基于激励的关联规则的挖掘

基于支持度的关联规则挖掘算法无法找到那些非频繁但效用很高的项集,基于效用的关联规则会漏掉那些效用不高但发生比较频繁、支持度和效用值的积（激励）很大的项集。提出了基于激励的关联规则挖掘问题及一种自下而上的挖掘算法HM-miner。激励综合了支持度与效用的优点,能同时度量项集的统计重要性和语义重要性。HM-miner利用激励的上界特性进行减枝,能有效挖掘高激励项集。     

基于频繁项集挖掘最大频繁项集和频繁闭项集

提出了基于频繁项集的最大频繁项集（BFI-DMFI）和频繁闭项集挖掘算法（BFI-DCFI）。BFI-DMFI算法通过逐个检测频繁项集在其集合中是否存在超集确定该项集是不是最大频繁项集;BFI-DCFI算法则是通过挖掘所有支持度相等的频繁项集中的最大频繁项集组合生成频繁闭项集。该类算法的提出,为关联规则的精简提供了一种新的解决方法。     

一种基于矩阵的动态频繁项集挖掘算法

频繁项集的生成是关联规则挖掘中的关键问题,提出了一种基于上三角项集矩阵的动态频繁项集挖掘算法。当事务数据库和最小支持度发生变化时,本算法只需重新遍历一次上三角项集矩阵,即可得到新的频繁项集。与传统的频繁项集挖掘算法相比,在执行效率上有显著提高。     

一种有效的基于图的关联规则挖掘算法

基于图的关联规则挖掘算法是一种通过构建关联图并直接生成候选频繁项集，进而验证得到所有频繁项集的算法。在该算法中，对候选项集的验证操作占用了大量的时间，为此提出了改进算法。改进主要体现在两个方面：按支持度降序对频繁1项重新编号再构建关联图；利用Apriori性质删减用来生成候选项集的冗余扩展项节点。实验结果表明，在最小支持度阈值较小时，改进算法有效减少了冗余的候选频繁项集，提高了算法的性能。     

一种混合型的增量数据关联规则挖掘算法

在数据库中增加数据且调整最小支持度时,数据库中关联规则会发生变化,为从数据量和最小支持度同时发生变化的数据库中快速获取频繁项集,发现变化后的关联规则,通过对FIM和AIUA算法进行分析,提出一种结合两种算法优点的增量数据关联规则挖掘My_FIM_AIUA算法,该算法能减少数据库扫描次数,减少候选项集数量。通过实验表明My_FIM_AIUA算法能在数据量和最小支持度同时变化时快速找到频繁项集,提高挖掘增量数据关联规则的速度。     

一种混合型的增量数据关联规则挖掘算法

在数据库中增加数据且调整最小支持度时,数据库中关联规则会发生变化,为从数据量和最小支持度同时发生变化的数据库中快速获取频繁项集,发现变化后的关联规则,通过对FIM和AIUA算法进行分析,提出一种结合两种算法优点的增量数据关联规则挖掘My_FIM_AIUA算法,该算法能减少数据库扫描次数,减少候选项集数量。通过实验表明My_FIM_AIUA算法能在数据量和最小支持度同时变化时快速找到频繁项集,提高挖掘增量数据关联规则的速度。     

基于交易数据库的关联规则生成算法FAS及其应用

生成关联规则算法FAS,能够迅速区分某频繁项集的所有关联规则的前件和后件,生成给定频繁项目集的关联规则。基于FAS算法,设计并实现了一个基于最近挖掘结果的数据挖掘系统AR—Miner。该系统主要包括数据预处理、频繁集初始计算、频繁集更新计算、频繁集选择、关联规则生成五部分,不仅实现了关联规则挖掘的可视化和生成结果按“支持度一可信度”形式的可视化,还为基于频繁集的交互式挖掘提供了方便、友好的界面。     

基于关联图的加权关联规则挖掘算法

针对交易数据库中数据项重要性不同的现象,引入加权支持度和最小支持期望的概念,提出一种基于关联图的加权关联规则模型,并在该模型基础上,设计了改进的加权关联规则挖掘算法。该算法扫描数据库仅一次,采用关联图存储频繁2项集信息,通过构建基于图的剪枝策略,减少验证频繁项集的计算量,有效提高加权频繁项集的生成效率。     

基于双阈值Apriori算法和非频繁项集的关联规则挖掘方法

针对从本文数据集中的正负关联规则挖掘问题,提出一种基于双阈值Apriori算法和非频繁项集的挖掘方法。首先,对通过逆文档频率(IDF)对语料库中的项(项集)进行加权,筛选出前N%的项集。然后,通过提出的双支持度阈值Apriori算法来提取频繁项集和非频繁项集,以此降低非频繁项集的数量。最后,通过置信度和升降度阈值的判断,分别从频繁项集和非频繁项集中挖掘正负关联规则。其中,创新性的利用了非频繁项集来挖掘正负关联规则。在一个医学文本数据集上的实验结果表明,提出的方法能够有效挖掘出正负关联规则,且能够大大降低项集和规则数量。     

基于分段函数的多支持度关联规则挖掘算法

在多支持度关联规则挖掘算法中,针对最小支持度的选取问题,提出一种基于分段函数的多支持度关联规则挖掘算法.在多支持度算法中挖掘频繁集的时候,最小支持度由项集最小项支持度的最小值、最大值和给定的参考值所决定,这样避免了采用最小值作为最小支持度算法的时间复杂度高和存在无效规则的问题,以及采用最大值致使剪枝程度过大而造成规则遗漏的问题.通过实验结果表明了该算法的有效性.     

Actionable high-coherent-utility fuzzy itemset mining

Many fuzzy data mining approaches have been proposed for finding fuzzy association rules with the predefined minimum support from quantitative transaction databases. Since each item has its own utility, utility itemset mining has become increasingly important. However, common problems with existing approaches are that an appropriate minimum support is difficult to determine and that the derived rules usually expose common-sense knowledge, which may not be interesting from a business point of view. This study thus proposes an algorithm for mining high-coherent-utility fuzzy itemsets to overcome problems with the properties of propositional logic. Quantitative transactions are first transformed into fuzzy sets. Then, the utility of each fuzzy itemset is calculated according to the given external utility table. If the value is larger than or equal to the minimum utility ratio, the itemset is considered as a high-utility fuzzy itemset. Finally, contingency tables are calculated and used for checking whether a high-utility fuzzy itemset satisfies four criteria. If so, it is a high-coherent-utility fuzzy itemset. Experiments on the foodmart and simulated datasets are made to show that the derived itemsets by the proposed algorithm not only can reach better profit than selling them separately, but also can provide fewer but more useful utility itemsets for decision-makers.     

一种不产生候选项挖掘频繁项集的新算法

Apriori算法是关联规则挖掘算法中应用最为广泛的一种算法,它的主要目的是从大量的事务数据中通过候选项集挖掘出有趣的频繁项集,从而为用户提供有意义的关联关系。但随着数据库规模的扩大,apriori算法可能会产生如下两大棘手问题:大量候选项集的产生将造成巨大计算量的浪费;为剪掉无用候选项如何设置阈值。这些问题相对于众多普通用户来说都具有挑战性。该文提出的代码与运算是一种无须候选项挖掘频繁项集的算法,用户无须为设置阈值而煞费苦心。同时事务压缩算法的加入大大减少了算法中的计算量。     

A statistical framework for mining substitution rules

In this paper, a new mining capability, called mining of substitution rules, is explored. A substitution refers to the choice made by a customer to replace the purchase of some items with that of others. The mining of substitution rules in a transaction database, the same as that of association rules, will lead to very valuable knowledge in various aspects, including market prediction, user behaviour analysis and decision support. The process of mining substitution rules can be decomposed into two procedures. The first procedure is to identify concrete itemsets among a large number of frequent itemsets, where a concrete itemset is a frequent itemset whose items are statistically dependent. The second procedure is then on the substitution rule generation. In this paper, we first derive theoretical properties for the model of substitution rule mining and devise a technique on the induction of positive itemset supports to improve the efficiency of support counting for negative itemsets. Then, in light of these properties, the SRM (substitution rule mining) algorithm is designed and implemented to discover the substitution rules efficiently while attaining good statistical significance. Empirical studies are performed to evaluate the performance of the SRM algorithm proposed. It is shown that the SRM algorithm not only has very good execution efficiency but also produces substitution rules of very high quality.     

An effective mining approach for up-to-date patterns

Mining association rules is most commonly seen among the techniques for knowledge discovery from databases (KDD). It is used to discover relationships among items or itemsets. Furthermore, temporal data mining is concerned with the analysis of temporal data and the discovery of temporal patterns and regularities. In this paper, a new concept of up-to-date patterns is proposed, which is a hybrid of the association rules and temporal mining. An itemset may not be frequent (large) for an entire database but may be large up-to-date since the items seldom occurring early may often occur lately. An up-to-date pattern is thus composed of an itemset and its up-to-date lifetime, in which the user-defined minimum-support threshold must be satisfied. The proposed approach can mine more useful large itemsets than the conventional ones which discover large itemsets valid only for the entire database. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is more effective than the traditional ones in discovering such up-to-date temporal patterns especially when the minimum-support threshold is high.     

Effective utility mining with the measure of average utility

Frequent-itemset mining only considers the frequency of occurrence of the items but does not reflect any other factors, such as price or profit. Utility mining is an extension of frequent-itemset mining, considering cost, profit or other measures from user preference. Traditionally, the utility of an itemset is the summation of the utilities of the itemset in all the transactions regardless of its length. The average utility measure is thus adopted in this paper to reveal a better utility effect of combining several items than the original utility measure. It is defined as the total utility of an itemset divided by its number of items within it. The average-utility itemsets, as well as the original utility itemsets, does not have the “downward-closure” property. A mining algorithm is then proposed to efficiently find the high average-utility itemsets. It uses the summation of the maximal utility among the items in each transaction with the target itemset as the upper bound to overestimate the actual average utilities of the itemset and processes it in two phases. As expected, the mined high average-utility itemsets in the proposed way will be fewer than the high utility itemsets under the same threshold. The proposed approach can thus be executed under a larger threshold than the original, thus with a more significant and relevant criterion. Experimental results also show the performance of the proposed algorithm.     

An efficient algorithm for mining temporal high utility itemsets from data streams

Utility of an itemset is considered as the value of this itemset, and utility mining aims at identifying the itemsets with high utilities. The temporal high utility itemsets are the itemsets whose support is larger than a pre-specified threshold in current time window of the data stream. Discovery of temporal high utility itemsets is an important process for mining interesting patterns like association rules from data streams. In this paper, we propose a novel method, namely THUI (Temporal High Utility Itemsets)-Mine, for mining temporal high utility itemsets from data streams efficiently and effectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on mining temporal high utility itemsets from data streams. The novel contribution of THUI-Mine is that it can effectively identify the temporal high utility itemsets by generating fewer candidate itemsets such that the execution time can be reduced substantially in mining all high utility itemsets in data streams. In this way, the process of discovering all temporal high utility itemsets under all time windows of data streams can be achieved effectively with less memory space and execution time. This meets the critical requirements on time and space efficiency for mining data streams. Through experimental evaluation, THUI-Mine is shown to significantly outperform other existing methods like Two-Phase algorithm under various experimental conditions.     

Mining itemset utilities from transaction databases

The rationale behind mining frequent itemsets is that only itemsets with high frequency are of interest to users. However, the practical usefulness of frequent itemsets is limited by the significance of the discovered itemsets. A frequent itemset only reflects the statistical correlation between items, and it does not reflect the semantic significance of the items. In this paper, we propose a utility based itemset mining approach to overcome this limitation. The proposed approach permits users to quantify their preferences concerning the usefulness of itemsets using utility values. The usefulness of an itemset is characterized as a utility constraint. That is, an itemset is interesting to the user only if it satisfies a given utility constraint. We show that the pruning strategies used in previous itemset mining approaches cannot be applied to utility constraints. In response, we identify several mathematical properties of utility constraints. Then, two novel pruning strategies are designed. Two algorithms for utility based itemset mining are developed by incorporating these pruning strategies. The algorithms are evaluated by applying them to synthetic and real world databases. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms are effective on the databases tested.     

Mining itemset utilities from transaction databases

The rationale behind mining frequent itemsets is that only itemsets with high frequency are of interest to users. However, the practical usefulness of frequent itemsets is limited by the significance of the discovered itemsets. A frequent itemset only reflects the statistical correlation between items, and it does not reflect the semantic significance of the items. In this paper, we propose a utility based itemset mining approach to overcome this limitation. The proposed approach permits users to quantify their preferences concerning the usefulness of itemsets using utility values. The usefulness of an itemset is characterized as a utility constraint. That is, an itemset is interesting to the user only if it satisfies a given utility constraint. We show that the pruning strategies used in previous itemset mining approaches cannot be applied to utility constraints. In response, we identify several mathematical properties of utility constraints. Then, two novel pruning strategies are designed. Two algorithms for utility based itemset mining are developed by incorporating these pruning strategies. The algorithms are evaluated by applying them to synthetic and real world databases. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms are effective on the databases tested.     

频繁和高效用项集挖掘

对从事务数据库中挖掘有意义的项集的研究已超过10年.然而,大多数的研究要么使用频繁度或支持度(如频繁项集挖掘),要么使用效用值或利润(如高效用项集挖掘)作为主要的衡量标准.单独使用这两种衡量方式都有各自的局限性,比如频繁度很高的项集其效用值有可能很低,而效用值很高的项集其频繁度往往很低,将这些项集推荐给用户没有意义.将这两种衡量标准综合考虑,希望找出那些频繁度和效用值都很高的项集.该项工作最大的挑战是效用值既不满足单调性也不满足反单调性.因此,提出了高效算法FHIMA.FHIMA采用PrefixSpan的思想,挖掘时能避免产生非频繁的候选项集.此外,还根据效用和质量上界的一些性质,有效地缩小了搜索空间,极大地提高了FHIMA算法的效率.