulation and experiment results are reported to validate the proposed method.     

Fault Prediction and Compensation Functions in a Diagnostic Knowledge-Based System for Hydraulic Systems

Fault prediction and fault compensation are beneficial for the production technology and give a new dimension to fault diagnosis in technical systems. The overall goal of this paper is the presentation of fault prediction and fault compensation procedures as they are studied, implemented and embedded in a real time expert system. This expert system detects and diagnoses faults in hydraulic systems. For this purpose dynamic modelling information, on-line sensor information, special features of the domain of hydraulic systems and expert systems technology are used co-operatively.     

Fault Prediction and Maintenance of Non‐Periodic Incipient Fault for Hydraulic Tube Tester

This paper is concerned with fault prediction and maintenance for the hydraulic tube tester according to the process variables. For the two types of incipient faults of this machine, it is more difficult to predict the non‐periodic incipient fault and make a predictive maintenance decision in comparison with the periodic incipient fault. For the non‐periodic incipient fault, a new probabilistic fault prediction method is proposed using a multivariate principle component analysis and Bayesian auto‐regression model. Then, a new predictive maintenance policy is developed, based on the results of the probabilistic fault prediction approach, which implies the evolvement of system deterioration caused by the non‐periodic incipient fault. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.     

Improved principal component monitoring using the local approach

This paper shows that current multivariate statistical monitoring technology may not detect incipient changes in the variable covariance structure nor changes in the geometry of the underlying variable decomposition. To overcome these deficiencies, the local approach is incorporated into the multivariate statistical monitoring framework to define two new univariate statistics for fault detection. Fault isolation is achieved by constructing a fault diagnosis chart which reveals changes in the covariance structure resulting from the presence of a fault. A theoretical analysis is presented and the proposed monitoring approach is exemplified using application studies involving recorded data from two complex industrial processes.     

Incipient fault diagnosis of dynamical systems using onlineapproximators

Detection of incipient (slowly developing) faults is crucial in automated maintenance problems where early detection of worn equipment is required. In this paper, a general framework for model-based fault detection and diagnosis of a class of incipient faults is developed. The changes in the system dynamics due to the fault are modeled as nonlinear functions of the state and input variables, while the time profile of the failure is assumed to be exponentially developing. An automated fault diagnosis architecture using nonlinear online approximators with an adaptation scheme is designed and analyzed. A simulation example of a simple nonlinear mass-spring system is used to illustrate the results     

一种基于深度迁移学习的滚动轴承早期故障在线检测方法

近年来, 深度学习技术已在滚动轴承故障检测和诊断领域取得了成功应用, 但面对不停机情况下的早期故障在线检测问题, 仍存在着早期故障特征表示不充分、误报警率高等不足. 为解决上述问题, 本文从时序异常检测的角度出发, 提出了一种基于深度迁移学习的早期故障在线检测方法. 首先, 提出一种面向多域迁移的深度自编码网络, 通过构建具有改进的最大均值差异正则项和Laplace正则项的损失函数, 在自适应提取不同域数据的公共特征表示同时, 提高正常状态和早期故障状态之间特征的差异性; 基于该特征表示, 提出一种基于时序异常模式的在线检测模型, 利用离线轴承正常状态的排列熵值构建报警阈值, 实现在线数据中异常序列的快速匹配, 同时提高在线检测结果的可靠性. 在XJTU-SY数据集上的实验结果表明, 与现有代表性早期故障检测方法相比, 本文方法具有更好的检测实时性和更低的误报警数.     

基于信息融合技术的瓦斯传感器故障诊断研究

文章提出了将基于RBF网络的信息融合技术应用于瓦斯传感器故障诊断的思想。该思想的核心是通过对影响测点瓦斯浓度的各种相关信息融合,利用高精度RBF网络逼近器的输出与瓦斯传感器实际的输出之差与设定的阈值比较,实现瓦斯传感器故障的监测诊断。试验表明该技术能对瓦斯传感器进行有效的状态监测和故障诊断。     

多Agent信息融合的故障诊断研究

该文介绍了将分布式多Agent系统应用于信息融合对装备进行故障诊断的智能故障诊断技术,将多Agent技术与信息融合技术进行了有机的结合,并对多Agent的信息融合理论和故障诊断方法进行了研究。最后,分析了基于此技术的体系结构。     

基于Kullback-Leibler距离的闭环系统传感器微小故障诊断

在闭环控制系统中,当故障幅值较小时,由故障带来的影响会被控制量所掩盖.因此,闭环系统中的微小故障诊断实现更为复杂.本文针对闭环系统中的传感器故障,提出了基于Kullback-Leibler(KL)距离的微小故障在线检测与估计方法.本文首先介绍了KL距离的定义及其在多变量故障检测中的应用,然后提出了结合KL距离与快速移动窗口主成分分析(MWPCA)的在线微小故障检测与估计模型.在高斯分布的假设下,利用系统输入输出残差构造MWPCA的数据矩阵,然后通过在线更新数据矩阵主成分的均值与方差实现KL距离的在线更新,最终实现闭环系统中传感器的在线故障检测与估计.仿真实验表明,该方法能有效实现具有低故障—噪声比(FNR)特性的微小故障诊断.