基于动态目标点的行为分解编队算法

多机器人编队可以分解为队形形成和队形保持控制两部分.针对多机器人编队控制任务中的队形形成问题,提出了一种基于动态目标点的行为分解编队算法.此算法是一种改进的基于行为的编队控制方法,这种控制方法的思路为,首先要求各机器人在每一时刻确定一个运动目标点,此运动目标点是根据运动过程中机器人实时的位置运算出来的,是一个动态的目标点.根据此目标点进而产生一个运动需求.再将此运动需求按照有限状态机(FSM)原理分解为不同的子行为,然后给这些子行为分别赋予不同的权值,并求出一组控制变量,最终对这组控制变量加权平均产生一个综合控制变量.仿真实验表明,该方法能快速有效地实现多机器人的编队控制.此编队算法可以有效应用于军事搜索、围捕或机器搬运等多个领域.     

基于轨迹跟踪车式移动机器人编队控制

针对车式移动机器人的运动学模型特点, 提出一种基于轨迹跟踪多机器人编队控制方法. 首先利用编队结构参数确定队形, 根据编队轨迹和相关参数生成虚拟机器人, 把编队控制转化为跟随机器人对虚拟机器人的轨迹跟踪; 然后运用反步法构造车式移动机器人轨迹跟踪系统的Lyapunov 函数, 通过使该函数负定, 得到跟随机器人的轨迹跟踪控制器; 最后在Microsoft robotics developer studio 4 (MRDS4) 中搭建3D 仿真平台, 设计了3 组实验, 所得结果表明了所提出方法的有效性.     

复杂地形环境下多机器人编队控制方法

针对复杂地形地面崎岖起伏的特点,提出了一种多机器人系统编队控制方法.首先,分析了复杂地形环境下的系统队形模型.通过建立三维地形环境下编队系统的误差模型,并运用空间投影法将其映射到二维平面上,对系统的编队误差进行分析.然后利用李雅普诺夫函数构造控制器,并根据环境中的特定地形设计相应的编队行驶策略,实现了多机器人系统在复杂地形环境下的编队控制.最后,通过3种典型复杂地形环境下两种非完整移动机器人的编队仿真,验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于路径参数协同的多移动机器人编队控制

为了使每个机器人沿期望的跟踪路径运动,建立了一种基于路径参数协同的多移动机器人编队控制模型.模型将整个系统的控制分为两部分:-部分用Lyapunov和反演技术设计了路径跟踪控制器,另-部分为路径参数协同控制器,保证每个机器人期望跟踪路径的参数变量能够实现协同,进而达到对编队的控制.采用结构模型完全＞分布,并且适用于机器人不同集群任务需求,可易于仿真实现.使用控制方案仅需要机器人之间交互路径参数信息,通讯需求量小,满足实际工程需求.仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性.     

基于LMI方法的机器人LPV鲁棒H_∞控制器设计

对平面两关节直接驱动机器人 ,提出一种同时将闭环极点配置到满足动态响应区域内的变增益 L PV鲁棒 H∞ 控制器设计新方法。利用 L PV的凸分解方法 ,将机器人模型化为具有凸多面体结构的L PV模型 ,然后利用 L MI技术对凸多面体各顶点分别设计满足 H∞ 性能和闭环极点配置的反馈增益 ,再利用各顶点设计的反馈控制器综合得到具有凸多面体结构的 L PV控制器。仿真结果验证了该控制器可使机器人随关节位置变化始终具有良好的控制性能。     

基于LM I方法的机器人L PV 鲁棒H ∞控制器设计

对平面两关节直接驱动机器人,提出一种同时将闭环极点配置到满足动态响应区域内的变增益LPV鲁棒H∞控制器设计新方法,利用LPV的凸分解方法,将机器人模型化为具有凸多面体结构的LPV模型,然后利用LMI技术对凸多面体各顶点分别设计满足H∞性能和闭环极点配置的反馈增益,再利用各顶点设计的反馈控制器综合得到具有凸多面体结构的LPV控制器,仿真结果验证了该控制器可使机器人随关节位置变化始终具有良好的控制性能。     

基于诱饵-捕食的分布式编队队形切换控制

队形切换是多机器人编队的重要研究内容。针对未指定各机器人ID与目标位置对应关系情况下如何实现分布式多机器人编队队形切换的问题,本文结合自然界鸟群、鱼群等群生物的觅食行为建立了一种新的诱饵-捕食者系统,并将该系统应用到分布式多机器人编队的队形切换控制中。视编队中各机器人为捕食者,各目标位置为诱饵,通过捕食者与诱饵之间的相互作用,实现不同队形之间的切换。同时针对捕食者所受到的各种影响都建立了具体的数学模型。该方法在解决队形切换过程中无需预先规划各机器人的运动路径,可在分布性较强的编队中应用。仿真实验表明该控制策略对于分布式多机器人编队的队形切换有较好的适用性,为多机器人编队进行队形切换提供了新的思路和方法。     

基于鸽群行为机制的多无人机自主编队

受启发于无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)编队飞行与生物群体社会性行为的相似性,本文提出了一种基于鸽群行为机制的多无人机自主编队控制方法.首先通过模仿鸽群特有的层级行为,建立了鸽群行为机制模型.该模型在已有群集模型基础上,采用有向图和人工势场理论对鸽群中的拓扑结构和领导机制进行建模.在深入分析无人机自主编队飞行仿生机理的基础上,设计了一种基于鸽群行为机制的无人机自主编队控制器.该控制器以鸽群行为机制模型为核心,还包含两个辅助环节,即控制指令解算器和状态转换器.最后,通过系列仿真实验验证了无人机群可在本文所设计的无人机自主编队控制器作用下形成预期的编队队形,并可在复杂长机运动条件下保持队形.     

非完整机器人Leader-Follower编队控制器设计

编队控制是多机器人协作的最重要的研究领域,其目的是控制组中的机器人的相对位置和方向,让机器人移动作为一个整体。Le-ader-follower策略已经广泛地应用到多机器人系统编队控制中。文中涉及了非完整移动机器人leader-follower编队控制问题,然后描述了基于leader-follower策略的控制方法,最后采用输入/输出反馈线性化方法设计控制器,以确保编队的渐进稳定。在保持理想的相对距离和转向角时,该控制器能够有效地稳定编队。仿真结果表明了该编队控制方案的有效性。     

一种基于分布式EKF的多机器人协同定位方法

研究多机器人编队的导航问题,针对多机器人传感器带来的噪声信号影响定位精度,为了提高系统定位精度,提出了一种基于分布式扩展卡尔曼滤波(DEKF)的多机器人协同定位方法.根据航位推算建立单机器人跟踪目标的定位模型后建立编队多机器人的协同定位模型,利用量测信息,通过扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)估计各编队机器人局部定位信息,将所得的局部估计值利用优化的融合规则进行处理,得到编队中各机器人的定位数据.通过对单机器人和编队多机器人协同定位进行仿真,结果表明,编队机器人能够利用协同定位方法进行实时定位,且具有更高的定位精度.     

Emotions and temperament of robots: Behavioral aspects

An approach to the control of robots behavior based on the emotion and temperament mechanism is proposed. It is shown that these psychological features can be simulated fairly simply. The proposed emotion-based architecture of the robot control system leans upon the Simonov informational theory of emotions, while the specific features of temperament are reduced to a two-parameter model of the excitation-inhibition type. Experiments performed with mobile robots are described. These experiments demonstrate a set of various types of robots’ behavior: melancholic, choleric, sanguine, and phlegmatic. All these types were implemented using the so-called temperament controller, which determines a balance between the excitation and inhibition parameters of the robot control system. An FSM-based model of temperament is also proposed that makes it possible to describe the behavior of an individual. Using this model, it is shown that, for performing certain collective behavior tasks, it is useful to have in the group individuals with different behavior so that this behavior also depends on the individual emotions and temperament of robots.     

Formation path following control of unicycle-type mobile robots

This paper presents a control strategy for the coordination of multiple mobile robots. A combination of the virtual structure and path following approaches is used to derive the formation architecture. A formation controller is proposed for the kinematic model of two-degree-of-freedom unicycle-type mobile robots. The approach is then extended to consider the formation controller by taking into account the physical dimensions and dynamics of the robots. The controller is designed in such a way that the path derivative is left as a free input to synchronize the robot’s motion. Simulation results with three robots are included to show the performance of our control system. Finally, the theoretical results are experimentally validated on a multi-robot platform.     

An adaptive impedance/force controller for robot manipulators

A solution to the adaptive control of constrained robots in the presence of uncertainty in the robot model parameters is presented. The controller design is based on a singular systems model representation and fixed controller design. The adaptive control law consists of the computed torque controller plus the introduction of the parameter estimates and an additional compensation through an extra signal. Some properties of the reduced form robot model are presented and exploited to prove the asymptotic tracking properties of the adaptive controller. Also, the inclusion of the impedance control objective allows the accommodation of tangential forces that may appear in the constrained task     

多关节机器人的自适应模糊滑模控制

针对多关节机械臂轨迹跟踪控制,提出了一种基于全局快速终端滑模面的自适应模糊滑模控制方法。该方法通过设计合适的自适应律,采用模糊自适应控制调节滑模控制的切换控制增益,实现了对建模误差和不确定干扰的自动跟踪,削弱了抖振。系统不需要对建模误差和干扰进行预估计,并且通过对控制器结构的简化,降低了模糊控制器的维数,减少了计算量。利用李亚普诺夫定理证明了控制系统的稳定性,仿真结果表明了其有效性。     

Cooperative swarm control for multiple mobile robots using only information from PSD sensors

Recently, many studies on swarm robotics have been conducted in which the aim seems to be the realization of an ability to perform complex tasks by cooperating with each other. Future progress and concrete applications are expected. The objective of this study was to construct a cooperative swarm system by using multiple mobile robots. First, multiple mobile robots with six position-sensitive detector (PSD) sensors were designed. A PSD sensor is a type of photo sensor. A control system was considered to realize swarm behavior, such as that shown by Ligia exotica, by using only information from the PSD sensors. Experimental results showed interesting behavior among the multiple mobile robots, such as following, avoidance, and schooling. The controller of the schooling mode was designed based on subsumption architecture. The proposed system was demonstrated to high school students at OPEN CAMPUS 2010, held in Tokyo University of Science, Yamaguchi.     

ABC2 an Agenda Based Multi-Agent Model for Robots Control and Cooperation

This paper presents a model for the control of autonomous robots that allows cooperation among them. The control structure is based on a general purpose multi-agent architecture using a hybrid approach made up by two levels. One level is composed of reactive skills capable of achieving simple actions by their own. The other one uses an agenda used as an opportunistic planning mechanism to compound, activate and coordinate the basic skills. This agenda handles actions both from the internal goals of the robot or from other robots. This two level approach allows the integration of real-time response of reactive systems needed for robot low-level behavior, with a classical high level planning component that permits a goal oriented behavior. The paper describes the architecture itself, and its use in three different domains, including real robots, as well as the issues arising from its adaptation to the RoboCup simulator domain.     

Adaptive feedback linearizing control of nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots in presence of parametric and nonparametric uncertainties

In this paper, the integrated kinematic and dynamic trajectory tracking control problem of wheeled mobile robots (WMRs) is addressed. An adaptive robust tracking controller for WMRs is proposed to cope with both parametric and nonparametric uncertainties in the robot model. At first, an adaptive nonlinear control law is designed based on input–output feedback linearization technique to get asymptotically exact cancellation of the parametric uncertainty in the WMR parameters. The designed adaptive feedback linearizing controller is modified by two methods to increase the robustness of the controller: (1) a leakage modification is applied to modify the integral action of the adaptation law and (2) the second modification is an adaptive robust controller, which is included to the linear control law in the outer loop of the adaptive feedback linearizing controller. The adaptive robust controller is designed such that it estimates the unknown constants of an upper bounding function of the uncertainty due to friction, disturbances and unmodeled dynamics. Finally, the proposed controller is developed for a type (2, 0) WMR and simulations are carried out to illustrate the robustness and tracking performance of the controller.     

Qualitative navigation for mobile robots in indoor environments

This article describes a novel qualitative navigation method for mobile robots in indoor environments. The approach is based on qualitative representations of variations in sensor behavior between adjacent regions in space. These representations are used to localize and guide planning and reaction. Off-line, the system accepts as input a line-based diagram of the environment and generates a map based on a simple qualitative model of sensor behavior. During execution, the robot controller integrates this map into a reaction module. This architecture has been tested both in simulation and on a real mobile robot. Results from both trials are provided.     

基于不确定性机器人的跟踪控制策略研究

针对不确定刚体连杆机器人在动力学建模时参数不精确以及未被考虑的干扰因素可能引起的控制系统品质的恶化问题,提出一种轨迹跟踪控制方案。控制器由基于标称模型设计的计算力矩控制器和基于不确定性因素设计的鲁棒跟踪补偿控制器组成,结构比较简单。计算力矩控制器使标称系统跟踪期望轨迹;鲁棒补偿控制器则用于消除参数误差带来的不确定性影响。理论分析和仿真证明了控制方法的有效性。     

Coupled Oscillator Control of Autonomous Mobile Robots

This paper introduces a nonlinear oscillator scheme to control autonomous mobile robots. The method is based on observations of a successful control mechanism used in nature, the Central Pattern Generator. Simulations were used to assess the performance of oscillator controller when used to implement several behaviors in an autonomous robot operating in a closed arena. A sequence of basic behaviors (random wandering, obstacle avoidance and light following) was coordinated in the robot to produce the higher behavior of foraging for light. The controller is explored in simulations and tests on physical robots. It is shown that the oscillator—based controller outperforms a reactive controller in the tasks of exploring an arena with irregular walls and in searching for light.