多云雾地区高时空分辨率植被覆盖度构建方法研究

针对多云雾地区高时空分辨率数据缺乏现状,提出了一套区域尺度高时空分辨率植被覆盖度数据构建方法.首先,通过时空适应反射率融合模型(STARFM)有效地将TM 的较高空间分辨率与MODIS的高时间分辨率融合在一起,构建了研究区植被生长峰值阶段的NDVI数据;然后,以植被生长峰值阶段的NDVI为输入,基于地表覆被类型,综合应用等密度和非密度亚像元模型对研究区的植被覆盖度进行估算.结果表明:①即使数据源存在大量的云雾,且存在一定的时相差异,研究区植被覆盖度的估算结果过渡自然,不存在明显的不接边效应;②以植被生长峰值阶段的NDVI数据为输入进行植被覆盖度估算,有效拉开了同一地表覆被类型不同覆盖度像元的NDVI梯度,提高了亚像元估算模型对输入数据的抗扰动性;③基于地表覆被类型,应用亚像元混合模型,能够提高植被覆盖度的估算精度.经野外实测数据验证,总体约８５％的估算精度表明,针对高时空分辨率遥感数据缺乏的多云雾区域,本研究提出的方法能够实现区域尺度植被覆盖度数据的构建.     

内蒙古浑善达克沙地南部草地盖度探测及其变化分析

陆地生态系统植被覆盖程度是评价区域生态环境变化的重要因子。以内蒙古浑善达克沙地南部(锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗北部地区)为研究区,应用中国环境与灾害监测预报小卫星数据HJ-1A CCD及美国陆地卫星数据Landsat TM,分别基于像元二分模型和三波段梯度差模型、使用NDVI和RDVI等参数,对研究区草地植被覆盖度进行了探测,并对比了不同模型方法和参数所得研究区草地植被盖度成果的分类精度。研究结果表明,基于像元二分模型和RDVI参数探测植被盖度的方法表现最好;以此为基础,进一步分析了研究区2000~2009年区域植被覆盖度动态变化,发现本地区在2000年之后草地覆盖改善区面积超过草地盖度下降区面积,浑善达克沙地南缘植被恢复状况总体较好。     

石家庄1995～2015年植被覆盖变化监测及预测

为揭示石家庄1995~2015年植被覆盖变化状况,掌握植被覆盖的变化趋势,该文基于1995、2001、2007、2009、2012和2015年Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像数据,通过像元二分模型求得石家庄6个时期的植被覆盖度,借助变异系数模型和Slope模型分析该地区20年内植被覆盖的空间变化特点和变化趋势,最后利用元胞自动机-马尔可夫模型对石家庄2018年各级植被覆盖状况进行预测。结果表明:从1995到2015年,石家庄植被覆盖度均值增加了3.71%;全市平均变异系数为0.211,人为因素是植被覆盖波动变化的主要因素;植被覆盖变化趋势呈基本不变和三类变好区域共占全市面积的82.22%,三类变差区域多分布在城市建设和经济发展的活跃地区;到2018年,石家庄高植被覆盖和中高植被覆盖面积都有下降,中植被覆盖和低植被覆盖面积有所提高,极低植被覆盖面积基本不变。     

基于SVM的东莞市土地利用/覆被自动分类误差来源与后处理

城市化是过去一个多世纪以来世界的发展趋势,城市化显著改变城市地区土地利用/覆被,并引起诸如水资源短缺,洪水灾害加重,水环境恶化,生态系统退化等负面效应,如何更加准确估算城市化引起的土地利用/覆被变化不仅是研究城市化过程特征的需要,也是研究城市化所引起的各种效应的需要,并且一直是国际遥感和应用界的研究热点和难点。东莞市是改革开放以来我国城市化速度最快的城市。为了给研究东莞市城市化过程及其各种效应提供高精度且完整的城市化过程的长系列土地利用/覆被变化数据,基于1987~2015年间12期Landsat遥感影像,采用SVM算法对东莞市土地利用/土地覆被变化数据进行了自动分类,并对分类误差来源进行了分析总结,提出了自动分类结果后处理方法,制备了东莞市城市化过程土地利用/覆被变化数据。12期遥感影像自动分类的总体精度为81.37%,Kappa系数为0.75;最终结果总体精度为86.87%,Kappa系数为0.83。通过土地利用变化特征分析,将东莞市城市化过程以1996年和2005年为节点,划分为起步发展、快速发展和稳定发展3个阶段。     

干旱区流域土地利用覆被空间转型模拟及热点探测——以黑河流域中游为例

基于黑河中游地区1987、2001、2016年的利用/覆被变化数据,在遥感技术的支持下,利用马尔科夫转移矩阵及土地利用动态测算模型,模拟1987～2001、2001～2016年间黑河中游地区土地利用转型的主要方向及空间分布特征,探测研究期土地利用/覆被变化的热点区域,分析相关驱动因素,并针对发展瓶颈提出相应的对策建议。结果表明:黑河中游地区的生态用地持续减小,而人类活动用地逐渐增加;土地利用变化剧烈的区域主要集中在河流两侧,转型类型主要是水域转为草地,草地转为耕地,未利用地转为建设用地;研究区土地利用转型变化呈现出显著的空间差异,且后期扩张频率及范围明显高于前期;从乡镇尺度来看,土地利用活跃的热点区域主要集中于张掖绿洲综合利用区,但前期热点区域分散、范围小、强度轻,没有形成明显的集中效益,而后期土地利用集约程度显著提高,局部地区呈现出程度深、集约度高的开发趋势。     

基于MODIS NDVI的吉林省植被覆盖度动态遥感监测

植被覆盖度是植物群落覆盖地表状况的一个综合量化指标,植被覆盖及其变化是区域环境变化的重要指示,对于区域水文及生态状况、全球变化的区域响应等都具有重要意义。以MODIS NDVI为数据源,采用像元二分模型,提取2000~2007年吉林省植被覆盖度,获取不同时期的植被覆盖度图,并进一步分析了植被覆盖度变化的原因。结果表明：吉林省植被覆盖度由东部到西部逐渐降低,其中白山地区植被覆盖情况最好。过去8 a间,吉林省植被覆盖度总体呈上升趋势,2007年植被覆盖度达到最高,为83.04%。在此期间,中部地区和西部地区植被覆盖增加了 797.52 km²,占总面积变化的74.79%。生态恢复工程、降水和气温等是影响植被覆盖度变化的主要因素。     

近20多年来赣州地区稀土矿区遥感动态监测

稀土资源是现代科技所需的重要资源,由于其有很高的经济价值,稀土资源的开采活动越来越频繁,过度开采现象严重,对稀土矿区的实时监控成为保护环境资源的重要环节。遥感技术在监测土地利用变化方面已经有了完善的技术方法。相较于普遍使用的Landsat-TM/ETM+数据,我国研发的HJ卫星(中国环境与灾害监测预报小卫星)数据具有更短的重访周期,能够对稀土矿的开采进行更加有效的检测。通过结合Landsat-TM/ETM+与HJ-1/CCD数据,根据矿区植被覆盖度的变化及时监测稀土矿区活动情况,对江西定南地区20a来稀土矿区开采变化情况进行监测,并提出保护建议,为实现矿产资源的可持续发展提供理论依据。     

利用多时相中分辨率卫星影像监测-福建省植被覆盖变化

植被指数能定量地反映植被的变化信息，利用2001～2005年的EOS/MODIS卫星遥感资料，通过基于增强型植被指数的植被覆盖度计算模式，得到2001～2005年福建省植被覆盖度的年际动态变化情况，分析结果表明：福建省植被覆盖存在有不同程度的退化现象，退化最明显的地区出现在居民点、河流两岸、海岸带和岛屿等区域，植被覆盖变化在整体上呈现出内陆普遍小于沿海地区的特征，而远离沿海特别是内陆海拔较高的山区，植被覆盖变化很小，反映出研究区内植被覆盖受人类活动影响相对较大的事实。     

基于MODIS植被指数估算青海湖流域植被覆盖度研究

将MODIS数据合成的4种植被指数作为输入参数,采用像元二分模型对研究区的植被覆盖度进行估算,利用2006年的TM数据解译结果和2011年8月的野外实测数据对反演结果进行验证。结果显示:采用ND-VI估算的植被覆盖度比较符合研究区实地状况,样点估算精度达到87.13%;其他3种植被指数估算的植被覆盖度值比实际值低,尤其是对该区域典型植被草原草甸的覆盖度估算结果明显偏低。研究表明:2011年8月青海湖流域植被覆盖度以中高覆盖度为主,占整个流域面积的57%以上;植被覆盖度在空间上呈中部高、西北低的分布特点。     

三峡库区巴东段地质灾害因子关联规则挖掘

选择地质灾害较为发育的巴东县为研究区,并以该区灾害点为数据样本,利用GIS将灾害点与地层岩性、高程、坡度、坡向、水系组合、遥感影像土地利用分类结果等6个影响因子进行叠加分析,选取灾害点的灾害类型、灾害规模、灾害体的物质类型、高程差、水系岸别等5个属性与叠加分析结果利用Apriori算法进行关联规则挖掘,最后挖掘出灾害规模与水系组合间关系等单因素间关联以及不同灾害属性与各因子间的关系等多因素间关联。通过与前人的相关研究成果对比分析,证明得出的规则具有合理性并符合实际情况,可为地质灾害分析决策提供先验知识。     

基于GEE和Sentinel-2时序数据的呼伦贝尔沙地及其周边植被类型识别研究

沙地及其周边植被对固定沙丘、防止水土流失和环境治理等方面具有重要作用,开展沙地及其周边植被类型识别研究对于客观地反映沙地及其周边的生态环境,进而为沙地恢复治理政策制定具有重要意义。GEE云平台丰富的长时间序列遥感数据和强大的云计算能力,为开展大区域植被类型识别提供了便捷。本研究基于GEE云平台存储的2019年Sentinel-2时序数据,采用RF算法开展呼伦贝尔沙地及其周边主要植被类型的空间判识研究,探索了GEE平台下顾及植被物候信息的植被类型识别效果。研究发现：①Sentinel-2影像的光谱信息和近红外波段的纹理信息对研究区的主要植被类型识别能力有限,而物候特征有效地弥补了原始光谱特征等对研究区不同植被类型区分能力的不足;②基于RF算法顾及物候特征的植被类型识别精度达到84.37%,Kappa系数为0.8,比单一时相数据的识别精度提高了10.01%;③呼伦贝尔沙地及其周边主要植被类型的物候特征差异明显,有助于不同类型植被的空间识别,特别是提高了灌草丛和草原的识别精度。研究表明利用Sentinel-2数据和GEE云平台对沙地等大区域植被类型的识别具有较大的潜力和广阔的应用前景。     

基于Sentinel-1A数据的天津地区PS-InSAR地面沉降监测与分析

为有效预防地面沉降带来的灾害,利用2015年4月~2018年2月天津地区的24景Sentinel-1A数据,进行了永久散射体干涉测量处理,并使用高精度轨道数据和TanDEM-X DEM修正残差相位,提取了3 a的地面沉降结果,结合土地利用类型、水文、地质和交通等数据,分析了多处沉降地区的特征和形成原因,最后和小基线集方法的监测结果进行对比分析。结果表明:近3 a来天津城区沉降治理效果显著,平均沉降速率在8 mm/a以内,郊区沉降仍然严重,沉降速率在50~70 mm/a,沉降最为严重的区域为武清区王庆坨镇,3 a累计沉降量超过200 mm,并且有和其他沉降漏斗连成片的趋势。地面沉降发生的区域与地下水漏斗形成的区域基本一致,且两种方法得到的累积形变量差值95%在5 mm以内,说明本研究结果可以为天津市地质灾害防治提供数据支撑和决策依据。     

Land Subsidence Monitoring in Tianjin with PS-InSAR Technique based on Sentinel -1 Data

Land Subsidence is one of the most important geological hazards in many areas. In order to prevent disasters caused by land subsidence efficiently, 24 Sentinel-1A images covering area of Tianjin are choosed from 2015 to 2018. Based on Persistent Scatterers InSAR technique, the results of land subsidence for three years are extracted using the precise orbit data and TanDEM-X DEM and compared with the monitoring results of SBAS (Small Baseline Subset) method. Combined with land use types, hydrogeological and traffic data, the characteristics and formation reasons of several subsidence areas are analyzed. The experimental results show that: (1) In recent three years, the land subsidence in Tianjin urban area is relatively slow, with an average speed of less than 8 mm/a. However, suburban land subsidence is still serious with an average speed between 50 mm/a~70 mm/a. The most serious land subsidence area was Wangqingtuo Town in Wuqing district, the total land subsidence was over 200 mm. And there is a trend of connectivity in these subsidence areas. (2) Land subsidence and the falling of groundwater levels have a very high spatial correlation and the difference between the cumulative shape variables obtained by the two methods of SBAS and PSInSAR is less than 5 mm. The results of this study can provide data support for the government of Tianjin.     

厦门岛内涝灾害风险评价制图

城市内涝灾害风险评价图件是城市内涝灾害防灾减灾基础技术资料。利用城市管 网等基础地理数据,经过汇水区划分和管网概化以及参数率定建立厦门岛内涝模型,模拟出不 同重现期降雨量下厦门岛地表积水深度并作为内涝灾害风险评价中的危险性评价因子,以河网 影响度、敏感点密度、植被覆盖度作为孕灾环境的敏感性因子,人口密度、人均 GDP 作为承灾 体的易损性评价因子,建立厦门岛的内涝灾害风险评估模型,计算得到不同重现期下厦门岛内 涝灾害风险等级评价图。结果表明,随着重现期的增加高风险指数的区域逐渐增加,主要呈现 由沿海向岛内扩展的趋势,部分区域由于下垫面的构成如山体水系等影响表现出稳定的低风险 特征。     

Character of Vegetation Coverage Change along Coastal Areas of Maritime Silk Road

The character and trends of vegetation coverage change along coastal areas of Maritime Silk Road during 2000~2016 has been studied based on MOD13C2 data using MVC method,Change Vector Analysis(CVA),linear regression,Hurst index and Spatial Analysis techniques,therefore generating the change map of vegetation coverage．The results showed that the vegetation coverage significantly increased from 2000 to 2016,and about one\|third of the area changed.The vegetation improvement area accounted for 28.31% of the whole study area and the degradation area was 5.33%,and there was evident self\|similarity and long\|range dependence of vegetation coverage change.The significant vegetation improvement areas were concentrated in South Asia and Western Asia.In addition to part of the concentrated distribution in Africa,the vegetation degradation area scattered along the coastline.Analysis showed that the vegetation coverage was affected by the intensity of human activities along the coast and overall economic development in the region,such as China and Southeast Asia,whose economy is at a stage of development,although the overall vegetation coverage showed improvement and basically unchanged trend,about half of the ports in the region showed the trend of vegetation degradation.However,the economy of Europe are flourishing,the vegetation coverage around the port is mostly improved.     

Application to GF-2 Satellite for Road Landslides Monitoring

Global warming has profoundly changed extreme weather events,and remote sensing technology is gradually being applied to the monitoring of ecological and environmental disasters.China is one of the countries with most serious natural disasters in the world.With the development of human society and the improvement of people’s awareness of disaster risk,geological disaster monitoring and risk management has attracted more and more attention.Taking the Adjacent Area of Changsha \| Xiangtan(CXAA),which is the main part of Xiangtan jiuhua economic development zone,as the research area,the road slope and the ecological environment in the area were monitored by using the fusion image of high spatial resolution remote sensing of GF\|2 made in China on March 27,2016.Taking normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),terrain slope index,soil index and other parameters as inputs,the comprehensive evaluation of ecological environment in CXAA was obtained by simulating the comprehensive factors of ecological environment with the comprehensive index method.We found that the ecological environment of 78.75 % of the study area was good,which indicated that the natural ecological environment on both sides of the road and the surrounding areas was basically not damaged.The road surface,water area(such as Xiangjiang river),construction land(such as Xiangtan high\|speed railway north station) and industrial areas(such as Geely automobile,Tidfore enterprise group,etc.) and other regions of the ecological environment comprehensive index is poor,on both sides of the road in some slope sections still exist the potential risk of landslide.Therefore,we suggest that during the rainy season,there is a need for more time\|phase high spatial resolution of GF-2 remote sensing satellite and other domestic GF satellite continuous monitoring,in order to more fully understand the risk of road slope landslide and provide early warning.     

A new vegetation index derived from the pattern decomposition method applied to Landsat‐7/ETM+ images in Mongolia

The goal of this study was to estimate vegetation coverage and map the land‐cover in an experimental field (60×60 km) near Mandalgobi, Mongolia using Landsat‐7/ETM+ data for ground truthing in the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite II (ADEOS‐II) Mongolian Plateau Experiment (AMPEX). We measured soil moisture, vegetation coverage, and vegetation moisture in the field at 49 grid points around the time that the Aqua satellite passed over the area. We also surveyed the land‐cover in the field. Using ground‐based data and characteristics of spectral reflectance, we attempted to extract vegetation information from satellite data using the pattern decomposition method, which is a type of spectral mixture analysis. This method uses normalized spectral shapes as endmembers, which do not change between scenes. We defined an index using the pattern decomposition coefficients to analyse sparsely vegetated areas. The index showed a linear relationship with vegetation coverage. The vegetation coverage was estimated for the study site, and the average coverage at the site was 21.4%. Land‐cover types were classified using the index and the pattern decomposition coefficients; the kappa coefficient was 0.75. The index was useful for estimating vegetation coverage and land‐cover mapping for semiarid areas.     

基于遥感和GIS的区域土壤侵蚀变化与人类活动关系研究

土壤侵蚀作为全球性的主要环境问题之一,受人类活动的影响日益强烈。在区域尺度上研究人类活动与土壤侵蚀变化的关系,对土壤侵蚀防治宏观决策具有重要意义。通过构建人类活动程度指数,从栅格尺度上分析了人类活动程度对土壤侵蚀变化的影响规律,进而从人口变化、土地利用变化和人类活动对植被覆盖影响程度等多角度综合分析,揭示人类活动对土壤侵蚀变化的驱动机制。结果发现,江西省1990年土壤侵蚀模数平均值841 t/（km²·a）,2018年减少到338 t/（km²·a）,土壤侵蚀明显缓解。平均人类活动程度指数由0.005增加到0.014,空间上呈现出以城市为中心向外辐射状的增加态势;偏远山地丘陵区,人类活动程度变化不大。20 a来,研究区土壤侵蚀的发生有由山地丘陵区向城市及周围地区转移的趋势。远离城市的偏远山地丘陵区,农村人口压力的减弱以及合理的土地利用转变促进江西省植被恢复,进而缓解土壤侵蚀;坡度缓和的城市及周边地区因人类活动程度的显著增强,土壤侵蚀有所加剧。     

Land Use Intensity and Radiation Feedback in Beijing from 2000 to 2015

Many current studies focus on urban expansion and its heat island effect, but the impact of different land use intensity on radiant energy needs further analysis. Based on the land use data of 2000 and 2015 in Beijing, this study divided the land use of Beijing into five types according to the influence degree of human activities and vegetation resilience, namely, the old urban areas, urban expansion areas, unchanged cropland areas, mixed pixel areas with changed gridcells, and unchanged pure pixel areas. On this basis, we calculated Radiative Forcing (RF) due to the change of surface albedo and explored the relationship between RF and vegetation cover. The results showed that: (1) In pure pixel areas, natural vegetation had a lower albedo, and the corresponding RF was larger than the other four land use type areas. However, under the influence of human activities, RF in the four land use type areas showed an obvious increasing trend during the research period, and the increment was also larger than RF in PP areas. (2) Comparing with unchanged pure pixel, the EVI within the other four human-affected land type areas (old urban areas, urban expansion areas, mixed pixel, and unchanged cropland) decreased but the LOS extended. The combined effect of LOS and EVI contributed to the decreasing trend of surface albedo, which prompted the increase of RF. Our finding highlights that human activities often enhances RF by affecting the intensity of land use. This study has important reference value for analyzing the climate feedback of land use change from physical mechanism.     

2000~2015年北京市土地利用强度及其辐射反馈评估

当前很多研究关注城市扩展及其热岛效应,但不同土地利用强度对辐射能量的影响尚有待进一步的分析。以北京市为例,基于2000和2015年的土地利用数据,按照人为活动对土地的利用程度,将北京市的土地利用变化划分为5类：即老城区、城市扩展区、混合变化区、耕地及自然纯像元区。在此基础上,在反照率和太阳辐射遥感反演数据的支持下,分析2000~2015年由地表反照率引起的辐射强迫(RF, Radiative Forcing),并探讨了RF与植被的关系。结果表明：相比自然纯像元区域,老城区、城市扩展区、混合变化区及耕地的RF在研究时段内均明显增加,后三年的RF均值比前三年增加了0.78 W/m²以上,远大于自然纯像元区的RF增量(0.19 W/m²)。本研究同时发现,植被绿度随土地利用强度的增加而逐年下降,但植被生长期长度却有所延长,两者综合作用于地表反照率,促使了RF的增加,说明单纯从辐射平衡来讲,北京市的土地利用变化在一定程度上增强了RF。