Internet连续媒体多播技术综述

Continuous media multicast has been an important component of many networked services such as audio-visual broadcast and video conferencing.The problems of scalability,congestion control,heterogeneity and reliability,which confront Internet continuous media multicast,are presented first,and then overview of the adaptive rate control schemes and techniques to solve these problems are stated.Finally,we discuss some treds and unsolved issues in the field.     

IETF softwire unicast and multicast framework for IPv6 transition

IPv6 protocol plays an important role in the next generation of Internet （NGI）. It is expected that the elegant coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 is the key point of IPv6 transition. To solve the transition problem, we propose a mesh unicast framework and a multicast framework in this paper. We describe two reference models for the mesh unicast framework, and put forward two potential solutions for the multicast framework. A Linux-based prototype is implemented for IPv4 over IPv6 scenario and a test bed is deployed with 8 nodes on CERNET2. The deployment demon- strates the advantages of the framework.     

基于ECN的单播流与多播流间带宽共享算法

An ECN-based implementing bandwidth-sharing algorithm for unicast and multicast flows is presented.The algorithm uses a bandwidth allocation strategy to give an incentive to multicast flows in bandwidth allocation according to algorithm of the number of receivers, and to assure the unicast flows get their bandwidth shares fairly.Provided best-effort networks, an ECN-based congestion control algorithm is used to implement differentiated service in bandwidth allocation between unicast flows and multicast flows. In implementation, we solve the problems such asreceiver‘s number estimation, the RTT estimation and compromise between convergence and stability.The simulation results show that the algorithm can implement bandwidth sharing for TCP flows and multicast flows. Atthe same time, the algorithm not only allocates more bandwidth to multicast flows, but promises TCP flows to get their fair bandwidth share.     

State predictive model following control system for linear time delays

In this paper, we propose a new state predictive model following control system （MFCS）. The considered system has linear time delays. With the MFCS method, we obtain a simple input control law. The bounded property of the internal states for the control is given and the utility of this control design is guaranteed. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Regional averaged controllability for hyperbolic parameter dependent systems

The purpose of this paper is to extend the notion of regional controllability for hyperbolic parameter dependent systems. The key idea is the characterization of the \textit{averaged regional control} with minimal energy. This control steers the state average (with respect to such a parameter) towards the desired state only on a given part of the system evolution domain. In this paper, we give the precis definition and the properties of this new concept. Then, we use an approach based on an extension of the Hilbert uniqueness method devoted to the calculation of the control in two different cases: zone control and pointwise control.     

QoS保证的资源竞争与用户需求策略研究

QoS issues are widely being studied for Internet. It is a key issue to how effectively control open resources of network in term of user's QoS need. In this paper, we formulize the resources of network and analyze its status.Further, we analyze competition for the resource of network between applications and user's need, and then point out the object of resources allocation. This paper will be useful reference for QoS study.     

Multicast address management and connection control based on hierarchical autonomous structure

Multicast capability,including multicast address and multicast routing mechanisms,at the network layer is necessary in order to reduce the bandwidth requirements of multiparty,multicast applications.Based on hierarchical autonomous structure in accordance with the self-organization topologies of Internet,the paper puts forward a multicast address management scheme that is shown to be robust and scalable.Connection control hierarchy(CCH) based on master/slave relationship and a simple efficient building algorithm of multi-point connection is also built.The paper also describes the normal operations of multicast address management and multi-point connection controller.Through simulation experiment,HAM CM and DDM of Multicast Address Allocation are compared.HAM integrates the merits of CM and DDM,which is efficient as a whole,robust and scalable.CCH raises the efficiency of connection control,and is highly robust,flexible and scalable.     

Time-optimal control for hybrid systems based on the nitrogen-vacancy center

Fast and high fidelity quantum control is the key technology of quantum computing. The hybrid system composed of the nitrogen-vacancy center and nearby Carbon-13 nuclear spin is expected to solve this problem. The nitrogen-vacancy center electron spin enables fast operations for its strong coupling to the control field, whereas the nuclear spins preserve the coherence for their weak coupling to the environment. In this paper, we describe a strategy to achieve time-optimal control of the Carbon-13 nuclear spin qubit by alternating controlling the nitrogen-vacancy center electron spin as an actuator. We transform the qubit gate operation into a switched system. By using the maximum principle, we study the minimum time control of the switched system and obtain the time-optimal control of the qubit gate operation. We show that the $X$ gate and $Y$ gate operations are within 10 $\mu$s while the fidelity reaches 0.995.     

DRMR: Dynamic-ring-based multicast routing protocol for Ad hoc networks

Recently a number of multicast routing protocols for ad hoc networks have been proposed, however,most of them do not provide proper tradeoffs between effectiveness, efficiency and scalability. In this paper, a novel multicast routing protocol is presented for ad hoc networks. The protocol, termed as dynamic-ring-base dmulticast routing protocol (DRMR), uses the concept of dynamic ring whose radius can be adjusted dynamically and DRMR configures this type of ring for all group member nodes. According to the principle of zone routing,two nodes whose rings overlap can create route to each other, thus, when the ring graph composed of all rings is connected, each member node has one or more routes to others. DRMR uses the method of expanding ring search (ERS) to maintain the connected ring graph, and also can decrease the radius of the ring to reduce the overhead. The performances of DRMR were simulated and evaluated with NS2, and results show that DRMR has a high data packet delivery ratio, low control overhead and good scalability.     

Application of networked discrete event system theory on intelligent transportation systems

The responses of vehicles to the changes in traffic situations inevitably have delays in observing an event and implementing a control command, which often causes fatal accidents. So far, the methods for handling delays are empirical and cannot be mathematically proven. To eliminate the accidents caused by such delays, in this paper, we develop mathematically provable methods to handle these delays. Specifically, we use networked discrete event systems to model the process of driving vehicles and present a supervisory controller for handling delay situations. The method developed in this paper could serve as a new start for modeling and controlling the responsive behaviors of self-driving vehicles in the future.     

TCP友好多播拥塞控制算法研究

随着多播应用在因特网上广泛开发，多播拥塞控制变得越来越重要。本文首先讨论了多播拥塞控制的主要任务，分析和比较了现有各种多播拥塞控制算法，指出了其中存在的问题，并提出了一种新的、基于速率的TCP友好多播拥塞控制机制。     

组播用户安全管理系统设计与实现

为了克服IP组播模型的开放性,使得在现有互联网条件下能够为组播管理者提供用户对频道的访问控制,在原有安全组播模型的基础上,提出了一种基于IPv6网络环境的组播用户安全管理系统模型的设计方案。该方案采用钩子(hook)机制在接入路由器上挂载了认证与访问控制模块,任何想要监听组播流的用户,都要通过该模块进行身份认证与频道访问权限的判定,从而实现了基于频道的组播用户安全管理。并在教育科研骨干网中实验验证了该系统的身份认证和访问控制功能。     

一种TCP友好的Internet DTV组播发送速率控制机制

当前的Internet没有对流媒体应用提供足够的QoS的保证,同时Internet DTV的组播发送速率必须满足以下两点要求:1)能够自适应网络拥塞的变化;2)能够适应节目码率的要求,因此需要在服务器端进行组播发送速率控制.分析了Internet DTV组播的难点,提出了一种基于缓冲区管理的具有网络自适应特性的组播发送速率控制方法.通过合理地控制发送方的发送速率,既能自适应网络状况的变化,又能满足流媒体实时播放的需求.仿真实验结果表明,该算法在保证服务器端发送缓冲区不溢出前提下,与单纯采用TFMCC方法比较,减少了接收端的平均丢包率,提高了网络电视节目流的传输质量.     

Internet多媒体分层组播JSCC差错控制率失真优化

针对Internet多媒体群组通信中同时存在的带宽异构性和包丢失率异构性，文中将分层组播和接收者驱动的思想扩展到FEC差错控制中，提出一种分层FEC组播差错控制方法LM-FEC．LM-FEC通过不同的组播组发送信源编码层和各信源层的FEC校验数据，为接收者根据信道带宽和数据包丢失率实施差错控制提供更加灵活的选择．文中用FH-MDP模型描述接收者行为，通过JSCC率失真优化确定编码层内和编码层间的速率分配，JSCC率失真优化采用变量替换和动态规划算法求解．实验表明，该文提出的差错控制方法能够有效改善重建多媒体信号的回放质量．     

同源同宿SSM组播路由控制技术研究

由于组播报文总是沿着从组播接收者到组播发送者单播路由的相反方向进行转发,这决定了同一主机收到的同一组播源的不同组播流通常总是沿着相同的路径传送。针对某些应用场景中需要将这些报文人工分流到不同的链路传送的情况,在阐述组播转发原理的基础上,探讨了组播路径控制的关键技术,并提出了解决此类组播分流问题的思路,在现网上部署后满足了业务系统需求,同时方案简单和易于工程实现。     

基于DiffServ的分层组播拥塞控制机制

nternet多媒体业务的发展使得网络异构性问题更加突出,它对传统组播拥塞控制提出了新的要求,分层组播是适应网络异构性的一种有效方案.为了克服传统分层组播质量不稳定、控制复杂、纽播树变动频繁等问题,提出了一种基于区分服务的分层组播拥塞控制机制LMCC.它在考虑预约带宽公平性的前提下进行分组标记和转发,适应了网络异构性.算法性能分析表明LMCC机制具有较快的拥塞响应速度、较好的稳定性、TCP友好性和较低的丢报率.     

基于端系统的视频流组播速率控制方法

针对目前Internet未对多媒体应用提供QoS保障的问题,分析了视频流组播的难点,提出了一种基于缓冲区管理的网络自适应组播发送速率控制方法.该机制可以合理控制服务器的发送速率,既能自适应网络状况的变化,又满足流媒体实时播放的需求.实验结果表明,该机制通过控制发送缓冲区占有率,降低了分组丢包率,提高了终端的接收质量,具有良好的实用价值.     

视频实时传输中的速率控制研究

视频在互联网上的实时传输常因其要求高带宽、低延迟而造成网络拥塞。传统TCP基于窗口的拥塞控制已经不适用于实时传输中的拥塞控制,该文讨论了基于速率的网络拥塞控制方法,它采用自适应码率和分层的视频编码技术,详细说明了基于源端和收端的各种速率控制方法。     

基于区分服务的分层多播拥塞控制算法

多媒体多播应用在Internet上的广泛部署对拥塞控制提出了要求,分层多播是适应网络异构性较为有效的方案.为了克服现有分层多播存在的拥塞响应延时大、吞吐率抖动剧烈和不满足TCP友好的问题,给出了一个基于区分服务的分层多播模型,提出了一种基于区分服务的分层多播拥塞控制算法DSLMCC(DiffServ-based layered multicast packet dropping),在边缘路由器上引入了基于概率的区分优先级的分组标记算法,在核心路由器上采用区分优先级的分组丢弃算法.仿真结果表明,该算法能够有效地改进区分服务网络上的分层多播拥塞控制的性能,具有较快的拥塞响应速度、较好的稳定性和公平性,并且较好地适应了网络的异构性.     

ANLMCC--一种基于主动网的分层多播拥塞控制方案

多媒体多播应用在Internet上的广泛部署对多播拥塞控制提出了要求．分层多播是适应网络异构性较有效的方案．针对现有分层多播大多存在拥塞响应延时大、吞吐率抖动剧烈和不满足TCP友好的问题。提出一种新的基于主动网的分层多播拥塞控制方案(ANLMCC)，利用主动网灵活的服务定制能力，采用主动标记分层、优先级分层过滤，以及主动节点间逐跳的交互信令机制，大大改进了分层多播的性能．仿真实验表明，ANLMCC具有较快的拥塞响应速度、较好的稳定性和TCP友好的优点．