迭代最近点算法的改进策略

迭代最近点（Iterative Closest Point, ICP）算法是一种最为常见的点云配准方法，虽然配准精度高，但收敛速度慢，对含噪声、覆盖率较低点云的配准效果不佳。鉴于此，本文提出3种ICP算法的改进方法。针对含噪声的点云，采用概率ICP算法来抑制噪声点对配准结果的影响，提高配准精度；为了提高点云配准速度，采用坐标ICP算法实现点云的快速配准；针对低覆盖率点云，采用盒子ICP算法实现配准，可以大大提高配准精度和速度。通过兔子点云配准实验表明，3种改进的ICP算法在点云配准精度和速度方面都有很大程度的提高，均为有效的点云配准方法。     

基于特征点和改进ICP的三维点云数据配准算法

在光学非接触三维测量中,复杂对象的重构需要多组测量数据的配准。最近点迭代(ICP)算法是三维激光扫描数据处理中点云数据配准的一种经典的数学方法,为了获得更好的配准结果,在ICP算法的基础之上,提出了结合基于特征点的等曲率预配准方法和邻近搜索ICP改进算法的精细配准,自动进行点云数据配准的算法,经对牙齿点云模型实验发现,点云数据量越大,算法的配准速度优势越明显,采用ICP算法的运行时间(194.58 s)远大于本算法的运行时间(89.13 s)。应用实例表明:该算法具有速度快、精度高的特点,算法效果良好。     

结合Procrustes分析法和ICP算法的PICP配准算法

为了解决传统ICP算法存在查找最近迭代点较复杂、单向查找导致较多的错误点对、收敛函数易陷入局部最优状况的问题,提出一种基于Procrustes分析对ICP算法进行改进的PICP算法.首先通过比较三维空间8个方向上的初始变换参数和迭代点对距离值寻找出点云数据的最优初始变换参数;然后采用双向查找最近迭代点机制优化ICP算法,并将查找到的点对构成新的点云数据;最后通过Procrustes分析法对点云数据求解最小二乘函数,从而获得较高的配准精度,完成ICP算法的最优收敛.通过牙齿点云数据以及兔子标准数据的配准测试表明,文中采用的算法能够解决尺度变换和非均匀点云配准问题,且配准结果收敛较快,配准误差较小.和传统ICP算法相比,文中的PICP配准算法具有全局收敛性高、迭代次数少、抗噪能力强的优点.     

基于两步式迭代最近点的三维人耳配准算法

提出了一种新型两步式迭代最近点算法对三维人耳点云模型进行配准,该过程主要分为两步完成:(1)采用基于CUDA并行加速的EM-ICP算法进行初始配准,从而使人耳点云数据大致调整为同一姿态,并且为下一步提供良好的初始变化;(2)基于ICP算法对三维人耳点云数据进行精确配准。该方式能够有效避免ICP算法配准过程中局部对齐等缺陷。实验结果证明,采用两步式迭代最近点算法配准后的三维人耳数据具有良好的配准效果与配准速度。     

ICP算法在文物三维重建中的应用

三维结构光扫描技术作为一种新型的三维数据获取技术,被广泛应用于文物的三维重建中。目前,这项技术在数据获取方面有很多优势,但是在点云数据配准方面还有一些需要优化的地方,特别是在处理大量点数据,为保证配准结果的精确性,就需要对点云数据的配准算法就行优化。利用手持式三维结构光扫描仪获取文物三维数据,在Artec studio9软件中将原始三维数据以ply格式导出为原始点云数据,然后基于Matlab软件对ICP算法通过编程优化,将原始点云数据再通过优化后的ICP算法进行配准,得到文物三维模型的构建数据。实验分析表明,优化后的ICP配准算法不但能提升配准精确度,而且可以保证配准方向的合理性,使得配准得到更佳的展示效果。     

基于PCA校正的改进ICP销孔工件点云配准方法

针对销孔工件的目标点云和模型（源）点云空间坐标系不一致问题,提出了一种采用主元分析法（PCA）校正的改进ICP点云配准方法。首先,采用主元分析法（PCA）计算销孔工件目标点云和模型点云数据的主轴方向、并求得初始转换矩阵;其次,对初始转换矩阵进行误差分析,采用双向KD树近邻搜索最近点的方法加速两片点云初始转换矩阵的误差校正,得到校正后的转换矩阵,从而完成粗配准;然后,引入法向量夹角阈值约束剔除错误匹配点对改进ICP算法实现精配准,最终将两片点云坐标系调整一致。通过实验进行了比较分析,实验结果表明,该方法可以有效实现销孔工件的点云配准,同时获得较优的配准速度和精度,采用该方法最终的配准误差为0.0354mm,平均配准耗时4.639s。     

基于线特征及迭代最近点算法的地基建筑物点云自动配准方法

为克服迭代最近点(ICP)算法易陷入局部最优的缺陷，提出一种基于线特征及ICP算法的地基建筑物点云自动配准方法。首先，基于法向一致性进行建筑物点云平面分割；接着，采用alpha-shape算法进行点簇轮廓线提取，并拆分和拟合处理得到特征线段；然后，以线对作为配准基元，以线对夹角和距离作为相似性测度进行同名特征匹配，实现建筑物点云的粗配准；最后，以粗配准结果为初值，进一步采用ICP算法完成点云精确配准。利用两组部分重叠的建筑物点云进行配准实验，实验结果表明，采用由粗到精的配准方法能有效改善ICP算法对初值依赖的问题，实现具有部分重叠的建筑物点云的有效配准。     

基于改进ICP算法的点云自动配准技术

在零件的型面检测过程中,通常有数据采集、曲面重构、曲面配准和误差求取几个步骤。其中,曲面之间的配准是检测中关键的一环。针对传统的经典ICP(Iterative Closest Point)算法在配准过程中受噪声干扰大、鲁棒性差的缺点,在应用点云主方向贴合的粗略配准基础上,以经典的ICP算法为基础,提出了点云数据的欧氏距离阈值去噪和点云的方向矢量夹角阈值两种方法改进ICP算法,并应用改进算法作为点云之间的精确配准算法。对于经过初始配准的点云数据使用欧氏距离阈值法剔除点云间点对的噪声,并经点云各点间的方向矢量夹角阈值进行对应点采样,提高了传统ICP算法的效率和精度。经飞机和汽车零件点云配准实验验证,本算法的配准误差在±1μm内。算法具有设计简洁,响应快速的特点,有实际工作意义。     

基于投影的点云配准算法

点云配准分为粗配准和精配准两个阶段。在精配准阶段,大部分采用迭代最近点(ICP)算法。由于ICP算法的性能很大程度上依赖于点云初始位置,因此点云粗配准是点云配准的关键环节,能为ICP提供良好的初始位置。基于三视图的概念,分析了点云配准的关系,提出了一种新的点云空间位置评价方法,进而利用遗传算法提出了一种降维处理空间点云的点云粗配准新算法。首先,将三维空间点云分别投影到三个坐标平面,利用信息熵概念求解每个投影面的熵值;然后,以三个坐标平面的熵值之和作为目标函数,利用遗传算法搜索出最优空间变换矩阵;最后,将变换矩阵作用于目标点云实现点云的粗配准。试验表明,新算法配准效果好,能为精配准提供优良初始位置,且效率高。该算法能为点云的曲面重构研究提供优良的原始点云数据。     

融合PCA的改进ICP激光点云配准算法北大核心CSCD

针对迭代最近点(iterative nearest point,ICP)算法进行点云配准过程中需要输入较好的初值和收敛速度较慢的问题,提出了一种融合主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)的改进ICP配准算法。首先,基于PCA计算两组点云的主方向,得到两组点云的初始位姿变换;然后,利用主轴基向量的关系校正主轴方向,完成两组点云的大致配准。针对具有部分重叠区域的点云,粗配准后利用KD-tree算法搜索最近点。根据点云重叠部分,提出一种利用有效点对进行ICP迭代求解算法,利用有效点对中欧式距离较大的点对,完成精配准。通过在公开数据集Bunny和实测数据支座点云上的实验表明,改进算法能够为ICP算法提供较好初值,加速具有局部重叠度的点云配准,同时对配准精度也有较高的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and     

Editorial:Brain-machine interface(BMI) and cyborg intelligence

正Brain-machine interfaces(BMIs)aim at building a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device,and represent an area of research where significant progress has been made during the past decade.Based on BMIs,mind information can be read out by neural signals to control     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulate     

SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulate