生物亲和性功能化纳米颗粒研究与应用

纳米技术是20世纪90年代发展起来的一项高新技术,对当今科学技术的发展产生了重大影响.纳米技术对生物技术、医学工程、临床诊断等生物医学研究领域的影响更是具有划时代的意义,尤其是为时五年的庞大的人类基因组计划已经完成,如何利用纳米技术在后基因组时代定量解析大量的基因数据,寻找及利用与各种生物功能和疾病相关基因的生物信息将比完成人类基因组计划本身更具挑战性.生物亲和性功能化纳米颗粒正是纳米技术、生物技术与材料制备技术三项尖端技术结合的代表,采用物理或化学方法制备的一系列用以在纳米尺度上研究细胞、亚细胞、单分子、原子的行为和相互作用机理的新型纳米材料.由于具有了生物亲和性和生物选择识别性,使生物亲和性功能化纳米颗粒的发展将为生命过程的机制阐明、人类疾病的机理研究、临床医学诊断和治疗提供全新的材料、技术和方法,可望在材料科学、生物化学、医学等领域得到重大应用.     

纳米生物传感器的研究进展

纳米生物传感器是纳米科技与生物传感器的融合,其研究涉及到生物技术、信息技术、纳米科学、界面科学等多个重要领域,并综合应用光声电色等各种先进检测技术,可能对临床检测、遗传分析、环境检测、生物反恐和国家安全防御等多个领域产生革命性的影响,因而成为国际上的研究前沿和热点。近年来,随着纳米科学与界面科学的蓬勃发展,纳米生物传感器引起了世人前所未有的极大关注,其开发迅猛,应用广阔。本文从纳米生物传感器的研究现状、应用和展望三方面对纳米生物传感器进行了综述,为了解纳米生物传感器的研究与应用提供帮助。     

纳米材料在电化学生物传感器中的应用进展

生物传感技术结合了信息技术与生物技术,涉及化学、生物学、物理学以及电子学等交叉学科.在医药工业、食品检测和环境保护等诸多领域有着广阔的应用前景.其中电化学生物传感器以其高选择性、高灵敏度、高检测速度和易于微型化以及便于在线监测等特点得到广泛研究和应用.其研制过程中的一个关键因素是生物分子的固定化.纳米技术的兴起为此带来无穷想象和诸多可能.近年来.越来越多的纳米材料如纳米颗粒、碳纳米管、纳米多孔材料和介孔材料等,被用于生物组分的固定.在保持固定化生物组分活性的同时又促进有效的电子转移.按照结构的不同类别,综述了近十年来纳米材料在电化学生物传感器方面的研究和应用进展.     

纳米技术和生物传感器

纳米技术的介入为生物传感器的发展提供了无穷的想象空间.纳米颗粒(如纳米金,磁粒子,荧光颗粒等)可以广泛地应用于敏感分子的固定,信号的检测和放大以及待测物质的富集和浓缩.而纳米结构由于其独特的化学和物理性能,显著提高了生物传感器检测的灵敏度,缩短了生化反应的时间和提高检测的通量.可以说,纳米技术的应用是生物传感器发展的新的方向.     

本期摘要

纳米生物传感器的研究进展 作者张文毓 单位：中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所．河南洛阳471023 摘要纳米生物传感器是纳米科技与生物传感器的融合．其研究涉及到生物技术、信息技术、纳米科学、界面科学等多个重要领域．并综合应用光声电色等各种先进检测技术．可能对临床检测、遗传分析、环境检测、生物反恐和国家安全防御等多个领域产生革命性的影响．因而成为国际上的研究前沿和热点。近年来．随着纳米科学与界面科学的蓬勃发展．纳米生物传感器引起了世人前所未有的极大关注,开发迅猛．应用广阔。从纳米生物传感器的研究现状、应用和展望三方面对纳米生物传感器进行了综述,为了解纳米生物传感器的研究与应用提供帮助。     

光纤纳米生物传感器的现状及发展

介绍了当前用于单细胞研究的光纤纳米生物传感器的现状及发展,包括光纤纳米生物传感器的制作、构造和在生物研究领域中的应用。     

纳米材料在生物传感器中的应用

将纳米材料应用于新型生物传感器的开发已成为研究热点。纳米材料的引入,拓宽了线性检测范围,缩短了响应时间,提高了稳定性,并降低了检测限等,实现了改善传感器性能的目的。概述了纳米颗粒、纳米纤维、纳米超薄膜等在酶、免疫、DNA等生物传感器中的应用,并对其发展前景作了展望。     

又一种新型电化学DNA纳米生物传感器在沪研制成功

在国家自然科学基金委、中国科学院和上海市科委的支持下，中科院上海应用物理研究所近日研制出一种新型的电化学DNA纳米生物传感器（CDS），这一生物传感器具有高灵敏度和高特异性，研究水平达到国际先进水平，在生物医学领域显示出广泛的应用前景，《美国化学会会志》（《JACS》）在7月号正式刊出该研究成果。     

基于纳米材料的电化学生物传感器研究进展

该文主要从纳米尺寸材料电极的构建以及纳米材料作为生物分子指示剂两部分展开讨论,描述了依赖于阵列纳米管排列的生物分子与电极间的直接电子传递,纳米管、纳米颗粒为基质的纳米电极的构建,以及以金纳米颗粒、DNA量子点和蛋白为基础的多路分析技术与负载于CNT的新的纳米生物标记,特别讨论了纳米电化学方法在检测DNA和免疫传感器领域取得的研究进展.     

电化学生物传感器的研究进展

电化学生物传感器将生物活性识别材料与电化学检测器件有机结合起来,广泛应用于临床医学、药物和食品分析与环境监测等领域。与其他电化学传感器相比,电化学生物传感器具有特异性好、检测灵敏度高和制作简便等优点。文章重点介绍了电化学生物传感器的基本原理、分类、研究进展及其在生物医学领域中的应用,并对电化学生物传感器的发展前景进行展望。     

Applications, techniques, and microfluidic interfacing for nanoscale biosensing

Biosensors based on nanotechnology are rapidly developing and are becoming widespread in the biomedical field and analytical chemistry. For these nanobiosensors to reach their potential, they must be integrated with appropriate packaging techniques, which are usually based on nano/microfluidics. In this review we provide a summary of the latest developments in nanobiosensors with a focus on label-based (fluorescence and nanoparticle) and label-free methods (surface plasmon resonance, micro/nanocantilever, nanowires, and nanopores). An overview on how these sensors interface with nano/microfluidics is then presented and the latest papers in the area summarized.     

On the rubrication of the journal The Physics of Nanoobjects and Nanotechnology from the AJ Physics of the VINITI RAS

The necessity for creating a separate abstract journal on the physics of nanoobjects and nanotechnology, which is a new rapidly developing interdisciplinary knowledge field, is substantiated. The first successes in nanotechnology promise a new scientific-technical revolution. Physics is one of the fundamental bases of nanotechnology and the foundation for this revolution. The publication of a separate journal will permit the data about a greater portion of the research on the physics of nanoobjects and nanotechnology to be gathered in one place.     

Taking technology to the molecular level

Fifty years ago (1950), nanotechnology could only merit serious consideration in dreams and science fiction. The author now believes nanotechnology's existence to be a certainty. The only question now is “when”. The application areas for a mature nanotechnology industry are astounding. The author predicts nanotechnology will virtually eliminate pollution from the earth's air and water, as well as produce clean manufacturing processes for the future. Also, she foresees the creation of a space elevator stretching from Earth's surface to a geosynchronous orbit along which cargo and people could move, built with an extremely hard material called carbon nanotubes. And she predicts extremely small machines that destroy viruses, remove arterial plaque, and get rid of cancer cells. The author explains the research activities, some in the form of industry startups taking place across a variety of disciplines: chemistry, physics, mechanical engineering, materials science, molecular biology, and computer science. She also explains some of the issues surrounding this extremely powerful and potentially dangerous technology     

Nanomaterials in the field of design ergonomics: present status

Application of nanotechnology and nanomaterials is not new in the field of design, but a recent trend of extensive use of nanomaterials in product and/or workplace design is drawing attention of design researchers all over the world. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to describe the diverse use of nanomaterials in product and workplace design with special emphasis on ergonomics (occupational health and safety; thermo-regulation and work efficiency, cognitive interface design; maintenance of workplace, etc.) to popularise the new discipline ‘nanoergonomics’ among designers, design users and design researchers. Nanoergonomics for sustainable product and workplace design by minimising occupational health risks has been felt by the authors to be an emerging research area in coming years.

Practitioner Summary: Use of nanomaterials in the field of design ergonomics is less explored till date. In the present review, an attempt has been made to extend general awareness among ergonomists/designers about applications of nanomaterials/nanotechnology in the field of design ergonomics and about health implications of nanomaterials during their use.     

Population-based microbial computing: a third wave of synthetic biology?

Synthetic biology is an emerging research field, in which engineering principles are applied to natural, living systems. A major goal of synthetic biology is to harness the inherent “biological nanotechnology” of living cells for the purposes of computation, production or diagnosis. As the field evolves, it is gradually developing from a single-cell approach (akin to using standalone computers) to a distributed, population-based approach (akin to using networks of connected machines). We anticipate this eventually representing the “third wave” of synthetic biology (the first two waves being the emergence of modules and systems, respectively, with the second wave still yet to peak). In this paper, we review the developments that are leading to this third wave, and describe some of the existing scientific and technological challenges.     

Virtual reality and haptics for nanorobotics

Virtual reality (VR) is a powerful technology for solving today's real-world problems. It provides a way for people to visualize, manipulate, and interact with simulated environments through the use of computers and extremely complex data. This paper describes some of the emerging applications of VR recently completed or currently underway in the field of nanotechnology with emphasis on existing experimental systems.     

用于单个纳米颗粒检测的固态纳米孔器件的仿真与优化

基于固态纳米孔器件的检测技术是近年来的研究热点,它可广泛用于各种纳米颗粒、生物分子检测及DNA测序等各个领域.采用数值方法对两种常用的纳米孔器件,即圆柱形纳米孔和棱台形纳米孔器件在检测纳米颗粒穿过时的局部电场变化以及离子电流特性进行了系统性的仿真和分析,提出了采用纳米孔阻塞电流因子,来评估器件性能.在此基础上,深入分析和讨论了纳米孔的孔径和孔深等参数的变化对检测纳米粒子性能的影响,并提出了优化的纳米孔器件设计方案.研究结果对纳米孔器件的制备,以及其在检测纳米颗粒的应用实践中提供了理论指导.     

Architectures for Silicon Nanoelectronics and Beyond

Although nanoelectronics won't replace CMOS for some time, research is needed now to develop the architectures, methods, and tools to maximally leverage nanoscale devices and terascale capacity. Addressing the complementary architectural and system issues involved requires greater collaboration at all levels. The effective use of nanotechnology calls for total system solutions     

Molecular Robotics: A New Paradigm for Artifacts

The rapid progress of molecular nanotechnology has opened the door to molecular robotics, which uses molecules as robot components. In order to promote this new paradigm, the Molecular Robotics Research Group was established in the Systems and Information Division of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers (SICE) in 2010. The group consists of researchers from various fields including chemistry, biophysics, DNA nanotechnology, systems science and robotics, challenging this emerging new field. Last year, the group proposed a research project focusing on molecular robotics, and it was recently awarded a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (FY2012-16), one of the large-scale research projects in Japan, by MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, JAPAN). Here, we wish to clarify the fundamental concept and research direction of molecular robotics. For this purpose, we present a comprehensive view of molecular robotics based on the discussions held in the Molecular Robotics Research Group.