A systematic review on affective computing: emotion models,databases, and recent advances

Affective computing conjoins the research topics of emotion recognition and sentiment analysis, and can be realized with unimodal or multimodal data, consisting primarily of physical information (e.g., text, audio, and visual) and physiological signals (e.g., EEG and ECG). Physical-based affect recognition caters to more researchers due to the availability of multiple public databases, but it is challenging to reveal one's inner emotion hidden purposefully from facial expressions, audio tones, body gestures, etc. Physiological signals can generate more precise and reliable emotional results; yet, the difficulty in acquiring these signals hinders their practical application. Besides, by fusing physical information and physiological signals, useful features of emotional states can be obtained to enhance the performance of affective computing models. While existing reviews focus on one specific aspect of affective computing, we provide a systematical survey of important components: emotion models, databases, and recent advances. Firstly, we introduce two typical emotion models followed by five kinds of commonly used databases for affective computing. Next, we survey and taxonomize state-of-the-art unimodal affect recognition and multimodal affective analysis in terms of their detailed architectures and performances. Finally, we discuss some critical aspects of affective computing and its applications and conclude this review by pointing out some of the most promising future directions, such as the establishment of benchmark database and fusion strategies. The overarching goal of this systematic review is to help academic and industrial researchers understand the recent advances as well as new developments in this fast-paced, high-impact domain.     

基于标记权重的多标记特征选择算法

在多标记学习中,特征选择是解决多标记数据高维性的有效手段。每个标记对样本的可分性程度不同,这可能会为多标记学习提供一定的信息。基于这一假设,提出了一种基于标记权重的多标记特征选择算法。该算法首先利用样本在整个特征空间的分类间隔对标记进行加权,然后将特征在整个标记集合下对样本的可区分性作为特征权重,以此衡量特征对标记集合的重要性。最后,根据特征权重对特征进行降序排列,从而得到一组新的特征排序。在6个多标记数据集和4个评价指标上的实验结果表明,所提算法优于一些当前流行的多标记特征选择算法。     

Toward machine emotional intelligence: analysis of affectivephysiological state

The ability to recognize emotion is one of the hallmarks of emotional intelligence, an aspect of human intelligence that has been argued to be even more important than mathematical and verbal intelligences. This paper proposes that machine intelligence needs to include emotional intelligence and demonstrates results toward this goal: developing a machine's ability to recognize the human affective state given four physiological signals. We describe difficult issues unique to obtaining reliable affective data and collect a large set of data from a subject trying to elicit and experience each of eight emotional states, daily, over multiple weeks. This paper presents and compares multiple algorithms for feature-based recognition of emotional state from this data. We analyze four physiological signals that exhibit problematic day-to-day variations: The features of different emotions on the same day tend to cluster more tightly than do the features of the same emotion on different days. To handle the daily variations, we propose new features and algorithms and compare their performance. We find that the technique of seeding a Fisher Projection with the results of sequential floating forward search improves the performance of the Fisher Projection and provides the highest recognition rates reported to date for classification of affect from physiology: 81 percent recognition accuracy on eight classes of emotion, including neutral     

基于人脸表情特征的情感交互系统*

设计了一套基于人脸表情特征的情感交互系统(情感虚拟人),关键技术分别为情感识别、情感计算、情感合成与输出三个方面。情感识别部分首先采用特征块的方法对面部静态表情图形进行预处理,然后利用二维主元分析(2DPCA)提取特征,最后利用多级量子神经网络分类器实现七类表情识别分类;在情感计算部分建立了隐马尔可夫情感模型(HMM),并且用改进的遗传算法估计模型中的参数;在情感合成与输出阶段,首先采用NURBS曲面和面片相结合的算法,建立人脸三维网格模型,然后采用关键帧技术,实现了符合人类行为规律的连续表情动画。最后完成了基于人脸表情特征的情感交互系统的设计。     

基于情绪感知的语言多属性决策方法

情绪对于决策有着重要影响,由于缺乏有效的决策者情绪状态获取方法,当前考虑情绪状态的语言多属性决策方法研究偏少.随着物联网技术的发展,通过可穿戴传感器能够便捷地获取决策者脑电信号,进而可感知其情绪状态.为此,研究基于情绪感知的语言多属性决策方法.首先,提出基于SVM概率输出模型的情绪感知方法,根据决策者脑电信号,实时、准确感知决策者情绪状态的概率分布;其次,提出基于云模型的语言评价定量化方法,一方面考虑语言评价的模糊性与随机性,另一方面考虑决策者情绪状态因素,定量化语言评价;然后,提出基于前景理论的方案排序方法,在情绪泛化假设下,根据综合前景值将各方案排序;最后,通过实例验证该决策方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于标记与特征依赖最大化的弱标记集成分类

弱标记学习是多标记学习的一个重要分支,近几年已被广泛研究并被应用于多标记样本的缺失标记补全和预测等问题.然而,针对特征集合较大、更容易拥有多个语义标记和出现标记缺失的高维数据问题,现有弱标记学习方法普遍易受这类数据包含的噪声和冗余特征的干扰.为了对高维多标记数据进行准确的分类,提出了一种基于标记与特征依赖最大化的弱标记集成分类方法EnWL.EnWL首先在高维数据的特征空间多次利用近邻传播聚类方法,每次选择聚类中心构成具有代表性的特征子集,降低噪声和冗余特征的干扰;再在每个特征子集上训练一个基于标记与特征依赖最大化的半监督多标记分类器;最后,通过投票集成这些分类器实现多标记分类.在多种高维数据集上的实验结果表明,EnWL在多种评价度量上的预测性能均优于已有相关方法.     

多标记数据特征提取方法的核改进

针对多标记数据特征提取方法中输出核函数没有准确刻画标记间的相关性的问题,在充分度量标记间相关性的基础上,提出了两种新的输出核函数构造方法。第一种方法首先将多标记数据转化为单标记数据,并使用标记集合来刻画标记间的相关性;然后从损失函数的角度出发定义新的输出核函数。第二种方法是利用互信息来度量标记间的两两相关性,在此基础上进一步构造新的输出核函数。3个多标记数据集上2种分类器的实验结果表明,与原有核函数对应的多标记特征提取方法相比,基于损失函数的输出核函数对应的特征提取方法性能最好,5个评价指标的性能平均提高了10%左右, 尤其在Yeast数据集上,Coverage指标下降幅度达到了30%左右;基于互信息的输出核函数次之,性能平均提高了5%左右。实验结果表明,基于新的输出核函数的特征提取方法能够更加有效地提取特征,并进一步简化分类器的学习过程,提高分类器的泛化性能。     

基于多任务学习的多语言语音情感识别方法

由于人类情感的表达受文化和社会的影响,不同语言语音情感的特征差异较大,导致单一语言语音情感识别模型泛化能力不足。针对该问题,提出了一种基于多任务注意力的多语言语音情感识别方法。通过引入语言种类识别辅助任务,模型在学习不同语言共享情感特征的同时也能学习各语言独有的情感特性,从而提升多语言情感识别模型的多语言情感泛化能力。在两种语言的维度情感语料库上的实验表明,所提方法相比于基准方法在Valence和Arousal任务上的相对UAR均值分别提升了3.66%~5.58%和1.27%~6.51%;在四种语言的离散情感语料库上的实验表明,所提方法的相对UAR均值相比于基准方法提升了13.43%~15.75%。因此,提出的方法可以有效地抽取语言相关的情感特征并提升多语言情感识别的性能。     

情感计算与理解研究发展概述

情感在感知、决策、逻辑推理和社交等一系列智能活动中起到核心作用,是实现人机交互和机器智能的重要元素。近年来,随着多媒体数据爆发式增长及人工智能的快速发展,情感计算与理解引发了广泛关注。情感计算与理解旨在赋予计算机系统识别、理解、表达和适应人的情感的能力来建立和谐人机环境,并使计算机具有更高、更全面的智能。根据输入信号的不同,情感计算与理解包含不同的研究方向。本文全面回顾了多模态情感识别、孤独症情感识别、情感图像内容分析以及面部表情识别等不同情感计算与理解方向在过去几十年的研究进展并对未来的发展趋势进行展望。对于每个研究方向,首先介绍了研究背景、问题定义和研究意义;其次从不同角度分别介绍了国际和国内研究现状,包括情感数据标注、特征提取、学习算法、部分代表性方法的性能比较和分析以及代表性研究团队等;然后对国内外研究进行了系统比较,分析了国内研究的优势和不足;最后讨论了目前研究存在的问题及未来的发展趋势与展望,例如考虑个体情感表达差异问题和用户隐私问题等。     

Improving BCI-based emotion recognition by combining EEG feature selection and kernel classifiers

Current emotion recognition computational techniques have been successful on associating the emotional changes with the EEG signals, and so they can be identified and classified from EEG signals if appropriate stimuli are applied. However, automatic recognition is usually restricted to a small number of emotions classes mainly due to signal’s features and noise, EEG constraints and subject-dependent issues. In order to address these issues, in this paper a novel feature-based emotion recognition model is proposed for EEG-based Brain–Computer Interfaces. Unlike other approaches, our method explores a wider set of emotion types and incorporates additional features which are relevant for signal pre-processing and recognition classification tasks, based on a dimensional model of emotions: Valenceand Arousal. It aims to improve the accuracy of the emotion classification task by combining mutual information based feature selection methods and kernel classifiers. Experiments using our approach for emotion classification which combines efficient feature selection methods and efficient kernel-based classifiers on standard EEG datasets show the promise of the approach when compared with state-of-the-art computational methods.     

中文微博情感分类的简单多标签排序算法

针对中文微博文本情感分类中每个样本最多只有两种有序情感标签的情形,提出了一种简单的多标签排序算法——TSMLR,该算法采用两步学习和两步分类的策略,通过学习情感标签之间的主次关系,对微博文本的情感进行分类并对情感标签进行排序。首先,将一个多标签排序问题转化为八个多类单标签分类问题,分别对主要情感标签和次要情感标签进行学习;然后,利用得到的分类模型对微博表达的情感进行两步分类,首先给出主要情感标签,再给出次要情感标签。通过在NLP&CC2014的中文微博文本情感分析评测数据集上进行实验,与校准标签排序方法(CLR)相比,TSMLR方法的准确度和平均精度分别提高了8.59%和9.28%,1-错误率相应下降了9.77%,而且TSMLR所需的训练时间相对较少。实验结果表明:TSMLR对标签之间顺序关系的学习能够有效提高对中文微博情感分类的准确率。     

Missing multi-label learning with non-equilibrium based on two-level autoencoder

For a multi-label learning framework, each instance may belong to multiple labels simultaneously. The classification accuracy can be improved significantly by exploiting various correlations, such as label correlations, feature correlations, or the correlations between features and labels. There are few studies on how to combine the feature and label correlations, and they deal more with complete data sets. However, missing labels or other phenomena often occur because of the cost or technical limitations in the data acquisition process. A few label completion algorithms currently suitable for missing multi-label learning, ignore the noise interference of the feature space. At the same time, the threshold of the discriminant function often affects the classification results, especially those of the labels near the threshold. All these factors pose considerable difficulties in dealing with missing labels using label correlations. Therefore, we propose a missing multi-label learning algorithm with non-equilibrium based on a two-level autoencoder. First, label density is introduced to enlarge the classification margin of the label space. Then, a new supplementary label matrix is augmented from the missing label matrix with the non-equilibrium label completion method. Finally, considering feature space noise, a two-level kernel extreme learning machine autoencoder is constructed to implement the information feature and label correlation. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by many experiments on both missing and complete label data sets. A statistical analysis of hypothesis validates our approach.

     

基于主题与三支决策的文本情感分析

近年来,情感计算已经成为自然语言处理与人工智能领域的一个研究热点,而文本情感分析是情感计算的一个重要组成部分.提出了一个基于主题特征与三支决策理论相融合的多标记情感分类方法.首先采用基于主题的情感识别模型判断句子的多标记情感类别,在此基础上结合三支决策理论,最终实现对文本篇章的多标记情感分类.实验结果表明,该方法在文本篇章的多标记情感类别识别上取得了令人满意的结果.     

Linguistic-based emotion analysis and recognition for measuring consumer satisfaction: an application of affective computing

A growing body of research suggests that affective computing has many valuable applications in enterprise systems research and e-businesses. This paper explores affective computing techniques for a vital sub-area in enterprise systems—consumer satisfaction measurement. We propose a linguistic-based emotion analysis and recognition method for measuring consumer satisfaction. Using an annotated emotion corpus (Ren-CECps), we first present a general evaluation of customer satisfaction by comparing the linguistic characteristics of emotional expressions of positive and negative attitudes. The associations in four negative emotions are further investigated. After that, we build a fine-grained emotion recognition system based on machine learning algorithms for measuring customer satisfaction; it can detect and recognize multiple emotions using customers’ words or comments. The results indicate that blended emotion recognition is able to gain rich feedback data from customers, which can provide more appropriate follow-up for customer relationship management.     

Feature selection for multi-label naive Bayes classification

In multi-label learning, the training set is made up of instances each associated with a set of labels, and the task is to predict the label sets of unseen instances. In this paper, this learning problem is addressed by using a method called Mlnb which adapts the traditional naive Bayes classifiers to deal with multi-label instances. Feature selection mechanisms are incorporated into Mlnb to improve its performance. Firstly, feature extraction techniques based on principal component analysis are applied to remove irrelevant and redundant features. After that, feature subset selection techniques based on genetic algorithms are used to choose the most appropriate subset of features for prediction. Experiments on synthetic and real-world data show that Mlnb achieves comparable performance to other well-established multi-label learning algorithms.     

基于稳健模糊粗糙集模型的多标记文本分类

针对多标记数据的不确定性以及噪声数据的存在,提出了一种新的多标记稳健模糊粗糙分类模型。该模型是处理单标记分类问题的k-mean稳健统计量模糊粗糙分类模型的扩展应用。对于每个待分类数据,首先根据相似性计算方法,得到它们相对于各标记的隶属度;然后根据隶属度定义待分类数据与各标记的相关度;最后为每一组相关度赋予合适的阈值,得到相关的标记集合。在3个标准多标记数据集和1个真实多标记文本数据集上的实验结果表明,对于多标记文本分类问题,所提模型在 6个常用的多标记评测指标上较常用的ML-kNN和rank-SVM多标记学习方法具有更高的准确率。     

基于皮肤电信号与文本信息的双模态情感识别系统

人机交互离不开情感识别,目前无论是单模态的情感识别还是多生理参数融合的情感识别都存在识别率低,鲁棒性差的问题.为了克服上述问题,故提出一种基于两种不同类型信号的融合情感识别系统,即生理参数皮肤电信号和文本信息融合的双模态情感识别系统.首先通过采集与分析相应情感皮肤电信号特征参数和文本信息的情感关键词特征参数并对其进行优化,分别设计人工神经网络算法和高斯混合模型算法作为单个模态的情感分类器,最后利用改进的高斯混合模型对判决层进行加权融合.实验结果表明,该种融合系统比单模态和多生理参数融合的多模态情感识别精度都要高.所以,依据皮肤电信号和文本信息这两种不同类型的情感特征可以构建出识别率高,鲁棒性好的情感识别系统.     

人机交互中的智能体情感计算研究

机器的情感是通过融入具有情感能力的智能体实现的,虽然目前在人机交互领域已经有大量研究成果,但有关智能体情感计算方面的研究尚处起步阶段,深入开展这项研究对推动人机交互领域的发展具有重要的科学和应用价值。本文通过检索Scopus数据库选择有代表性的文献,重点关注情感在智能体和用户之间的双向流动,分别从智能体对用户的情绪感知和对用户情绪调节的角度开展分析总结。首先梳理了用户情绪的识别方法,即通过用户的表情、语音、姿态、生理信号和文本信息等多通道信息分析用户的情绪状态,归纳了情绪识别中的一些机器学习方法。其次从用户体验角度分析具有情绪表现力的智能体对用户的影响,总结了智能体的情绪生成和表现技术,指出智能体除了通过表情之外,还可以通过注视、姿态、头部运动和手势等非言语动作来表现情绪。并且梳理了典型的智能体情绪架构,举例说明了强化学习在智能体情绪设计中的作用。同时为了验证模型的准确性,比较了已有的情感评估手段和评价指标。最后指出智能体情感计算急需解决的问题。通过对现有研究的总结,智能体情感计算研究是一个很有前景的研究方向,希望本文能够为深入开展相关研究提供借鉴。     

A user-independent real-time emotion recognition system for software agents in domestic environments

The mystery surrounding emotions, how they work and how they affect our lives has not yet been unravelled. Scientists still debate the real nature of emotions, whether they are evolutionary, physiological or cognitive are just a few of the different approaches used to explain affective states. Regardless of the various emotional paradigms, neurologists have made progress in demonstrating that emotion is as, or more, important than reason in the process of making decisions and deciding actions. The significance of these findings should not be overlooked in a world that is increasingly reliant on computers to accommodate to user needs. In this paper, a novel approach for recognizing and classifying positive and negative emotional changes in real time using physiological signals is presented. Based on sequential analysis and autoassociative networks, the emotion detection system outlined here is potentially capable of operating on any individual regardless of their physical state and emotional intensity without requiring an arduous adaptation or pre-analysis phase. Results from applying this methodology on real-time data collected from a single subject demonstrated a recognition level of 71.4% which is comparable to the best results achieved by others through off-line analysis. It is suggested that the detection mechanism outlined in this paper has all the characteristics needed to perform emotion recognition in pervasive computing.     

基于长短记忆与信息注意的视频-脑电交互协同情感识别

基于视频-脑电信号交互协同的情感识别是人机交互重要而具有挑战性的研究问题.本文提出了基于长短记忆神经网络(Long-short term memory, LSTM)和注意机制(Attention mechanism)的视频-脑电信号交互协同的情感识别模型.模型的输入是实验参与人员观看情感诱导视频时采集到的人脸视频与脑电信号, 输出是实验参与人员的情感识别结果.该模型在每一个时间点上同时提取基于卷积神经网络(Convolution neural network, CNN)的人脸视频特征与对应的脑电信号特征, 通过LSTM进行融合并预测下一个时间点上的关键情感信号帧, 直至最后一个时间点上计算出情感识别结果.在这一过程中, 该模型通过空域频带注意机制计算脑电信号${\alpha}$波, ${\beta}$波与${\theta}$波的重要度, 从而更加有效地利用脑电信号的空域关键信息; 通过时域注意机制, 预测下一时间点上的关键信号帧, 从而更加有效地利用情感数据的时域关键信息.本文在MAHNOB-HCI和DEAP两个典型数据集上测试了所提出的方法和模型, 取得了良好的识别效果.实验结果表明本文的工作为视频-脑电信号交互协同的情感识别问题提供了一种有效的解决方法.